DeMichele v. State Taxation & Revenue Dep't
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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 Opinion Number: 3 Filing Date: June 3, 2015 4 NO. 33,778 5 MONTE DEMICHELE, 6 Petitioner-Appellant, 7 v. 8 STATE OF NEW MEXICO 9 TAXATION AND REVENUE DEPARTMENT 10 MOTOR VEHICLE DIVISION, 11 Respondent-Appellee. 12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 13 Ted Baca, District Judge 14 Joan M. Waters 15 Albuquerque, NM 16 for Appellant 17 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 18 Lewis J. Terr, Special Assistant Attorney General 19 Santa Fe, NM 20 for Appellee 1 OPINION 2 FRY, Judge. 3 {1} Petitioner Monte DeMichele appeals from the district court’s order denying his 4 petition for restoration of his driver’s license. This Court, having reviewed the 5 information presented at two evidentiary hearings held by the district court on this 6 issue, concludes that the district court abused its discretion in determining that 7 Petitioner failed to meet the “good cause” standard required for restoration pursuant 8 to NMSA 1978, Section 66-5-5(D) (2011). Accordingly, we reverse the district court 9 and remand for restoration of Petitioner’s license. 10 BACKGROUND 11 {2} Between 1990 and 2007, Petitioner was convicted six times of driving while 12 intoxicated (DWI). The last of these arrests occurred on August 17, 2005. On 13 December 9, 2005, an interlock device was placed in Petitioner’s vehicle. On August 14 8, 2013, Petitioner requested restoration of his driver’s license in accordance with 15 Section 66-5-5(D). Two evidentiary hearings were held in this matter, on September 16 25, 2013, and March 19, 2014, the details of which are discussed below. At the 17 conclusion of the first hearing, the district court postponed making a decision until 18 Petitioner could provide six more months of interlock records. At the conclusion of 1 the second hearing, the district court denied the petition for restoration, 2 notwithstanding the Motor Vehicle Division’s support in favor of restoration. 3 {3} At the first hearing on the petition for restoration, Petitioner testified as to his 4 sobriety, his participation in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) for the last eight years, and 5 the fact that he has had no violations on his interlock device. Petitioner also testified 6 that he worked with a personal counselor, completed all programs following his 7 arrest, and changed his associations and his way of life to avoid his “triggers.” In 8 support of his request for restoration, Petitioner submitted letters of support from a 9 number of people, including his employer, and interlock records from December 9, 10 2010, until February 22, 2013. 11 {4} The State in its answer, and the district court at the hearing, expressed some 12 concern over the number of refusals to retest indicated in Petitioner’s interlock 13 records. Petitioner submitted a letter from the interlock monitoring company 14 explaining that the most common explanations for a refusal to retest are: (1) “that the 15 driver was warming up the car in the morning, went back into their house and didn’t 16 get to retest in time”; or (2) “that they leave their vehicle running while running in 17 somewhere to conduct an errand or other business and not having the knowledge that 18 the interlock was requesting a test.” Petitioner testified that “sometimes [he would] 19 leave the ignition on, depending on the customer that [he was] speaking with, because 2 1 some of them walk [him] out to [his] vehicle[.]” The letter from the interlock 2 company explained that it does “not consider a retest refusal to be suspicious, unless 3 it is for a prolonged period of time usually exceeding [eight to ten] minutes OR that 4 all retests from the initial test to ignition off have been ignored.” The State conceded 5 that it did not know precisely how the refusals worked and indicated that it was 6 satisfied with Petitioner’s explanation. 7 {5} At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court asked Petitioner if he 8 thought “that having the interlock is a useful tool for [him] to really avoid drinking 9 and driving[.]” Petitioner acknowledged that the interlock device had been a useful 10 tool, “especially for the first few years” when he was “trying to build tools and things 11 like that to keep [him] away from [his] bad decisions that [he] had made in [his] 12 past[.]” However, he testified that he now had “different avenues and [he] trust[s] 13 [him]self.” 14 The district court then went on to conclude the hearing by stating: 15 16 17 18 19 Well, you know, you’ve done a lot of good, there’s no question you’ve made—you’ve worked hard[; ]you have a lot of recommendations here from people who will attest to your new character and your hard work and your family life. What I’m balancing is, you’ve had about eight good years, I suppose, but you had about 30 pretty bad years— 20 .... 3 1 2 3 —you know. And I think I’d prefer to see a little more time go by to make sure the good years stay good years because I think the interlock does you some good, as you have attested to. 4 5 6 7 So what I want to do is, I’m going to continue this and reschedule it again for sometime in January. Come back and we’ll look at it and see where things are. If everything is the same, then I think you’re going to have a good chance to get your license restored. 8 {6} The hearing reconvened about six months after the first hearing. At this 9 hearing, Petitioner submitted interlock records for the period from September 9, 2013, 10 through February 7, 2014. The district court asked the State for any relevant 11 information from the newly submitted interlock records, and the State indicated that 12 there were “three indications of pass greater than zero.” However, the State explained 13 that these occur when “the machine detects alcohol from some source, and it can be 14 ambient in the air.” The State went on to explain: 15 16 17 18 So it could be anything from—I don’t know what the word would be— scant background alcohol sensation or sensing alcohol from some source up to .024, because anything greater than .025, regulations require that they list that as a violation. 19 .... 20 21 22 In other words, I don’t know that this particular company can do a printout, but I’ve seen details of those things where sometimes the levels are at an extremely insignificant level, like .000 something. 23 When asked by the district court to explain the low level readings, Petitioner stated 24 that, based on his conversation with a person at the interlock monitoring company, 4 1 it could be the result of his being an insulin-dependent diabetic and that the low level 2 readings were .00024 and .00026. The State also pointed out to the district court that 3 the substance abuse evaluation that had been prepared at the Court’s request 4 confirmed that Petitioner is an insulin-dependent diabetic. In addition, the State 5 pointed out that the substance abuse evaluation1 indicated that Petitioner was truthful 6 and not dependent on alcohol. The district court again questioned Petitioner about the 7 number of refusals in his interlock records. 8 {7} In addition, the district court again made remarks about the interlock device 9 being a significant tool: 10 11 12 13 14 15 I just think that in your case, like in a lot of other cases, the one significant tool that has been brought into your situation that you didn’t have during those [fifteen] to [seventeen] years when you were drinking and driving was the ignition interlock device. That seems, to me, to be the one thing that has helped more than anything else. Since you did that, you haven’t had any arrests for drinking and driving. 16 .... 17 18 So it’s hard for me to understand why I would want to take away the one tool that seems to have resulted in the most success. 19 The district court then denied Petitioner’s petition for restoration, stating: 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 We note that the substance abuse evaluation ordered by the district court also provided that Defendant scored “a [l]ow [p]robability of having a current [s]ubstance [d]ependence [d]isorder . . . due to his continued eight full years of ongoing sobriety and due to his continued utilization of AA and its recovery program for life”; “a very low disposition . . . for alcohol use and driving”; and “below the threshold for indication of hazardous drinking or alcohol dependency.” 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I’m glad you’re doing well, but I’m afraid I’m going to deny your petition. There is very little room for error. You continue to have some readings of alcohol. The reason for that is all speculation. I don’t know why it’s in there. I recognize that they are low readings, but they’re there, and with somebody with six DWI convictions, I mean, that’s a lot of DWI convictions, and you’re asking me to take away the one tool that I think has really helped you not get any more DWI convictions, and I just don’t see, based on the record before me, that you have established good cause that would allow me to do that. So your petition is denied. 10 Petitioner appeals. 11 DISCUSSION 12 {8} On appeal, Petitioner contends that the district court abused its discretion in its 13 determination that Petitioner failed to demonstrate “good cause” for restoration of his 14 license. The State offers no opposition, agreeing that the district court abused its 15 discretion in denying Petitioner’s request. However, this Court is not bound by the 16 State’s concession. See State v. Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 8, 143 N.M. 792, 182 17 P.3d 775 (“This Court . . . is not bound by the [s]tate’s concession and we conduct our 18 own analysis[.]”). We note that 19 20 21 22 23 24 [a]lthough a confession of error by the Attorney General is entitled to great weight, it does not relieve this [C]ourt of the obligation to perform our judicial function. The public interest in criminal appeals does not permit their disposition by party stipulation. We must therefore independently review the proceedings below to insure that the error confessed is supported by the record. 25 State v. Maes, 1983-NMCA-073, ¶ 7, 100 N.M. 78, 665 P.2d 1169 (internal quotation 26 marks and citation omitted), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Armijo, 20056 1 NMCA-010, ¶ 27, 136 N.M. 723, 104 P.3d 1114. While we acknowledge that this is 2 not a criminal appeal, there is a significant public interest in alleviating drunk driving 3 such that, where this Court is being asked to reverse the district court’s denial of 4 restoration of a driver’s license to a person with six DWI convictions, it would be 5 imprudent for this Court to rely solely on the State’s stipulation and to decline to 6 conduct our own independent review of the record prior to reversing the district court. 7 I. Standard of Review 8 Given that “good cause” for restoration has never been addressed by a formal {9} 9 opinion of this Court or the New Mexico Supreme Court, we must first determine 10 what standard of review this Court applies in reviewing the decision of the district 11 court. To do so, we begin by looking to the statutory language governing restoration 12 and inquiring what authority the Legislature bestowed on the district court to make 13 this determination. 14 {10} Section 66-5-5(D) provides, in relevant part, that the Motor Vehicle Division 15 16 shall not issue a driver’s license under the Motor Vehicle Code to any person: 17 .... 18 19 20 21 22 (D) who is four or more times convicted of driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or narcotic drug regardless of whether the convictions are under the laws or ordinances of this state or any municipality or county of this state or under the laws or ordinances of any other state, the District of Columbia or any 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 governmental subdivision thereof, except as provided in the Ignition Interlock Licensing Act. Five years from the date of the fourth conviction and every five years thereafter, the person may apply to any district court of this state for restoration of the license, and the court, upon good cause being shown, may order restoration of the license applied for; provided that the person has not been subsequently convicted of driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs. {11} Section 66-5-5(D) states that the district court “may order restoration of the 10 license applied for.” Based on the use of this discretionary language in the statute, we 11 conclude that a district court’s determination as to whether to restore a petitioner’s 12 license is discretionary in nature. See State v. Pacheco, 2008-NMCA-055, ¶ 25, 143 13 N.M. 851, 182 P.3d 834 (“The word ‘may’ indicates that the district court has 14 discretion[.]”); see also NMSA 1978, § 12-2A-4(B) (1997) (“ ‘May’ confers a power, 15 authority, privilege or right.”). In recognition of this discretion, we will reverse the 16 district court’s decision only on a showing of an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., 17 Monsanto v. Monsanto, 1995-NMCA-048, ¶ 9, 119 N.M. 678, 894 P.2d 1034 (stating 18 that the determination “is within the discretion of the [district] court and will be 19 reviewed only to determine whether there has been an abuse of discretion”). 20 {12} “A trial court abuses its discretion when a ruling is clearly against the logic and 21 effect of the facts and circumstances, or when the ruling is contrary to the reasonable, 22 probable, and actual deductions that may be drawn from the facts and circumstances.” 23 State v. Soto, 2007-NMCA-077, ¶ 10, 142 N.M. 32, 162 P.3d 187 (internal quotation 8 1 marks and citation omitted). “[E]ven when we review for an abuse of discretion, our 2 review of the application of the law to the facts is conducted de novo. Accordingly, 3 we may characterize as an abuse of discretion a discretionary decision that is 4 premised on a misapprehension of the law.” Harrison v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of 5 N.M., 2013-NMCA-105, ¶ 14, 311 P.3d 1236 (internal quotation marks and citations 6 omitted). Therefore, having determined that our review is for an abuse of discretion, 7 we now turn to the merits of Petitioner’s claim of error. 8 II. Restoration Pursuant to Section 66-5-5(D) 9 A. Good Cause 10 {13} The statutory language quoted above provides that a district court has the 11 discretion to order restoration of a petitioner’s driver’s license upon a showing of 12 good cause. See § 66-5-5(D). In the present case, the district court determined that 13 Petitioner had failed to establish good cause. In order for this Court to assess whether 14 the district court abused its discretion in making this determination, we must first 15 determine the meaning and scope of the term “good cause” within the context of 16 Section 66-5-5. 17 {14} “In interpreting statutes, we seek to give effect to the Legislature’s intent, and 18 in determining intent we look to the language used and consider the statute’s history 19 and background.” Key v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 1996-NMSC-038, ¶ 13, 121 N.M. 9 1 764, 918 P.2d 350. However, this Court is limited in our interpretation of statutes by 2 the plain meaning rule. See Starko, Inc. v. N.M. Human Servs. Dep’t, 2014-NMSC3 033, ¶ 46, 333 P.3d 947 (“New Mexico courts have long honored [the] statutory 4 command [that the text of a statute or rule is the primary, essential source of its 5 meaning] through application of the plain meaning rule, recognizing that when a 6 statute contains language which is clear and unambiguous, we must give effect to that 7 language and refrain from further statutory interpretation.” (alteration, internal 8 quotation marks, and citation omitted)). The plain meaning rule presumes that the 9 words in a statutory provision “have been used according to their plain, natural, and 10 usual signification and import, and the courts are not at liberty to disregard the plain 11 meaning of words . . . in order to search for some other conjectured intent.” In re 12 Rescue Ecoversity Petition, 2012-NMCA-008, ¶ 6, 270 P.3d 104 (internal quotation 13 marks and citation omitted). Thus, pursuant to the plain meaning rule, we will not 14 read into a statutory provision “language which is not there, especially when it makes 15 sense as it is written.” Reule Sun Corp. v. Valles, 2010-NMSC-004, ¶ 15, 147 N.M. 16 512, 226 P.3d 611 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 17 {15} The term “good cause” is not defined in Section 66-5-5 or elsewhere in the 18 Motor Vehicle Code. Further, the term “good cause” has not previously been defined 19 in this context by a published opinion of our appellate courts. We therefore look to 10 1 the common meaning of the term “good cause” and draw from interpretations in other 2 contexts in order to ascertain the Legislature’s intent. 3 {16} The statutes, rules, and case law of this state are replete with references to 4 “good cause” standards. See, e.g., State v. Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶ 40, 150 N.M. 5 84, 257 P.3d 904 (holding that “good cause” for not requiring confrontation in a 6 probation revocation proceeding exists where “the state’s evidence is uncontested, 7 corroborated by other reliable evidence, and documented by a reliable source without 8 a motive to fabricate”); State v. Munoz, 2006-NMSC-005, ¶ 9, 139 N.M. 106, 129 9 P.3d 142 (defining good cause as “a good faith and reasonable belief” in the context 10 of the statute setting forth the offense of custodial interference (internal quotation 11 marks and citation omitted)); Ortiz v. Shaw, 2008-NMCA-136, ¶ 17, 145 N.M. 58, 12 193 P.3d 605 (concluding that “good cause” to set aside a default judgment existed 13 where the defendant had demonstrated that she was not properly served with the 14 complaint); State v. Herrera, 2001-NMCA-073, ¶¶ 32-34, 131 N.M. 22, 33 P.3d 22 15 (determining that “good cause” to order a mental examination of the defendant was 16 not established by the mere assertion of counsel, but required an affidavit or other 17 documentary evidence to substantiate the defendant’s claims of incompetency); Vigil 18 v. Thriftway Mktg. Corp., 1994-NMCA-009, ¶¶ 14, 16, 117 N.M. 176, 870 P.2d 138 19 (determining that reinstatement for “good cause” after a sua sponte dismissal under 11 1 Rule 1-041(E)(2) NMRA for failure to prosecute should occur where a party 2 demonstrates “that he is ready, willing, and able to proceed with the prosecution of 3 his claim and that the delay in the prosecution is not wholly without justification” 4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). While each of these cases deals with 5 a completely different statute, rule, or principle of law, they demonstrate that what 6 constitutes “good cause” varies, depending on the circumstances in which “good 7 cause” is being applied. Apart from the context in which it is applied, “good cause” 8 is simply defined as “[a] legally sufficient reason.” Black’s Law Dictionary 266 (10th 9 ed. 2014) (also stating that “[g]ood cause is often the burden placed on a litigant . . 10 . to show why a request should be granted or an action excused”). Thus, we must 11 determine what is a legally sufficient basis for restoration within the context of 12 Section 66-5-5. 13 {17} Our Supreme Court has previously acknowledged that license revocation 14 serves the “purpose of protecting the public from the dangers presented by drunk 15 drivers and helps enforce regulatory compliance with the laws governing the licensed 16 activity of driving.” State ex rel. Schwartz v. Kennedy, 1995-NMSC-069, ¶ 35, 120 17 N.M. 619, 904 P.2d 1044. Similarly, the requirement that a driver’s license be 18 conditioned on the installation and use of an ignition interlock device serves a similar 19 purpose by “prevent[ing] the operation of a motor vehicle by an intoxicated or 12 1 impaired person.” See NMSA 1978, § 66-5-502(B) (2005, amended 2013) (defining 2 “ignition interlock device” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 3 {18} This acknowledgment by our Supreme Court that license revocation is for the 4 “purpose of protecting the public from licensees who are . . . dangerous,” Kennedy, 5 1995-NMSC-069, ¶ 38, is reflected in Section 66-5-5. See § 66-5-5(C) (prohibiting 6 the Motor Vehicle Division from issuing a driver’s license to “[a] habitual user of 7 narcotic drugs or alcohol”); § 66-5-5(F) (prohibiting the Motor Vehicle Division from 8 issuing a driver’s license to a person “afflicted with or who is suffering from any 9 mental disability or disease that would render the person unable to drive a motor 10 vehicle with safety upon the highways and who has not, at the time of application, 11 been restored to health”); § 66-5-5(I) (prohibiting the Motor Vehicle Division from 12 issuing a driver’s license “when the director has good cause to believe that the 13 operation of a motor vehicle on the highways by the person would be inimical to 14 public safety or welfare”). 15 {19} These limitations on who can be issued a license by the Motor Vehicle 16 Division clearly reflect a purpose and policy of protecting the public from unsafe 17 drivers. In this vein, giving a driver’s license to a person who has a habitual alcohol 18 problem is presumed by the Legislature to pose a threat to public safety. See § 66-519 5(C). Similarly, a person who has four or more DWI convictions and acquires another 13 1 DWI conviction while waiting the five years to apply for restoration is also presumed 2 to pose a threat to public safety. Section 66-5-5(D). These provisions provide 3 illumination as to what might constitute a legally sufficient justification for 4 restoration pursuant to Section 66-5-5(D). Thus, at minimum, a petitioner would need 5 to establish that he or she does not have a habitual alcohol problem and has not 6 received any subsequent DWI convictions so that he was not barred from restoration 7 under Subsections C or D. Beyond this minimal showing, in order to present evidence 8 of a good cause, we conclude that a petitioner must also demonstrate that he or she 9 no longer presents a threat to public safety if given an unrestricted license. This 10 conclusion furthers the purpose of revocation by “protecting the public from licensees 11 who are . . . dangerous.” See Kennedy, 1995-NMSC-069, ¶ 38. Applying this 12 definition of “good cause,” we now turn to the district court’s determination that 13 Petitioner did not meet this standard. 14 B. Application of Good Cause 15 We agree with the district court that the restoration of a driver’s license {20} 16 revoked based on multiple DWI convictions is not a decision to be undertaken lightly. 17 And we note that the Legislature has chosen to vest the district court with discretion 18 in making this determination based on a showing of good cause. However, reviewing 19 the decision of a lower court for an abuse of discretion does not prevent meaningful 14 1 review by an appellate court. Cf. Quintana v. Acosta, 2014-NMCA-015, ¶ 12, 316 2 P.3d 912 (“An abuse of discretion standard of review, however, is not tantamount to 3 rubber-stamping the trial judge’s decision, and we are not prevented from conducting 4 a meaningful analysis of the admission of the expert testimony to ensure that the trial 5 judge’s decision was in accordance with the Rules of Evidence and the evidence in 6 the case.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). As we noted above, “[a] 7 trial court abuses its discretion when a ruling is clearly against the logic and effect of 8 the facts and circumstances, or when the ruling is contrary to the reasonable, 9 probable, and actual deductions that may be drawn from the facts and circumstances.” 10 Soto, 2007-NMCA-077, ¶ 10 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, 11 we review the district court’s determination that Petitioner failed to establish that he 12 was no longer a threat to the public to determine if it was contrary to the “reasonable, 13 probable, and actual deductions that may be drawn from the facts and circumstances” 14 of this case. Id. 15 {21} Petitioner testified that he had been sober for eight-and-a-half years and had 16 not had a single interlock violation during that time period. The State did not contest 17 this testimony, nor did the district court raise any concerns with respect to actual 18 violations. Rather, the focus of the inquiry by the district court was based on the high 19 number of retest refusals and readings showing the presence of alcohol at above zero 15 1 but below .025. With respect to the refusals, Petitioner offered the explanation of the 2 interlock monitoring company, which also indicated that documented refusals such 3 as Petitioner’s were not considered suspicious. With respect to the presence of 4 alcohol above zero but below .025, Petitioner explained that this could be because he 5 is an insulin-dependent diabetic and produces sugar alcohol in his system and that his 6 readings were .00024 and .00026, and the State explained that often these readings 7 will be as low as “.000 something.” The district court appears to have dismissed 8 Petitioner’s explanation as “speculative.” Yet, even if the district court were to 9 disregard Petitioner’s explanations, we conclude that the district court’s 10 determination that Petitioner had not established good cause for reinstatement of his 11 license based on refusals to retest and readings showing the presence of alcohol at 12 above zero but below .025—neither of which is considered a reportable violation—is 13 incorrect. The uncontested evidence, including the lack of violations over an eight14 and-a-half-year period, does not permit a reasonable inference that Petitioner still 15 poses a threat to public safety. We therefore conclude that there is no reasonable view 16 of the information presented to the district court that would permit a conclusion that 17 Petitioner failed to establish good cause. As a result, we conclude that the district 18 court abused its discretion. See id. 16 1 {22} Moreover, we note that the district court’s apparent desire to retain the 2 interlock restriction on Petitioner’s license as a means of ensuring that he not commit 3 the act of DWI in the future is contrary to Section 66-5-5(D) unless there is a basis 4 for the district court to conclude that the need for this protective and deterrent 5 mechanism still exists. See § 66-5-5(D) (allowing a person with four or more DWI 6 convictions to apply for restoration of his or her driver’s license). In other words, a 7 district court may not require that a petitioner maintain an interlock device on his or 8 her vehicle solely based on the number of prior DWIs held by the petitioner or simply 9 because an interlock device can work as a deterrent to drinking and driving. Our 10 Legislature has created a statutory scheme that allows for a party with multiple prior 11 DWI convictions to petition for restoration of his or her driver’s license. Had the 12 Legislature intended that people receiving six DWI convictions be required to 13 maintain an interlock device indefinitely, despite a showing of good cause, the 14 Legislature could have drafted the statute to say so. See State v. Greenwood, 15 2012-NMCA-017, ¶ 38, 271 P.3d 753 (“The Legislature knows how to include 16 language in a statute if it so desires.”(alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation 17 omitted)).Thus, where a petitioner makes a showing of “good cause,” denying the 18 petition for restoration because of the number of prior DWIs held by the petitioner or 19 because interlock devices generally provide a deterrent is inconsistent with Section 17 1 66-5-5(D) and constitutes an abuse of discretion. See State v. Favela, 2013-NMCA2 102, ¶ 16, 311 P.3d 1213 (“An abuse of discretion may also occur when the district 3 court exercises its discretion based on a misunderstanding of the law.” (internal 4 quotation marks and citation omitted)), aff’d, 2015-NMSC-005, 343 P.3d 178. 5 CONCLUSION 6 {23} For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court abused its 7 discretion in determining that Petitioner failed to establish good cause for 8 reinstatement of his license. We therefore reverse and remand for reinstatement of 9 Petitioner’s license. 10 {24} IT IS SO ORDERED. 11 12 ______________________________ CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge 13 WE CONCUR: 14 _________________________ 15 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge 16 _________________________ 17 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge 18
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