State v. Irvin
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date. 1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. NO. 32,643 5 JEREMIAH IRVIN, 6 Defendant-Appellant. 7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Samuel L. Winder, District Judge 9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Yvonne M. Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM 12 for Appellee 13 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 14 Mary Barket, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Santa Fe, NM 16 for Appellant 17 MEMORANDUM OPINION 18 ZAMORA, Judge. 19 {1} Defendant Jeremiah Irvin appeals his convictions for two counts of kidnapping, 20 one count each of conspiracy to commit kidnapping, robbery, and unlawful taking of 1 a motor vehicle. Defendant argues that (1) the conduct constituting kidnapping was 2 incidental to the robbery; (2) the State presented insufficient evidence to support his 3 convictions; (3) the robbery and kidnapping convictions violate the prohibition against 4 double jeopardy; (4) the district court erred in its serious violent offense determination 5 under the earned meritorious deductions statute (EMD), NMSA 1978, § 33-2-34 6 (2006). 7 {2} We hold that the restraint involved in this case was incidental to the robbery as 8 a matter of law and is not punishable as kidnapping. As a result, we reverse the 9 kidnapping and conspiracy to commit kidnapping convictions. Because we reverse the 10 kidnapping convictions, we need not address Defendant’s double jeopardy argument. 11 It is also unnecessary to address Defendant’s arguments regarding the jury instruction 12 for kidnapping and the district court’s classification of kidnapping as a serious violent 13 offense. We further hold that the district court’s findings are insufficient to support 14 its serious violent offense determination under the EMD. We reverse this designation 15 and remand for sentencing in accordance with EMD. We affirm all other convictions. 16 BACKGROUND 17 {3} On September 28, 2011, Defendant, Joshua Saavedra, and an unidentified man 18 went to the hotel room of Brandon Bates and Bryanna Sawyer.Defendant and 19 Saavedra were casual acquaintances of Bates and had been to the hotel room the 2 1 previous week. Defendant and Saavedra asked Bates for heroin, and Bates gave them 2 a small amount. Defendant and Saavedra went to the bathroom area while another 3 unidentified man sat on the bed. Saavedra called Bates over to the bathroom area. 4 Defendant punched Bates, grabbed him in a headlock, and pushed him to the floor. 5 Bates ended up on his knees. Defendant demanded that Bates tell Saavedra where 6 Bates had his money. Defendant had one hand on Bates’ shoulder and one arm cocked 7 back like he was going to hit him again. 8 {4} Sawyer was sitting on the bed, and the unidentified man held a knife to her 9 throat. While Sawyer and Bates were restrained, Saavedra collected money from 10 Bates’ pants pockets, drugs, Sawyer’s purse, a car speaker, and Bates’ car keys. The 11 men ran out of the room and fled in Bates’ vehicle. When the men left, Bates and 12 Sawyer tried to call the police from the phone in their room and noticed that the cord 13 connecting the receiver to the phone was missing. They went to the office of the hotel, 14 where Bates called the police. 15 {5} Detective Geoffrey Stone of the Albuquerque Police Department responded to 16 the robbery call and took statements from Bates and Sawyer. Detective Stone also 17 viewed hotel surveillance video that showed three men entering the victims’ hotel 18 room and leaving a short time later with items that they did not have when they went 19 in. The video showed the men getting into Bates’ vehicle and leaving the hotel parking 3 1 lot. Detective Stone was able to identify Saavedra. He and other police officers went 2 to the apartment complex where Saavedra lived. Bates’ car was in the parking lot. 3 Defendant was standing in the open doorway of Saavedra’s apartment. Detective 4 Stone testified that Defendant was wearing the “exact same clothing” that he had seen 5 on one of the subjects in the hotel surveillance video. 6 {6} Defendant was taken into custody and charged with the armed robbery of Bates 7 and Sawyer (Counts 1 and 3), conspiracy to commit the robberies (Counts 2 and 4), 8 the kidnapping of Bates and Sawyer (Counts 5 and 7), conspiracy to commit the 9 kidnappings (Counts 6 and 8), and unlawful taking of a vehicle (Count 9). Defendant 10 was convicted of robbery for taking Bates’ money, a lesser-included offense of armed 11 robbery, as charged in Count 1; the kidnapping of Bates and Sawyer, as charged in 12 Counts 5 and 7; conspiracy to commit Bates’ kidnapping, as charged in Count 6; and 13 unlawful taking of a vehicle, as charged in Count 9. 14 DISCUSSION 15 {7} Defendant raises several issues related to his kidnapping convictions. He argues 16 that the conduct charged as kidnapping was actually restraint incidental to the robbery, 17 that the convictions violate double jeopardy, that the jury instructions for kidnapping 18 did not accurately reflect the law], and that the district court erred in designating 19 kidnapping as a serious violent offense for purposes of EMD. Because our analysis 4 1 of the restraint, as incidental to the robbery, is determinative of Defendant’s other 2 kidnapping related arguments, we begin our analysis there. We will then address 3 Defendant’s remaining arguments. 4 I. Kidnapping 5 We begin our review of Defendant’s kidnapping convictions by considering {8} 6 whether Defendant’s conduct constitutes kidnapping as a matter of law. State v. 7 Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-112, ¶¶ 6, 22, 289 P.3d 238, cert. quashed, 2015-NMCERT8 003, 346 P.3d 1163. The question of whether the legislative intended restraint under 9 these circumstances to be charged as kidnapping is a question of law that we review 10 de novo. Id. ¶ 7 (stating that “[w]hether the Legislature intended restraint during an 11 aggravated battery to be charged as kidnapping is a question of statutory interpretation 12 . . . which we review de novo”). 13 Kidnapping is defined as: 14 15 the unlawful taking, restraining, transporting or confining of a person, by force, intimidation or deception, with intent: 16 (1) 17 18 (2) that the victim be held as a hostage or shield and confined against his will; 19 (3) that the victim be held to service against the victim’s will; or 20 (4) to inflict death, physical injury or a sexual offense on the victim. that the victim be held for ransom; 5 1 NMSA 1978, § 30-4-1 (2003). 2 {9} Defendant was convicted of kidnapping under the third mens rea requirement, 3 that the victim be “held to service against the victim’s will.” Section 30-4-1(A)(3). 4 Defendant argues that restraint which is incidental to other crimes is not punishable 5 under the “held to service” prong of the kidnapping statute. Defendant also contends 6 that the evidence supporting his kidnapping convictions was insufficient because it 7 failed to establish that the victims were “held to service” as contemplated by the 8 statute. 9 {10} This Court has held that movement or restraint of a victim that is merely 10 incidental to another crime is not separately punishable as kidnapping. Trujillo, 11 2012-NMCA-112 ¶¶ 6-8, 39. The determination of whether conduct is incidental is 12 fact dependent and based on the totality of the circumstances. Id. ¶¶ 42-43. One factor 13 we have considered in determining whether restraint or movement of a victim is 14 incidental is “whether a defendant intended to prevent the victim’s liberation for a 15 longer period of time or to a greater degree than that which is necessary to commit the 16 other crime.” Id. ¶¶ 34, 39 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted). 17 We have also considered whether the movement or restraint subjected the victim to 18 a “risk of harm over and above that necessarily present in the other crime,” id. ¶ 36 19 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted), and whether the movement 6 1 or restraint is “of the kind inherent in the nature of the other crime” or whether it has 2 “some significance independent of the other crime in that it makes the other crime 3 substantially easier of commission or substantially lessens the risk of detection.” Id. 4 ¶ 37 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Although we have not adopted 5 a specific test to determine whether a defendant’s conduct is incidental to another 6 crime, the ultimate question is “whether the restraint or movement increases the 7 culpability of the defendant over and above his culpability for the other crime.” Id. ¶ 8 38. 9 {11} Our review of the record in the present case reveals that Defendant punched 10 Bates and used a headlock to gain physical control of him, and then restrained him 11 while Saavedra looted Bates’ room. After Bates was restrained, Defendant did not use 12 additional force against Bates. Sawyer was restrained when the unidentified assailant 13 pointed a knife at her throat and threatened to “shank” her if she moved. Sawyer 14 testified that the unidentified man did not hold her in any other way. Both victims 15 were released before the men left the hotel room. The entire incident lasted 16 approximately two minutes. 17 {12} The restraint used in this case was not longer nor was it to a greater degree than 18 necessary to complete the robbery. See Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-112, ¶ 39 (stating that 19 the restraint in that case was not longer or greater than that necessary to achieve the 7 1 underlying crime, the restraint occurred within the period of the underlying crime in 2 the same general location, and there was no indication that the defendant intended any 3 other purpose than to complete the underlying crime). The restraint did not subject the 4 victims to an increased risk of harm above and beyond that inherent in the underlying 5 crime of robbery. See id. (reasoning that the risk of harm to the victim was not 6 increased by the restraint because the restraint was an effort to complete the intended 7 crime, not an effort to increase the harm to the victim, because “the restraint did not 8 increase the length or severity” of the underlying crime, and because the “entire 9 episode began and ended within a relatively short period”). 10 {13} Moreover, the restraint used against the victims in this case was of the kind 11 inherent in robbery. See NMSA 1978, § 30-16-2 (1973) (“Robbery consists of the 12 theft of anything of value from the person of another or from the immediate control 13 of another, by use or threatened use of force or violence.”). The restraint also had no 14 significance, independent of the robbery, that made the robbery substantially easier 15 to commit or substantially lessened the risk of detection. See Trujillo, 2012-NMCA16 112, ¶ 37 (noting that “[a] standstill robbery on the street is not a kidnapping; the 17 forced removal of the victim to a dark alley for robbery is. The removal of a rape 18 victim from room to room within a dwelling solely for the convenience and comfort 19 of the rapist is not a kidnapping; the removal from a public place to a place of 8 1 seclusion is. The forced direction of a store clerk to cross the store to open a cash 2 register is not a kidnapping; locking him in a cooler to facilitate escape is.” (internal 3 quotation marks and citation omitted)). 4 {14} We conclude that the restraint of the victims in this case was incidental to the 5 robbery and did not increase Defendant’s culpability over and above his culpability 6 for the robbery. We hold that the restraint here, as a matter of law, is not separately 7 punishable under the kidnapping statute, and Defendant’s convictions for kidnapping 8 are reversed. We emphasize, as we did in Trujillo, that “the factual circumstances of 9 this case have allowed us to determine as a matter of law that the Legislature did not 10 intend Defendant’s conduct to constitute kidnapping.” 2012-NMCA-112, ¶ 42. If the 11 facts were different or more complicated, it would be for a properly instructed jury to 12 decide “whether the restraint involved was merely incidental to the other crime.” Id. 13 {15} Because we reverse the kidnapping convictions, there is no need to address 14 Defendant’s double jeopardy argument. It is also unnecessary to address Defendant’s 15 arguments regarding the jury instruction for kidnapping and the district court’s 16 classification of kidnapping as a serious violent offense. 17 II. Sufficiency of the Evidence 18 A. Standard of Review 9 1 {16} Reviewing sufficiency of the evidence we must “determine whether substantial 2 evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt 3 beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” 4 State v. Dowling, 2011-NMSC-016, ¶ 20, 150 N.M. 110, 257 P.3d 930 (internal 5 quotation marks and citation omitted). In doing so, we “view the evidence in the light 6 most favorable to the [s]tate, resolving all conflicts and indulging all permissible 7 inferences in favor of the verdict.” State v. Reed, 2005-NMSC-031, ¶ 14, 138 N.M. 8 365, 120 P.3d 447. 9 B. 10 {17} Conspiracy to Commit Kidnapping “The gist of conspiracy under the statute is an agreement between two or more 11 persons to commit a felony.” State v. Gallegos, 2011-NMSC-027, ¶ 25, 149 N.M. 704, 12 254 P.3d 655 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “In order to be 13 convicted of conspiracy, the defendant must have the requisite intent to agree and the 14 intent to commit the offense that is the object of the conspiracy.” Id. (internal 15 quotation marks and citation omitted). 16 {18} In the present case, the State had to prove that (1) Defendant and another person 17 by words or acts agreed to commit the kidnapping of Bates, and (2) Defendant and the 18 other person intended to commit the kidnapping of Bates. Even though there was no 19 direct evidence of an agreement to kidnap Bates, “[a] conspiracy may be established 10 1 by circumstantial evidence, [and] the agreement is a matter of inference from the facts 2 and circumstances. Gallegos, 2011-NMSC-027, ¶ 26 (internal quotations marks and 3 citation omitted). 4 {19} However, the evidence presented to support conspiracy to kidnap is identical 5 to the evidence presented to support the kidnapping convictions. The State argues that 6 a conspiracy to kidnap Bates can be inferred from the testimony related to Defendant’s 7 restraint of Bates during the robbery. As we discussed earlier, Defendant’s restraint 8 of Bates does not constitute kidnapping as a matter of law. Accordingly, that 9 testimony alone is insufficient to support Defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to 10 commit kidnapping. 11 C. Accessory Liability for Robbery 12 At trial, the State presented theories of both principal and accessory liability to {20} 13 the jury. However, the verdict sheets returned by the jury did not specify whether its 14 determinations of Defendant’s guilt for robbery and unlawful taking of a motor 15 vehicle were based on principal or accessory liability, though both theories were 16 presented to the jury. Since the verdicts may be upheld where one of the theories for 17 conviction is supported by sufficient evidence, we will address these crimes under the 18 accomplice liability theory. State v. Bahney, 2012-NMCA-039, ¶ 26, 274 P.3d 134. 11 1 {21} In New Mexico, a person may be “convicted of [a] crime as an accessory if he 2 procures, counsels, [or] aids or abets in its commission[,] although he did not directly 3 commit the crime.” NMSA 1978, § 30-1-13 (1972). “A person who aids or abets in 4 the commission of a crime is equally culpable” and faces “the same punishment as a 5 principal.” State v. Carrasco, 1997-NMSC-047, ¶ 6, 124 N.M. 64, 946 P.2d 1075. A 6 defendant may be found guilty of a substantive offense as an accessory, if the jury 7 finds beyond a reasonable doubt that: “[(1) t]he defendant intended that the crime be 8 committed; [(2) t]he crime was committed; and [(3) t]he defendant helped, 9 encouraged[,] or caused the crime to be committed.” UJI 14-2822 NMRA. Under an 10 accessory liability theory, “a jury must find a community of purpose for each crime 11 of the principal.” Carrasco, 1997-NMSC-047, ¶ 9. In other words, “a jury must find 12 that a defendant intended that the acts necessary for each crime be committed.” Id. 13 {22} Defendant maintains that the evidence was insufficient to support his 14 convictions for robbery and unlawful taking of a motor vehicle because the witnesses 15 in this case were unreliable and because there was no physical evidence tying him to 16 the crime. We disagree. According to the victims’ testimony, Defendant knocked 17 Bates to the floor, demanded to know where Bates kept his money, restrained Bates 18 during the robbery, and left the hotel as a passenger in Bates’ stolen vehicle. Shortly 19 after the robbery, Defendant was present at Saavedra’s apartment wearing the “exact 12 1 same clothing” that Detective Stone had seen on one of the subjects in the hotel 2 surveillance video. Bates’ stolen vehicle was recovered in the parking lot of the same 3 apartment complex. 4 {23} Even in the absence of any evidence directly connecting Defendant to the 5 crimes, this testimony constitutes sufficient circumstantial evidence to establish that 6 Defendant was helping, encouraging, or causing the robbery and unlawful taking of 7 Bates’ vehicle. See § 30-16-2 (“Robbery consists of the theft of anything of value 8 from the person of another or from the immediate control of another, by use or 9 threatened use of force or violence.”); NMSA 1978, § 30-16D-1(A) (2009) 10 (“Unlawful taking of a vehicle or motor vehicle consists of a person taking any 11 vehicle or motor vehicle . . . intentionally and without consent of the owner.”). 12 {24} Moreover, the same evidence is sufficient to establish that Defendant had the 13 requisite intent to commit robbery and unlawful taking of a motor vehicle, which is 14 necessary to convict Defendant as an accessory. State v. Brenn, 2005-NMCA-121, 15 ¶ 26, 138 N.M. 451, 121 P.3d 1050 (stating that “an accessory’s intent may be 16 established by inference from the surrounding facts and circumstances” and that 17 “intent can be inferred from behavior which encourages the act” (internal quotation 18 marks and citation omitted)). “The evidence is not so thin that we can say as a matter 13 1 of law that no rational jury could find the required facts to support a conviction.” Id. 2 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). 3 III. Defendant’s Claim of Instructional Error 4 There were no objections to the instructions as given at trial and, therefore, we {25} 5 review the instructions for fundamental error. See State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC6 009, ¶ 8, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176; see also State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 7 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d 1134 (stating that when an issue concerning jury 8 instructions has not been preserved, review is for fundamental error). Under the 9 fundamental error analysis, “we seek to determine whether a reasonable juror would 10 have been confused or misdirected by the jury instruction.” State v. Stefani, 200611 NMCA-073, ¶ 22, 139 N.M. 719, 137 P.3d 659 (internal quotation marks and citation 12 omitted). “The rule of fundamental error applies only if there has been a miscarriage 13 of justice, if the question of guilt is so doubtful that it would shock the conscience to 14 permit the conviction to stand, or if substantial justice has not been done.” State v. 15 Sutphin, 2007-NMSC-045, ¶ 16, 142 N.M. 191, 164 P.3d 72 (internal quotation marks 16 and citation omitted). 17 {26} The unlawful taking of a vehicle statute reads: “[u]nlawful taking of a motor 18 vehicle consists of a person taking any vehicle or motor vehicle . . . intentionally and 14 1 without consent of the owner.” Section 30-16D-1(A). The jury was given an 2 instruction on unlawful taking of a vehicle, which read: 3 4 5 For you to find [D]efendant guilty of Unlawfully Taking a Vehicle as charged in Count 9, the [S]tate must prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt each of the following elements of the crime: 6 7 1. [D]efendant took a 1999 Subaru 2-door without the owner’s consent; 8 9 2. This happened in New Mexico on or about the 28th day of September[] 2011. 10 {27} Unlawful taking of a vehicle is a general intent crime. It usually requires that 11 the instruction on general criminal intent, UJI 14-141 NMRA, be given. See UJI 1412 141 comm. comment. The instruction on general criminal intent states in pertinent 13 part: 14 15 16 17 18 In addition to the other elements of [the target offense], the [S]tate must prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt that [D]efendant acted intentionally when he committed the crime. A person acts intentionally when he purposely does an act which the law declares to be a crime. 19 UJI 14-141. 20 {28} At trial, the general intent instruction was not given. Defendant argues that the 21 failure to give the general intent instruction constituted a failure to instruct the jury on 22 criminal intent, an essential element of unlawful taking of a vehicle. However, in 23 closing, the State argued that Defendant was guilty of unlawfully taking Bates’ vehicle 15 1 as an accessory or accomplice. The jury received an instruction on accomplice 2 liability, which read: 3 4 5 [D]efendant may be found guilty of a crime even though he himself did not do the acts constituting the crime, if the [S]tate proves to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt that: 6 1. [D]efendant intended that the crime be committed; 7 2. The crime was committed; 8 9 3. [D]efendant helped, encouraged or caused the crime to be committed. 10 {29} In State v. Bachicha, we reversed the defendant’s conviction for unlawful 11 taking of a vehicle because the intent instruction given in that case addressed the 12 determination of intent but failed to instruct on the essential element of “conscious 13 wrongdoing.” 1972-NMCA-141, ¶ 5, 84 N.M. 397, 503 P.2d 1175 (internal quotation 14 marks omitted). This case is distinguishable. Here, the instructions, when read 15 together, were sufficient to instruct the jury on the elements of unlawful taking of a 16 vehicle as required by the statute, including criminal intent. See Carrasco, 199717 NMSC-047, ¶ 7 (“The uniform jury instruction for accessory liability incorporates the 18 intent requirement and correctly states the standard for a finding that a defendant is 19 guilty as an accessory.”). We do not believe that a reasonable jury would have been 20 confused or misdirected by the jury instructions given or that failing to give the 16 1 general criminal intent instruction amounted to a miscarriage of justice that would 2 shock the conscience. 3 IV. 4 Findings Required to Support the District Court’s Designation of Robbery as a Serious Violent Offense Under the EMD 5 Defendant contends that the district court’s findings were legally insufficient {30} 6 to support its conclusion that the robbery conviction was a serious violent offense 7 under the EMD. We review the district court’s designation of a crime as a serious 8 violent offense for an abuse of discretion. State v. Solano, 2009-NMCA-098, ¶ 7, 146 9 N.M. 831, 215 P.3d 769. Because a court abuses its discretion when it acts contrary 10 to law, we review de novo the legal sufficiency of the district court’s findings in 11 support of its serious violent offense designation. Id. 12 {31} Under the EMD, prisoners convicted of serious violent offenses may earn only 13 four days a month of credit against their time in prison for participating in certain 14 programs, while prisoners convicted of nonviolent offenses may earn up to thirty days 15 a month. Section 33-2-34(A)(1), (2). The statute provides a list of offenses that are per 16 se serious violent offenses. Section 33-2-34(L)(4)(a)-(n). The statute also provides a 17 list of offenses that, based on the nature of the offense and the resulting harm, may be 18 categorized as serious violent offenses, at the discretion of the sentencing court. 19 Section 33-2-34(L)(4)(o). Defendant’s robbery conviction falls within the 20 discretionary provision of the statute. See § 33-2-34(L)(4)(o)(13) (stating that “ 17 1 ‘serious violent offense’ means ‘any of the following offenses[;] third degree robbery 2 as provided in Section 30-16-2’ ”). 3 {32} In State v. Morales, we discussed the legislative intent supporting the EMD. 4 2002-NMCA-016, ¶ 16, 131 N.M. 530, 39 P.3d 747, abrogated on other grounds by 5 State v. Frawley, 2007-NMSC-057, ¶ 36, 143 N.M. 7, 172 P.3d 144. We observed that 6 the EMD’s list of discretionary offenses includes some offenses that always result in 7 death, indicating that harm resulting from a crime is not the only consideration in 8 determining whether that crime is a serious violent offense. Morales, 2002-NMCA9 016, ¶ 13. We also noted that many of the discretionary offenses “are characterized 10 by multiple ways of committing the offense, some intentional and some not, and some 11 utilizing physical force and some not,” as opposed to the non-discretionary offenses, 12 which “all involve an intent to do the harm prohibited by the statute, or a specific 13 intent to kill or injure, or knowledge that one’s acts are reasonably likely to cause 14 serious harm.” Id. ¶¶ 14-15. We concluded that categorizing a discretionary offense 15 as a serious violent offense is justified where the district court finds that the offense 16 was “committed in a physically violent manner either with an intent to do serious 17 harm or with recklessness in the face of knowledge that one’s acts are reasonably 18 likely to result in serious harm.” Id. ¶ 16. We also concluded that, even where support 18 1 exists in the record that these factors are met, the district court must make the required 2 findings in the first instance. Id. ¶ 18. 3 {33} The State argues that we should overturn Morales and its progeny because those 4 cases are contrary to various rules of statutory construction. However, the State does 5 not explain how the law has developed or the facts have changed since we decided 6 Morales, and even its own argument recognizes that our appellate courts have 7 consistently followed that case. See Trujillo v. City of Albuquerque, 1998-NMSC-031, 8 ¶ 34, 125 N.M. 721, 965 P.2d 305 (recognizing that, before overturning precedent, we 9 must consider “whether the principles of law have developed to such an extent as to 10 leave the old rule no more than a remnant of abandoned doctrine” and “whether the 11 facts have changed in the interval from the old rule to reconsideration so as to have 12 robbed the old rule of justification” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). 13 We have no basis for overruling Morales and decline the State’s request to do so. 14 {34} Since Morales, our appellate courts have continued to require that district courts 15 make specific findings regarding both the nature of the offense and the resulting harm 16 to support a serious violent offense designation. State v. Loretto, 2006-NMCA-142, 17 ¶ 14, 140 N.M. 705, 147 P.3d 1138. This requirement serves “to inform the defendant 18 being sentenced of the factual basis on which his good time credit is being 19 substantially reduced, and to permit meaningful and effective appellate review of the 19 1 court’s designation.” Id. ¶ 12. Although Morales does not require the district court’s 2 findings to be expressed in specific language, they must demonstrate how the 3 defendant’s acts “amounted to an offense committed in a physically violent manner.” 4 State v. Scurry, 2007-NMCA-064, ¶ 6, 141 N.M. 591, 158 P.3d 1034 (internal 5 quotation marks and citation omitted). 6 {35} Here, the district court made factual findings as to why the robbery constituted 7 a serious violent offense. At sentencing the following exchange took place between 8 the district court and counsel: 9 10 The Court: All right. Robbery is set forth as a serious violent offense . . . so I’ll find that. 11 Prosecutor: It is an option. 12 13 Defense Counsel: It is an option, Your Honor. You do have discretion. 14 15 16 17 The Court: 18 {36} I know that; I know that. And I do take judicial notice of the fact that the jury did not convict your client of armed robbery; but I’ll find that robbery . . . is a serious violent offense. Because the parties do not dispute that the robbery was a discretionary offense 19 under Section 33-2-34(L)(4)(o), we conclude that the district court’s failure to make 20 findings regarding the nature of the offense or the resulting harm requires remand 21 under Morales. 22 CONCLUSION 20 1 {37} For the foregoing reasons we reverse the convictions for kidnapping and 2 conspiracy to commit kidnapping. We reverse the designation of the robbery 3 conviction as a serious violent offense and remand for additional fact finding. The 4 remainder of the judgment and sentence is affirmed. 5 {38} IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 7 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge 8 WE CONCUR: 9 10 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge 11 12 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge 21
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