Cumberland Mutual Fire Insurance Company v. Timothy Murphy III, et als.

SYLLABUS

(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. The Court wrote no majority opinion in this case. The facts and procedural history were derived from the concurring opinion.)
 

Cumberland Mutual Fire Insurance Company v. Timothy Murphy III, et als. (A-46-04)
 
 
Argued February 15, 2005 -- Decided May 23, 2005

PER CURIAM
 
In this appeal, the Court addresses the meaning of two exclusionary clauses in a homeowner s insurance policy written by Cumberland Mutual Fire Insurance Company (Cumberland).

On January 20, 2001, at approximately 11:00 p.m., fourteen-year-old Timothy Murphy, III and two friends began shooting BB s to ding passing cars. They climbed onto a wooden platform on the property of one of the boys, Eric Elder, which was twenty-five feet from the roadway. The night was dark and moonless, and it was sleeting; visibility was poor. One of Murphy s BB shots hit Gina Santiago who was driving a soft top jeep along the road near the Elder home. The BB went through the soft top and hit Santiago causing permanent blindness in her right eye, as well as a susceptibility to further complications.

Murphy admitted to shooting intentionally at the cars but denied that he intended to hurt anyone. He claimed that he did not understand at the time that someone could get hurt. He also conceded that he knew that what he was doing was wrong, illegal, and might subject him to juvenile court. Despite knowing those risks, Murphy thought that he was just having fun with his friends.

After an investigation, the State filed a delinquency petition against Murphy alleging facts that, if committed by an adult, would have constituted possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose and aggravated assault. Murphy admitted to aggravated assault with a civil reservation that prevented use of that admission in any future proceeding. Murphy was adjudicated delinquent and was sentenced to two years probation, the payment of certain fines, attendance at a gun safety course, and community service.

In January 2002, Gina Santiago and her husband sued Murphy and his parents in federal court for the injuries she sustained. Cumberland, the Murphy family s homeowner s insurance carrier, filed a declaratory judgment action in Superior Court against Murphy, his parents, and the Santiagos, seeking a declaration that it was not obligated to provide coverage to the Murphy family for Gina Santiago s injuries. Cumberland denied coverage based on two exclusions contained in the Murphy s homeowner s policy. One exclusion provides that the insurer will not cover bodily injury or property damage, whether expected or not expected or intended, that is the consequence of an insured s willful harm or knowing endangerment. The other relevant exclusion bars coverage for any damages or loss directly or indirectly caused or resulting from a knowing violation of a penal law or ordinance committed by or with the consent of the insured.

Cumberland and the Santiagos filed cross-motions for summary judgment, seeking a judicial determination whether the policy provisions clearly excluded Murphy s acts from coverage. After a hearing on the motions, the trial court denied Cumberland s motion. In granting the Santiagos motion, the judge noted that the material facts that multiple shots were fired and that Murphy fired the BB that hit Gina Santiago were undisputed. The court concluded that the circumstances surrounding the shooting would not support a presumption that Murphy had any subjective intent to injure anyone. Specifically, the trial court held, among other things, that Mrs. Santiago s injury was not a foreseeable consequence of Murphy s actions, given the weather, the boys stated intention, their distance from the roadway, the few shots that hit their mark, and the unlikely chance that the Santiago vehicle would have a soft, permeable top. The judge noted that although Murphy did something extremely stupid, the prank was not one in which he envisioned the horrible injury he caused. Cumberland appealed to the Appellate Division, which affirmed the decision of the trial court.

The Supreme Court granted certification.

HELD: The members of the Court being equally divided, the judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED. The occurrence in this case was an accident within the meaning of the Cumberland homeowner s policy.

JUSTICE LONG, concurring, in which CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICE ZAZZALI join, is of the view that, in applying the principles enunciated in Voorhees, SL Industries, and Garitta, the occurrence in this case was an accident within the meaning of the homeowner s policy. The uncontroverted evidence given by Murphy and his friends provide no basis for a conclusion that they subjectively intended or expected to injure anyone. Nor can it be said, in light of the weather, the distance of the boys from the road, and the few shots that hit their target, that Gina Santiago s injury was an inherently probable consequence of Murphy s conduct. Justice Long disagrees with Cumberland s contention that the heedless conduct of a fourteen-year-old boy was in any way equivalent to the acts previously characterized by the Court as particularly reprehensible that would give rise to a presumption of an intent to injure Mrs. Santiago. Moreover, it is impossible to divine the boundaries of the exclusion insofar as it simultaneously does not require an injury to be expected or intended, but does require it to flow out of willful harm or knowing endangerment. Those terms are imprecise and open to numerous interpretations. Because the language is ambiguous, the policy must be interpreted in favor of coverage. Justice Long also is unpersuaded by Cumberland s reliance on the penal law exclusion. Because of the recognition of two different systems to address adult and juvenile crime, and because the exclusion here does not define a violation of penal law, it can arguably be read as referencing only an adult s violation of a penal statute. Even if that is debatable, the penal law exclusion is ambiguous and must be interpreted in favor of coverage.

JUSTICE WALLACE, dissenting, in which JUSTICES LaVECCHIA and RIVERA-SOTO join, is of the view that, fairly read, the policy excludes coverage for bodily injury or property damage from the insured s willful harm or knowing endangerment, regardless of whether the insured expected or intended the precise injury or property damage that occurred. The plain reading of the phrase whether or not expected or intended by the insured eliminates the need for an inquiry into the insured s subjective intent. With the elimination of the subjective prong test in the Cumberland homeowner s policy, the focus properly is on whether the insured s conduct demonstrated willful harm or knowing endangerment. Although the Cumberland policy should have defined those terms to avoid ambiguity, the insured s conduct plainly falls within any reasonable definition of willful harm or knowing endangerment. Murphy admitted he intended to shoot the BB gun in the hope of hitting the passing cars and he knew that discharging a firearm towards a person could result in injury or property damage. Because the explicit language of the exclusion eliminates the need to determine the insured s intention, the policy plainly was intended to exclude coverage. Regardless of the existence of any ambiguity in the policy language, the insured had no reasonable expectation of coverage.

JUSTICE RIVERA-SOTO, dissenting, in which JUSTICE LaVECCHIA joins, agrees with the thoughtful dissent of Justice Wallace in respect of the knowing endangerment, willful harm exclusion in the Cumberland policy. Justice Rivera-Soto also finds that the penal law exclusion also bars coverage. The senseless events of January 20, 2001 are a textbook example of the very behavior excluded from coverage by this exemption. There was an event producing bodily injury that resulted from the actions of an insured that constituted a knowing violation of the penal laws of this State. In Justice Rivera-Soto s view, there is no meaningful or principled distinction between the insurance policy s exclusion for acts that knowingly violate our penal laws and the actor s status as a juvenile. The restrictions of the penal laws apply to everyone regardless of age; how those violations are treated based on the actor s age goes only to the measure and manner of punishment imposed, not to the actor s substantive liability for violating those laws. Thus, on the question of whether insurance coverage is applicable or excluded by this policy provision, the age of the insured is irrelevant and a claim of ambiguity cannot be sustained. Murphy s acts clearly violate several penal laws of this State and Murphy admitted, among other things, that he knew what he was doing was illegal. If the policy exclusion does not apply in these circumstances, then it is needlessly being denied its full meaning. Allowing coverage in this case is not just bad law, it is bad public policy.

CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ, JUSTICE LONG and JUSTICE ZAZZALI concur in the judgment of the Court. JUSTICE WALLACE filed a separate dissenting opinion, in which JUSTICES LaVECCHIA and RIVERA-SOTO join. JUSTICE RIVERA-SOTO also filed a separate dissenting opinion, in which JUSTICE LaVECCHIA joins. JUSTICE ALBIN did not participate.

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A- 46 September Term 2004
 
 
CUMBERLAND MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.
 
TIMOTHY MURPHY, III, TIMOTHY MURPHY, JR. SANDRA MURPHY, GINA M. SANTIAGO and FERDINAND SANTIAGO,

Defendants-Respondents.

Argued February 15, 2005 Decided May 23, 2005

On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division.

Frank G. Basile argued the cause for appellant (Basile & Testa, attorneys; Mr. Basile and Renee E. Scrocca, on the brief).

J. Davy Yockey argued the cause for respondents Gina M. Santiago and Ferdinand Santiago (Flager & Yockey, attorneys; Michael S. Levin, on the letter in lieu of brief).

J. Michael Farrell argued the cause for respondents Timothy Murphy, III, Timothy Murphy, Jr., and Sandra Murphy (Wilentz, Goldman & Spitzer, attorneys).

PER CURIAM

 
The members of the Court being equally divided, the judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ, and JUSTICES LONG and ZAZZALI concur in the judgment of the Court. JUSTICE WALLACE filed a separate dissenting opinion, in which JUSTICES LaVECCHIA and RIVERA-SOTO join. JUSTICE RIVERA-SOTO also filed a separate dissenting opinion, in which JUSTICE LaVECCHIA joins. JUSTICE ALBIN did not participate.

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A- 46 September Term 2004
 
 
CUMBERLAND MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

TIMOTHY MURPHY, III, TIMOTHY MURPHY, JR. SANDRA MURPHY, GINA M. SANTIAGO and FERDINAND SANTIAGO,

Defendants-Respondents.

JUSTICE LONG, concurring.
 
This case involves the actions of a fourteen-year-old boy who foolishly shot some BBs to ding passing vehicles. As a result, the driver of one of the vehicles sustained an injury. The boy s parents sought coverage under their homeowner s policy. Although all parties agree that there is no direct evidence that the boy subjectively intended or expected to cause an injury, the insurer declined coverage on the basis of two exclusionary clauses in its policy. We are here called upon to determine the meaning of those clauses.
I.
The facts established during discovery are as follows. On January 20, 2001, fourteen-year-old Timothy Murphy, III, and his thirteen-year-old friend Eric Kovalchek, visited the home of fifteen-year-old Eric Elder. At around 11:00 p.m., the boys decided to shoot BBs at passing cars. They retrieved a BB gun from the Elders shed, and climbed onto a ten-foot high wooden platform in a tree at the edge of the Elders property, twenty-five yards from the road. The night was dark and moonless, and it was sleeting. Visibility was poor.
According to Murphy, he and Elder took turns firing. By listening to the sound of the BBs ricocheting off the vehicles, Murphy estimated that he hit four or five of them. Kovalchek did not remember Elder hitting any cars, though he did recall Murphy hitting two or three, including a Jeep. By all accounts, Kovalchek did not shoot the BB gun.
Murphy admitted to shooting intentionally at the cars, but he denied that he intended to hurt anyone and claimed that he did not understand at the time that someone could get hurt. When asked why he thought that shooting BBs at moving cars would not cause injury, Murphy responded, Because I never thought that it would hit a person, I was just seeing like to get it to hit the car. I never thought it would go inside of them. Murphy also conceded that, at the time, he knew that what he was doing was wrong, illegal, and might subject him to juvenile court. Despite understanding those risks, Murphy thought at the time that he was just hav[ing] fun with [his] friends. He acknowledged that the boys talked a little bit during their time on the platform, but he could not remember what they had discussed.
For the most part, Elder and Kovalchek confirmed Murphy s version. Elder testified that he never thought that they could hurt anyone and that it seemed harmless at the time. Elder also stated that nothing was said on the platform that indicated that any of the boys expected or feared that someone would be hurt. Kovalchek said that he told the others, I don t feel like this is the right thing, I don t think we should be doing this, but, when asked whether Elder or Murphy said or did anything that gave him the idea that they wanted to harm someone, Kovalchek answered, No, not at all. Further, Kovalchek indicated that no one expressed concern that the BBs could penetrate one of the cars.
At some point that night, Gina Santiago drove her soft-top Jeep along the road in front of the Elders property. Her husband, Ferdinand, was a passenger in the vehicle. A BB, shot from the platform, struck the Jeep, pierced its plastic window, and entered Mrs. Santiago s right eye. She was permanently blinded in that eye, an injury that leaves her susceptible to further complications.
Elder stated that the boys decided to end the shooting when Santiago s vehicle stopped and the driver got out because they thought it could have been teenagers like coming back to like find us or something like that . . . . Kovalchek confirmed that a Jeep stopped on the road after being hit by a BB, which Murphy had fired, and that a passenger got out of the Jeep, walked around it and got back in, and that the Jeep drove off. Murphy denied that the boys were aware that a vehicle had stopped, and he could not recall the precise reason why they had ceased shooting. The boys returned to the Elders house, where they spent the night.
After an investigation, the State filed a delinquency petition against Murphy alleging facts that, if committed by an adult, would have constituted possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose and aggravated assault. Murphy admitted to aggravated assault with a civil reservation that prevented use of his admission in any future proceeding. The judge adjudicated Murphy delinquent and imposed two years of probation. Murphy was also required to pay fines, take a gun-safety course, and participate in community service.
In January 2002, based on diversity jurisdiction, the Santiagos sued Murphy and his parents (collectively the Murphy family) in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Cumberland Mutual Insurance Co., the Murphy family s homeowner s insurance carrier, then began this declaratory action in Superior Court, naming Murphy, the Murphy family, and the Santiagos as defendants. Cumberland sought a declaration that it was not obliged to provide coverage to the Murphy family for the injuries suffered by Mrs. Santiago.
Cumberland based its denial of coverage on exclusions contained in the homeowner s policy. The policy provides coverage for bodily injury that is caused by an occurrence and, in turn, defines "occurrence" as an accident . . .which results . . . in bodily injury. The policy excludes coverage as follows:
 
SECTION II D LIABILITY NOT INSURED

We do not provide insurance under Section II for any sort of damages, expenses, liability, or loss directly or indirectly, wholly or partially, aggravated by, consisting of, or resulting from the following . . . .
 
. . . .

4. ENDANGERMENT OR HARM

We do not cover bodily injury or property damage, whether or not expected or intended by the insured, which is a consequence of an insured s willful harm or knowing endangerment.

. . . .
 
SECTIONS I & II OTHER LOSS AND LIABILITY NOT INSURED
 
We provide no insurance for any sort of damages, expenses, liability, or loss directly or indirectly, wholly or partially, aggravated by, consisting of, or resulting from the following .
. . .

GOVERNMENTAL AND LEGAL ACTION

. . . .

D. Knowing violation of penal law or ordinance committed by, or with the consent of, an insured, statutory fines, or exemplary or punitive damages, illegal transportation or trade.

[(Formatting altered).]

Cumberland and the Santiagos filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The fundamental issue on both motions was whether the policy provisions clearly excluded Murphy s acts from coverage. After a hearing, the trial judge denied Cumberland s motion and granted that of the Santiagos. The judge determined that the material facts - that multiple shots were fired and that Murphy fired the BB that hit Santiago - were not disputed. He concluded, however, that, contrary to Cumberland s contention, the circumstances surrounding the shooting would not support a presumption that Murphy harbored a subjective intent to injure anyone. Specifically, the judge held, among other things, that Mrs. Santiago s injury was not an inherently probable and foreseeable consequence of Murphy s actions, given the weather, the boys stated intention, their distance from the roadway, the few shots that hit their mark, and the unlikely happenstance of the Santiago s vehicle having a permeable top. He also found that although Murphy and Elder did something utterly stupid[,] this stupid prank was not one in which they envisioned the horrible injury that they caused.
Cumberland appealed. In an unpublished, per curiam opinion, the Appellate Division affirmed. We granted Cumberland s petition for certification, Cumberland v. Murphy, 182 N.J. 139 (2004) and now affirm.
 
II.
Cumberland argues that the willful harm and knowing endangerment exclusion preludes coverage for injuries caused by an insured s intentional acts; that in ruling in favor of coverage, the courts below misapplied our prior case law regarding intentional acts; that Murphy s intent can be presumed based on the objective circumstances surrounding his particularly reprehensible conduct; and that, in any event, the penal law exclusion in the policy precludes coverage. The Murphys counter that Mrs. Santiago s injury was plainly contemplated by their homeowner s insurance policy, that the boys actions were not intentional acts subjecting them to the policy s exclusion, and that the fatally ambiguous willful harm or knowing endangerment exclusions must be construed in favor of coverage.

III.
We have carefully reviewed this record in light of the claims advanced by Cumberland and have concluded that our intervention is unwarranted. As Cumberland concedes, the outcome in this case depends on the application of our prior decisions in Voorhees v. Preferred Mutual Insurance Co., 128 N.J. 165 (1992), SL Industries Inc. v. American Motorists Insurance Co., 128 N.J. 188 (1992), and Harleysville Insurance Co. v. Garitta, 170 N.J. 223 (2001).
In Voorhees, we recognized that the accidental nature of an occurrence is determined by analyzing whether the alleged wrongdoer intended or expected to cause an injury. 128 N.J. at 183. Thus, a covered accident includes the unintended consequences of an intentional act, but not an injury that is, itself, intended. Id. at 182. Foolhardy or reckless acts are not automatically excluded from coverage. Id. at 184. However, if the acts are particularly reprehensible (for example, sexual abuse of children in a day care center), subjective intent can be presumed from the likelihood that injury will result from that reprehensible conduct. Ibid.
In SL Industries, we considered the additional questions whether any intent to injure will render the resulting injury intentional, whether the wrongdoer must intend the specific injury that results, or whether there is some middle ground between the two approaches. 128 N.J. at 209. We held that coverage is generally excluded if the insured subjectively intends or expects to cause some sort of injury. Id. at 212 (emphasis added). However, if the insured s conduct causes a degree of injury that is improbable, then the court must determine whether the insured subjectively intended or expected to cause that injury. Ibid. (emphasis added). Without the intent to cause that injury, the injury will be deemed accidental, and the insurance company will be obligated to provide coverage.
We reaffirmed the holdings in Voorhees and SL Industries in Garitta:
As a general rule, then, policy exclusions of the type at issue here represent enforceable limitations to an insurance contract when free of ambiguity. Courts ordinarily should refrain from summary judgment in respect of whether an insured intended or expected to cause the actual injury to a third party unless the record undisputedly demonstrates that such injury was an inherently probable consequence of the insured s conduct. In that latter circumstance, a trial may not be necessary to determine the applicability of the exclusion, provided that there has been a sufficient demonstration of the insured s subjective intent to cause some degree of injury. When the insured s conduct is particularly reprehensible, courts may presume an intent to injure without inquiring into the actor s actual intent.

[Garitta, supra, 170 N.J. at 234-35.]

Applying those principles, we are satisfied, as were the trial judge and the Appellate Division, that what occurred in this case was an accident within the meaning of the Cumberland policy. The uncontroverted evidence given by Murphy, Elder and Kovalchek provides no basis for the conclusion that they subjectively intended or expected to injure anyone. Neither, in light of the weather, the distance of the boys from the road and the few shots that hit their target, can we say that Mrs. Santiago s injury was an inherently probable consequence of Murphy s conduct. Nor do we agree with Cumberland that the heedless conduct of that fourteen-year-old boy was in any way equivalent to the acts we have previously characterized as particularly reprehensible, so as to give rise to a presumption of an intent to injure Mrs. Santiago.
We likewise question our dissenting colleagues postulate that the willful harm and knowing endangerment exclusion was meant to eliminate from consideration the notions of expected or intended injury and the jurisprudence surrounding them. Indeed we think it would be fair to say that expected is an analogue of knowing endangerment , and intended of willful harm.
But even if our colleagues are correct in their determination that the willful harm and knowing endangerment exclusion was fashioned to eliminate our prior expected or intended jurisprudence, the result would be the same. The insurer, as the drafter of an insurance policy, is responsible for its language. Where that language is ambiguous, its object is determined not by what the insurer intended it to mean, but by what a reasonable person in the position of the insured would have understood it to mean at the time the contract was entered into. 2 Couch on Insurance 3d 21.14. An insured s reasonable expectation of coverage depends, in turn, on the plain meaning of the policy language. Ibid. [W]hen the terms of an insurance contract are clear, it is the function of a court to enforce it as written and not to make a better contract for either of the parties. Kampf v. Franklin Life Ins. Co., 33 N.J. 36, 43 (1960).
However, when a policy is unclear ambiguities ordinarily are resolved in favor of the insured. We have observed that where the policy language of an insurance policy supports two meanings, one favorable to the insurer and the other to the insured, the interpretation favoring coverage should be applied.

[Progressive Cas. Ins. Co. v. Hurley, 166 N.J. 260, 273-274 (2001) (internal citations and quotations omitted).]

With that teaching in mind, we have reviewed the language of the exclusion in Section II(D)(4) and have concluded that it is impossible to divine its boundaries insofar as it simultaneously does not require an injury to be expected or intended, but does require it to flow out of willful harm or knowing endangerment. Those terms, which are undefined in the policy, elsewhere have been recognized as imprecise. Cumberland Mutual Insurance v. Beeby, 327 N.J. Super. 394, 402-03 (App. Div. 2000). Indeed, our dissenting colleagues concede that the words are subject to numerous interpretations. To us, that leaves open the issue of whether the improbable consequences of Murphy s childish conduct fall within the exclusion. At the very least, a reasonable insured, who read the policy, might have expected that they would not. Thus, under our well-established principles of insurance policy interpretation, the policy must be interpreted in favor of coverage. Lundy v. Aetna Cas. and Sur. Co., 92 N.J. 550, 559 (1983).
 

IV.
We are likewise unpersuaded by Cumberland s reliance on the penal law exclusion in the policy. Our Legislature, aided by our case law, has created vastly different systems to address adult and juvenile crime, in recognition of the fundamental differences in culpability as between a child and an adult. Because of that recognition and because the exclusion at issue here does not define a violation of the penal law, it can arguably be read as referencing only an adult s violation of a criminal statute, and not conduct by a juvenile that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime. Even if debatable, the penal law exclusion is ambiguous and must be interpreted in favor of coverage. Progressive, supra, 166 N.J. at 273-74.
V.
We would affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division.
Chief Justice Poritz and Justice Zazzali join in the opinion.

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A- 46 September Term 2004
 
CUMBERLAND MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

TIMOTHY MURPHY, III, TIMOTHY MURPHY, JR. SANDRA MURPHY, GINA M. SANTIAGO and FERDINAND SANTIAGO,

Defendants-Respondents.

JUSTICE WALLACE, dissenting.

I respectfully dissent.
Just as the concurring opinion does, I agree that the outcome of this case depends on the application of our prior decisions in Voorhees, supra, S.L. Industries, supra, and Garitta, supra.
Before addressing the central issue, I note several well established principles underlying my decision. An insurance policy is a contract. President v. Jenkins, 180 N.J. 550, 562 (2004). When interpreting an insurance policy, courts should give the policy s words their plain, ordinary meaning. Ibid. (quotation omitted). If the policy terms are clear, the policy should be interpreted as written. Ibid. But, [w]hen an insurance policy s language fairly supports two meanings, one that favors the insurer, and the other that favors the insured, the policy should be construed to sustain coverage. Id. at 563 (citation omitted). Although exclusions in an insurance policy should be narrowly construed, if the exclusion is specific, plain, clear, prominent, and not contrary to public policy[,] it should be given effect. Doto v. Russo, 140 N.J. 544, 559 (1995). To be sure, the burden is [up]on the insurer to bring the case within the exclusion. Princeton Ins. Co. v. Chunmuang, 151 N.J. 80, 95 (1997).
With those tenets in mind, I now apply them to the principles articulated in the Voorhees, S.L. Industries, and Garitta decisions. In Voorhees and S.L. Industries, which were decided the same day, we addressed the insurance company s duty to defend. In Voorhees, the insured was sued by her child s teacher for her comments concerning the teacher s competency and fitness. Supra, 128 N.J. at 169. The insured had a homeowner s insurance policy from Preferred Mutual Insurance Company that provided coverage for bodily injury caused by an occurrence, defined as an accident, and excluded coverage for liability . . . caused intentionally. Id. at 171. The insurer refused to defend in part based on the intentional acts exclusion. Ibid. Because the policy provided coverage for occurrences that were accidental, we assessed whether the court must find a subjective intent to injure or whether the court could presume an intent to injure from the objective circumstances. Id. at 184. We held that [a]bsent exceptional circumstances that objectively establish the insured s intent to injure, we will look to the insured s subjective intent to determine intent to injure. Id. at 185. We expressly noted that [w]hen the actions are particularly reprehensible, the intent to injure can be presumed from the act without an inquiry into the actor s subjective intent to injure. Id. at 184. We explained that the objective approach focuses on the likelihood that an injury will result from an actor s behavior rather than on the [actor s] subjective state of mind. Ibid.
In S.L. Industries, we considered whether any intent to injure will render the resulting injury intentional, whether the wrongdoer must intend the specific injury that results, or whether there is some middle ground between the two approaches. Supra, 128 N.J. at 209. We adopted a middle ground approach and concluded that coverage is generally excluded if the insured subjectively intends or expects to cause some sort of injury. Id. at 212 (emphasis added). However, if the insured s conduct causes an injury that is improbable, then the court must determine whether the insured subjectively intended or expected to cause that injury. Ibid. We concluded that without the intent to cause that injury, the injury will be deemed accidental, and the insurance company will be obligated to provide coverage. Ibid.
In Garitta, we applied the principles of Voorhees and S.L. Industries to deny coverage. Supra, 170 N.J. at 241-42. The insured in that case was a teenager who was challenged to a fight. Id. at 226. Although the insured contended that he tried to avoid the fight, he ultimately concluded that he had no choice but to confront the challenger. Id. at 227. A friend gave the insured a kitchen knife that he placed in his back pocket. Ibid. When the challenger approached, the insured stabbed the victim twice with the knife, critically wounding him. Id. at 228. The insured s policy excluded coverage for bodily injury [w]hich is expected or intended by the insured [.] Id. at 230 (internal quotations omitted). We held that the undisputed facts demonstrated that the insured intended to cause some injury, and that the actual injury [ ] led to [the challenger s] death was an inherently probable consequence of the insured s action. Id. at 235.
In the present case, the policy contains the following exclusionary provision:
[Cumberland does] not cover bodily injury or property damage, whether or not expected or intended by the insured, which is a consequence of an insured s willful harm or knowing endangerment.
 
Fairly read, the exclusion prohibits coverage for bodily injury or property damage from the insured s willful harm or knowing endangerment regardless of whether the insured expected or intended the precise injury or property damage that occurred. The plain reading of the phrase whether or not expected or intended by the insured eliminates the need for an inquiry into the insured s subjective intent that we found necessary in Voorhees and S.L. Industries. The policies in Voorhees and S.L. Industries lacked a phrase similar to the one in Cumberland s policy. In my opinion, the Cumberland policy eliminates the subjective prong of the test and requires us to focus on whether the insured s conduct demonstrated willful harm or knowing endangerment.
Unfortunately, those terms are not defined in the policy. In that event, we look to their ordinary meaning. President, supra, 180 N.J. at 566. Willful is defined as [p]roceeding from a conscious motion of the will; voluntary; knowingly; deliberate. Black s Law Dictionary 1599 (6th ed. 1970). Another entry of Black s Law Dictionary defines willful as [i]ntending the result which actually comes to pass; designed; intentional; purposeful; not accidental or involuntary. Ibid. Still another entry defines the term as [p]remiditated; malicious; done with evil intent, or with a bad motive or purpose, or with indifference to the natural consequences. Ibid. The dictionary notes that [i]t is a word of many meanings, with its construction often influenced by its context. Ibid. That same dictionary defines harm as [t]he existence of loss or detriment in fact of any kind to a person resulting from any cause. Id. at 718. Based on those definitions, willful harm could mean detriment of any kind resulting from any voluntary cause, or a loss not accidentally or involuntarily caused. But see Cumberland Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Beeby, 327 N.J. Super. 394, 402 (2000) (noting that precise definition of willful harm has proven to be elusive ).
Knowing endangerment is similarly susceptible to multiple definitions. Black s Law Dictionary defines knowingly as [w]ith knowledge; consciously; intelligently; willfully; intentionally. Id. at 872. Hence, knowing can mean both conscious and intentional. Moreover, the definition includes the term willfully, an obvious overlap with willful harm. The term endangerment is defined as the act of placing in danger or the state of being placed in danger. Webster s Third New International Dictionary 748 (1971). Thus, the ordinary meaning of knowing endangerment could be consciously placing someone or something in a state of danger.
Without question, the Cumberland policy should have defined those terms to avoid any ambiguity. Despite that shortcoming, the insured s conduct plainly falls within any reasonable definition of willful harm or knowing endangerment. The insured admitted that he intended to shoot his BB gun in the hope of hitting the passing cars and he knew that discharging a firearm towards a person could result in injury or property damage. It cannot be disputed that it is substantially certain that firing a BB gun at a car from approximately twenty-five yards away would result in some injury to the occupant or damage to the vehicle. The insured consciously and intentionally put the vehicle and any occupant in danger. Because the policy language of whether or not expected or intended by the insured, eliminated the subjective element that the insured must intend the injury, so long as the bodily injury or property damage results from the insured s willful harm or knowing endangerment, the policy exclusion should apply. I conclude that the insurer has demonstrated that the insured s conduct constituted both willful harm and knowing endangerment.
I am satisfied that the various definitions for willful harm and knowing endangerment, coupled with the qualifier whether or not expected or intended by the insurer demonstrate that the exclusionary provision was intended to be broad. At this time, I see no need to define the outer limits of those terms to conclude that the policy exclusion in this case was intended to apply to the insured s conduct of firing of a BB gun at passing cars. Whatever the precise meaning of the terms willful harm and knowing endangerment, the insured s conduct met those definitions for the exclusionary provision of the policy to apply.
The concurring opinion cites Progressive Casualty Insurance Co., supra, 166 N.J. at 273, for the principle that when policy language supports two meanings, one favorable to the insurer and the other to the insured, the interpretation favoring coverage should be applied. I agree with that proposition. Here, however, the insured s conduct would fall within whatever definition he would give to willful harm or knowing endangerment. Simply put, because the explicit language of the exclusion eliminates the need to determine whether the insured intended or expected the particular injury or property damage, the policy plainly was intended to exclude coverage. Stated differently, I am satisfied that regardless of the existence of any ambiguity in the policy, the insured had no reasonable expectations of coverage.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the insured, I conclude that the insured s conduct was excluded from coverage under the Cumberland insurance policy.
I would reverse.
Justices LaVecchia and Rivera-Soto join in this opinion.

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A- 46 September Term 2004
 
CUMBERLAND MUTUAL FIRE
INSURANCE COMPANY

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

TIMOTHY MURPHY, III; TIMOTHY
MURPHY, JR.; SANDRA MURPHY;
GINA M. SANTIAGO and FERDINAND
SANTIAGO,

Defendants-Respondents.

JUSTICE RIVERA-SOTO, dissenting.
I cannot agree with the Appellate Division s holding that is upheld today by an evenly divided Court. To the extent this Court concludes that insurance coverage is not excluded under the endangerment or harm exclusion of the insurance policy -- providing that [w]e do not cover bodily injury or property damage, whether or not expected or intended by the insured, which is a consequence of an insured s willful harm or knowing endangerment -- I join in the thoughtful dissent of my colleague Justice Wallace.
There is yet another exclusion in the insurance policy that bars, in my view, the relief afforded. The insurance policy clearly and unambiguously provides that
[w]e provide no insurance for any sort of damages, expenses, liability, or loss directly or indirectly, wholly or partially, aggravated by, consisting of, or resulting from the following even if loss or an occurrence otherwise covered contributes to such concurrently or in any sequence.

GOVERNMENTAL AND LEGAL ACTION

D. Knowing violation of penal law or ordinance committed by, or with the consent of, an insured, statutory fines, or exemplary or punitive damages, illegal transportation or trade.

The policy defines occurrence as an accident (including exposure to conditions) which results, during the policy term, in bodily injury or property damage. The policy also defines insured to include, among others, the named insured, the named insured s spouse, and any relatives resident in the named insured s household.
The senseless events of the late evening of January 20, 2001 -- during which the 14-year-old son of the named insured, intentionally and with the knowledge that he was engaging in an illegal act, took random potshots with a BB gun at a number of passing cars during a snow storm, the last shot piercing the soft top of the Jeep driven by the victim, rendering her blind in her right eye - are a textbook example of the very behavior excluded from coverage by this exemption. There was an event producing bodily injury (an occurrence ) that resulted from the actions of a resident relative of the named insured (an insured ) that constituted a knowing violation of the penal laws of this State. Therefore, on its face, the behavior for which insurance coverage is sought is clearly excluded.
The Court discards the insurance policy s exclusion for acts that violate penal law because that exclusion, which does not define penal law, arguably references only an adult s violation of a criminal statute, and not conduct by a juvenile that if committed by an adult would constitute a crime and even if debatable, the penal law exclusion is ambiguous and must be interpreted in favor of coverage. Ante, ___ N.J. ___. There is, however, no meaningful or principled distinction between the insurance policy s exclusion for acts that knowingly violate the penal laws of this State and the actor s status as a juvenile. Stated differently, in this setting, whether the actor is an adult or a juvenile is a distinction without a difference. Our Juvenile Code expressly defines delinquency as the commission of an act by a juvenile which if committed by an adult would constitute [either] [a] crime; [a] disorderly persons offense or petty disorderly persons offense; or [a] violation of any other penal statute, ordinance or regulation. N.J.S.A. 2A:4A-23. The restrictions of the penal laws of this State apply to everyone regardless of age; how we as a society treat those violations based on the actor s age goes not to the actor s substantive liability for a violation of our penal laws, but to the quantum and manner of punishment to be imposed. On the more immediate question of whether insurance coverage is applicable or is excluded by this policy provision, the age of the insured is irrelevant. Given this analysis, any claim of ambiguity cannot be sustained.
The acts performed by the minor resulting in the injuries to the victim clearly violate the penal laws of this State: a BB gun is defined as a firearm , N.J.S.A. 2C:39-1(f), State v. Mieles, 199 N.J. Super. 29 (App. Div.), certif. denied 101 N.J. 265 (1985); State v. McCandless, 190 N.J. Super. 75 (App. Div. 1983); and a factual setting where a minor knowingly discharges a firearm at a single moving vehicle, not to mention the several motor vehicles this minor shot at and hit before firing the shot that blinded the victim here, violates a number of our criminal laws. See, e.g., N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1 (assault); N.J.S.A. 2C:58-6.1 (possession of firearms by minors); N.J.S.A. 2C:12-5 (unlawful possession of weapons). This conclusion is buttressed by the minor s admissions that he took a number of potshots at moving vehicles with the intent of not only shooting at them, but also of actually hitting them; that, when he shot at them, he knew that these vehicles were occupied, at least by a driver and possibly some passengers; that he knew that what he was doing was wrong; that he knew that what he was doing was illegal; that he knew that if he were caught shooting his BB gun at passing vehicles he would be prosecuted; and that he anticipated that he would be questioned by the police after the incident.
If the policy exclusion that excludes coverage for acts which violate penal law does not apply in these circumstances, then it is needlessly denied its full meaning, a conclusion the Court, by its evenly divided status, reaches and to which I cannot subscribe. Furthermore, allowing insurance coverage under these circumstances is not just bad law, it is bad public policy. In general, the Court holds that an insurance company would still be civilly liable for wrongful death when its under-aged insured criminally murders another. In specific, the Court s ruling, without any support in the record or in the plain meaning of the insurance policy, concludes that the policy s penal law exclusion, which does not define penal law, arguably references only an adult s violation of a criminal statute, and not conduct by a juvenile that if committed by an adult would constitute a crime. Ante, ___ N.J. ___. The plain statement of that conclusion belies its illogic, a result underscored by the facts underlying our recent denial of certification to a criminal defendant convicted of firing a BB gun into his backyard bushes for the purpose of scaring away teenage pranksters on Mischief Night See footnote 1 and striking one of the teenagers in the leg, causing no injury greater than a small bruise. State v. Mott, ___ N.J. ___ (2005). See footnote 2 That criminal defendant was sentenced to five years imprisonment for the second degree offense of possession of a firearm with a purpose to use it unlawfully against the person or property of another, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a), with a three year parole disqualifier under the Graves Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c). An orderly system of justice cannot, on the basis of the accidental characteristic of age alone, penalize an adult with five years imprisonment for firing a BB gun intending to scare away harassers that results in a slight bruise to a trespasser and, at the same time, provides insurance coverage to a juvenile who fired a BB gun intending to hit his target (passing cars driving in a snow storm occupied by drivers and, perhaps, passengers, who had done nothing to provoke an assault) and rendered an innocent driver blind in one eye.
Because, in addition to the endangerment or harm exclusion, I would also deny coverage based on the exclusion for acts violative of the penal laws of this State, I respectfully dissent.
Justice LaVecchia joins in this opinion.

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
 
NO. A-46 SEPTEMBER TERM 2004
ON CERTIFICATION TO Appellate Division, Superior Court

CUMBERLAND MUTUAL FIRE
INSURANCE COMPANY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

TIMOTHY MURPHY, III, TIMOTHY
MURPHY, JR., SANDRA MURPHY,
GINA M. SANTIAGO and
FERDINAND SANTIAGO,

Defendants-Respondents.

DECIDED May 23, 2005
Chief Justice Poritz PRESIDING
OPINION BY Per Curiam
CONCURRING OPINION BY Justice Long
DISSENTING OPINIONS BY Justices Wallace and Rivera-Soto

CHECKLIST AFFIRM
REVERSE CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ X
JUSTICE LONG X
JUSTICE LaVECCHIA
X JUSTICE ZAZZALI X
JUSTICE ALBIN --------------
------------ -------------- JUSTICE WALLACE
X JUSTICE RIVERA-SOTO
X TOTALS 3
3
 
Footnote: 1 October 30th, the night before Halloween.
Footnote: 2 State v. Mott is cited solely to highlight its factual underpinnings and not for its jurisprudential effect; a denial of certification has neither substantive significance, Olds v. Donnelly, 150 N.J. 424, 470 (Stein, J. concurring in part and dissenting in part), nor precedential effect. R. 1:36-3; State v. Burgess, 298 N.J. Super. 254, 285 n.1 (App. Div. 1997) (Humphreys, J.A.D., dissenting).