RODDY ENNICO v. LOUISE ENNICO
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4377-19
RODDY ENNICO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
LOUISE ENNICO,
Defendant-Respondent.
_________________________
Argued October 4, 2021 – Decided November 29, 2021
Before Judges Messano, Rose, and Enright.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County,
Docket No. FM-02-1399-95.
Russel B. Teschon argued the cause for appellant
(Teschon, Riccobene & Siss, PA, attorneys; Russel B.
Teschon and Michael P. Hickey, on the briefs).
Douglas J. Kinz argued the cause for respondent.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Roddy Ennico appeals from a June 29, 2020 order denying his
request to reduce or terminate alimony following his retirement. We affirm.
I.
Plaintiff and defendant Louise Ennico were married for twenty-six years
and had three children together. When the parties' first child was born,
defendant became a stay-at-home mother and a full-time homemaker. She had
no formal job training and did not attend college, whereas plaintiff is college
educated, holds a master's degree in accounting and finance, and worked
throughout the parties' marriage. Defendant is now seventy-three-years old;
plaintiff is seventy-five-years old.
The parties divorced on March 18, 1997, at which time their Property
Settlement and Support Agreement (PSA) was incorporated into their Dual
Judgment of Divorce (JOD). The PSA reflected the parties' intention to share
equally in their marital assets, which consisted of real estate and personal
property, such as cash, stocks, cars, and retirement assets.
Additionally, under paragraph 7.1(a) of the PSA, the parties agreed
plaintiff would pay defendant permanent alimony at the rate of $6,000 per month
until either party died, or defendant remarried or cohabited. The alimony was
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2
taxable to defendant and tax deductible to plaintiff. 1 A handwritten provision
of the PSA made clear the agreement was based on plaintiff's representation that
"his current income [was] approximately $200,000 per year." Significantly, the
PSA did not reflect any earned income for defendant, nor did it provide that any
level of earned income was imputed to her.
Paragraph 7.1(a) of the PSA also contemplated plaintiff's eventual
retirement. It stated, "the legitimate retirement of the Husband shall occasion a
'change in circumstance' which may constitute a basis for modification or
termination of alimony. Income[-]producing assets acquired or earned by the
Husband after the date hereof shall not be considered in any future alimony
modification/termination application." (Emphasis added).
II.
Following final hearing, defendant sold the home she received by way of
equitable distribution, and she downsized to a less expensive townhome in Wall
1
Pursuant to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA), Pub. L. No. 115-97, §
11051(b), 131 Stat. 2054, 2089-90 (2017), alimony is not deductible for the
payor spouse, nor included in the gross income for the payee on federal income
taxes for final judgments of divorce executed after December 31, 2018 or
"executed on or before such date and modified after such date if the modification
expressly provides that the amendments made by this section apply to such
modification." Given the timing of the entry of the PSA and that plaintiff's
alimony obligation was last modified in 2000, we are satisfied the TCJA is not
implicated in this matter.
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Township. She also attempted, with limited success, to find employment. For
example, defendant worked one day as a receptionist and left that job because
she was unable to stand for any length of time due to recent neck surgery. She
also accepted and promptly left a bookkeeping job after realizing she did not
have the skills to perform the job. In 1999, defendant launched a business
dedicated to providing personal services for the elderly, but she attracted no
more than a handful of clients. That same year, she was diagnosed with breast
cancer and underwent surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Also in 1999, plaintiff moved to reduce his alimony payments. As we
noted in a later unpublished opinion, Ennico v. Ennico, No. A-6525-06 (App.
Div. Nov. 3, 2008) (slip op. at 2), when plaintiff requested a modification of his
alimony payments in 1999, he certified he was unemployed and was forced
to deplete his savings and sell assets in order to meet
his daily living expenses and pay his alimony
obligation . . . . Plaintiff's employment expert . . . [also]
indicated that plaintiff's future employment prospects
were likely to result in earnings of between $50,000 and
$100,000 per year. Plaintiff [claimed] . . . his net worth
was only $188,399.
Based on plaintiff's representations, the trial court concluded he had
established a prima facie case of a substantial change in his circumstances.
Accordingly, it scheduled a plenary hearing to address whether plaintiff's
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alimony obligation should be adjusted. Rather than proceed with the hearing,
the parties reached a settlement. On March 9, 2000, they placed the final terms
of their settlement on the record, agreeing plaintiff's alimony obligation would
be reduced to $2,500 per month.
The parties' attorneys were unable to agree on the form of order to
memorialize the oral agreement to adjust plaintiff's alimony obligation, in part
because a full transcript of the March 9 hearing was unavailable. Thus, on
August 23, 2000, the trial court conducted argument regarding the form of order.
During the August 23 hearing, counsel made clear that one of their central
disagreements focused on what type of income could be considered in a future
modification or termination application.
Defendant's attorney argued the intent of the March 9 settlement
agreement was to modify paragraph 7.1(a) of the PSA to reflect a threshold
amount of income each party, not just plaintiff, could earn from employment
before the other party could seek an adjustment in alimony. Defendant's
attorney proposed that the form of order include mutual language to the effect
that income-producing assets acquired or earned by either party after March 18,
1997 would not be considered in any future alimony modification or termination
application.
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The judge asked if plaintiff would agree to the mutual language proposed,
to which plaintiff's counsel responded, "No, he won't, Your Honor, because
. . . . [h]er income currently . . . is [ninety] percent passive investment income.
So when she gets an increase in income, she can be making $60,000 and there's
no change in circumstance." He added, "my client is working at near his ceiling,
. . . but [defendant's counsel] wants his client to be able to double her income
before they declare a change in circumstance." Plaintiff's counsel argued, "[t]he
bottom line is that when computing the income for [plaintiff], it does not include
income from passive investments."
Over the objection of defendant's attorney, the judge entered an Order
Modifying Final Judgment (MO) dated August 25, 2000. The MO provided in
part:
2. In the event [p]laintiff's taxable employment income
exceeds $125,000 per year, as further defined in
[p]aragraph 7.1(a) of the parties' original [PSA], . . .
[d]efendant shall have the right to use this factor, as one
of the factors, in making an application for an increase
in alimony. . . . A change is deemed not to occur if
income as defined in [p]aragraph 7.1 (a) of the . . .
[PSA], . . . is equal to or less than the $125,000 . . . .
3. In the event Defendant's future income exceeds the
sum of $30,000 per year, Plaintiff shall be entitled to
use this factor, as one of the factors, in making an
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application for a decrease in alimony* 2 . . . . A change
is deemed not to occur if defendant's income is equal to
or less than the $30,000 per year.
[(Emphasis added).]
Additionally, paragraph 4(a) of the MO amended the language set forth in
paragraph 7.1(a) of the PSA to read:
The Husband shall . . . pay to the Wife, in cash, the sum
of $2,500 per month until the Wife dies, the Wife
remarries, or the Wife cohabits as defined in the
prevailing law in the State of New Jersey, or, the
Husband dies, whichever event shall first occur.
Moreover, the legitimate retirement of the Husband at
sixty-five (65) shall occasion a "change in
circumstance[s]" which may constitute a basis for the
modification or termination of alimony. Income[-]
producing assets acquired or earned by the Husband
after March 18, 1997, shall not be considered in any
future alimony modification/termination application.
Said alimony payments shall be includible in the
income of the Wife . . . . In addition, said payments
shall be deducted by the Husband . . . .
[(Emphasis added).]
The record reflects the judge entered a second order on August 25, 2000,
entitled "Order Concerning Tax Returns," which was meant "to give effect to
2
The asterisk in this section of the MO refers the reader to a handwritten
notation on the last page of the order where the judge wrote, "Pursuant to 3/9/00
settlement on the record . . . opposed," confirming defendant's counsel objected
to the wording of the MO.
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the settlement agreement reached between the parties." This order compelled
the parties to annually furnish copies of their state and federal income tax returns
"to the attorney for the other party" so the attorneys could determine if a
"modification may be justified." Plaintiff challenged the entry of this order and
we reversed it on appeal. Defendant contends that based on the reversal, she
"had no way of knowing what plaintiff's employment income was" after 2000.
III.
Following the entry of the MO, defendant started a dog-walking business,
as well as an airport shuttle business. Both ventures failed. In 2001, she
downsized again, selling her townhome in Wall Township for $315,000 and
relocating to a $150,000 patio home in a retirement community called Leisure
Knolls, where her elderly mother also resided. Defendant obtained part-time
employment as a customer service representative and worked for that company
until it was sold in 2003. In or about 2005, she accepted offers to babysit for
two families at the rate of $10 to $12 per hour. She earned income of about
$640 per month from these jobs until 2015, when the children "aged out."
The record also reflects that after the MO was entered, and continuing
until 2014, the health of defendant's mother declined. Therefore, defendant
spent numerous days a week caring for her mother. She prepared meals for her
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mother, took her to doctors' appointments, and ensured her mother was bathed.
Defendant's mother lived briefly with defendant in 2007, after her mother fell.
Despite having downsized and taken on part-time work, defendant found
she was unable to satisfy her monthly expenses. Given her limited skills, the
demands of her caretaking responsibilities, and the prior reduction in her
alimony payments, she elected to receive her share of the marital Citibank
pension in 2004, at a reduced rate of $329 per month.
Around the time defendant opted to receive her discounted pension benefit
from Citibank, plaintiff lost his job. He and his current wife then started up a
mortgage business, which failed in 2006. Accordingly, in 2007, plaintiff filed a
second post-judgment application seeking to terminate his alimony obligation.
He certified he had suffered a heart attack, that he and his wife personally owed
$200,000 from their mortgage business venture, and they had undertaken legal
guardianship of his wife's grandson, causing them to incur additional expenses
for the child's care. Plaintiff also stated his gross earnings amounted to $80,949
in 2006.
The trial court denied plaintiff's motion finding his income had increased
from the time he was unemployed in 2000 because he grossed over $80,000 in
2006. The court also concluded plaintiff chose to move to southern California
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and invest in a mortgage business. Additionally, it found plaintiff "was
voluntarily and temporarily underemployed." Further, the court stated it was
"not persuaded by [p]laintiff's claims of poverty" as he "voluntarily assumed
guardianship over his new wife's grandson" and was able to maintain an
"extravagant monthly budget in excess of $17,000."
In 2008, we affirmed the denial of plaintiff's modification application,
observing:
A review of plaintiff's 2007 Case Information
Statement (CIS) reflects that plaintiff's monthly
household expenses total $17,045, exclusive of the
alimony payments. These expenses include a mortgage
payment of about $3,600 a month on a $1.1 million
home in California, lease payments for two Mercedes
Benz vehicles for plaintiff and his second wife, debt
service of $3,918 per month, and expenses for his
second wife's grandchild. Plaintiff's expenses are in
stark contrast to defendant's living expenses of only
$3,364 per month. Plaintiff's 2007 CIS indicates that
his net assets are valued at $265,200, including his
share of the equity in his home. While this sum is
substantially less than defendant's assets, this sum is
actually more than the amount of net assets plaintiff had
when his alimony payments were reduced in 2000.
[Id. at 4-5.]
A year after the court's decision, defendant turned sixty-two. To enable
her to meet her monthly expenses, defendant elected to receive her marital share
of plaintiff's Lehman Brothers pension at a reduced rate of approximately $561
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per month. Defendant also chose to receive her Social Security benefits at a
reduced rate of $875 per month. Then, in 2015, after her mother passed away
and defendant's babysitting job ended due to the children "aging out," defendant
downsized again. She sold her 1,700 square foot patio home in Leisure Knolls
and purchased a 700 square foot co-op in Fort Lee for $118,000. Defendant
maintained this last move saved her several hundred dollars per month in shelter
costs and allowed her to live closer to her sons and grandchildren.
IV.
In June 2019, plaintiff moved to terminate his alimony obligation. He was
then seventy-two years old and still living with his wife in southern California.
Plaintiff argued he was entitled to stop paying alimony because in 2017, he
retired from his position as Chief Financial Officer of Bankruptcy Management
Solutions (BMS). He represented that once BMS was sold, he received
severance pay of approximately $1,166,000 by redeeming stock BMS gave him
as an incentive to remain with the company until its sale. His 2017 earnings
from BMS totaled $1,611,567, consisting of wages and the severance package. 3
He deposited his severance funds into a checking account he shared with his
3
The record shows plaintiff received additional severance income from BMS
in 2018, which totaled in excess of $33,000.
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wife. But in May 2019, a few weeks before he moved to terminate his alimony
payments, plaintiff transferred those funds into his wife's individual account.
The transfer of these funds was not disclosed in plaintiff's May 2019 CIS.
The judge determined plaintiff established a prima facie case of a
substantial change in his circumstances. Thus, he permitted the exchange of
discovery and scheduled a plenary hearing to address the support issue. The
five-day hearing commenced in December 2019 and ended in March 2020. The
parties and Robert Bates, Esq., the attorney who represented plaintiff at the
August 23, 2000 hearing, testified at the plenary hearing.
The parties testified about their work histories, their current income and
expenses, and their understanding of the terms of the MO. Bates also testified
about the terms of the MO, and he agreed with defendant's counsel that the MO
allowed defendant to seek an increase in alimony if plaintiff's taxable
employment income exceeded $125,000 per year. Bates also acknowledged,
after plaintiff's counsel stipulated as much, that the "threshold amount of
$125,000 taxable employment income" reflected in the MO was never
referenced in the PSA. Bates further admitted that when counsel argued over
the form of the MO during the August 23, 2000 hearing and they referenced the
$125,000 threshold figure, he told the judge that "[w]hat this means is, Your
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Honor, that when calculating the $125,000 threshold for [plaintiff], his passive
investment income sources and passive income which is derived from assets he
acquired after March 18, 1997 is not included in the calculation of the
$125,000."
V.
On June 29, 2020, the judge rendered a thoughtful and comprehensive
written opinion denying plaintiff's termination application. He initially credited
defendant's testimony, finding she answered questions "without hesitation in a
candid manner" and that "her testimony was consistent with the documents
admitted into evidence." The judge added that when he compared her testimony
to the documents admitted into evidence, he "could find no inconsistent or
contrasting facts or statements."
On the other hand, the judge found plaintiff "not to be credible," that "his
testimony was vague, inconsistent and contradictory," and "his testimony was
not consistent with the documents admitted into evidence." The judge observed
that "[i]mportantly, there were times when [plaintiff] appeared to struggle and
hesitate when the defendant's attorney asked questions about his expenses and
income, including the transfer of a large sum of money from a joint checking
account just prior to this litigation."
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Regarding Bates' testimony, the judge stated that Bates
basically confirmed what was stated in the August 23,
2000 hearing [about the contested wording of the MO].
This was that the intent of the August 25, 2000 [MO]
was to exclude the plaintiff's passive income from post-
judgment assets for purposes of calculating whether
plaintiff's income exceeded $125,000 per year. This
[c]ourt accepts this position[;] thus there is no bar to the
consideration of the plaintiff's assets for purposes of
determining whether he should continue to pay
alimony, after his retirement.
Additionally, given the language set forth in the parties' PSA and the MO,
the judge clarified:
the parties agreed that income[-]producing assets
acquired or earned by the [plaintiff] after the date of
divorce shall not be considered in any future alimony
modification/termination application. Accordingly,
any income[-] producing assets acquired and/or earned
by plaintiff after the divorce . . . cannot be considered
in the determination of the amount the plaintiff has to
pay in alimony.
[(Emphasis added).]
Focusing on whether plaintiff should pay any alimony post-retirement, the
judge acknowledged that:
to properly determine a decision to reduce or
terminat[e] plaintiff's alimony obligation, this [c]ourt
must compare the relative financial circumstance[s] at
the time the motion was made by plaintiff with the
financial circumstances which formed the basis for the
last . . . [o]rder for support. Beck v. Beck 239 N.J.
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Super.[]183, 190 (App. Div. 1990); Stamberg v.
Stamberg, 302 N.J. Super. 35, 42 (App. Div. 1990).
The last [o]rder setting forth plaintiff's alimony
obligation was on August 25, 2000. . . . In this case,
plaintiff was unable to furnish this [c]ourt with the CIS
which was filed in support of his motion to reduce his
alimony obligation at that time. What is clear,
however, is that plaintiff was unemployed at the time
this motion was filed in 2000.
. . . . The result of that motion was a settlement between
the parties reducing his alimony obligation from
$6,000[] per month to $2,500[] per month.
In the plaintiff's motion to modify his alimony
obligation in 2007, he stated that he became
unemployed once again when the business he and his
current wife invested in went out of business and he lost
his entire investment. Based on the evidence presented
in this case, the plaintiff's financial situation now is
better than his financial situation in 2000 and 2007.
....
. . . . [T]he plaintiff's net worth is $2,181,424[], which
is significantly higher than his net worth in 2007[,]
which was $530,400[].
....
The [monthly] income available to plaintiff is his
[S]ocial [S]ecurity check in the amount of $3,700[] and
stock dividends of $186.66 and IRA distributions of
$960[,] for a total of $4,786.66 per month. These
figures do not include any income from his pensions
[totaling $2,883 per month]. The income from his
[pensions] is exempt as the parties equally divided
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those pension accounts at the time of the divorce.
However, these payments are still relevant in the
evaluation of the parties' respective financial
circumstances with regard to meeting their household
expenses.
. . . . Plaintiff's income is now $7,669 [per month,
including his Citibank and Lehman Brothers pension
benefits,] as compared to no income in 2000 and
$80,949[] in 2006. Balancing all of these figures, it is
clear that his financial situation has improved.
Not only did the judge fully consider the parties' work history and their
prior and current financial circumstances, but he also properly analyzed the
factors outlined in N.J.S.A. 24:34-23(j)(3) to address plaintiff's termination
application. For example, the judge found that while defendant had the ability
to "more adequately save for her retirement," she failed to do so "based on a
series of unforeseen events and [her] corresponding decisions. . . . This
include[ed] her decision to move closer to her elderly mother and care for her in
her declin[ing] years." He further observed that if defendant had "waited until
a later age to retire, she would have been in a far superior retirement position at
this time." Nonetheless, he credited her attempts to minimize her expenses and
concluded "[n]o one can state that she lived an extravagant lifestyle."
Additionally, the judge found under N.J.S.A. 24:34-23(j)(3) that not only
was plaintiff's retirement at seventy-one years old in good faith, but it was
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consistent with the accepted age of retirement for individuals in plaintiff's field,
and in keeping with the parties' reasonable expectations. However, after finding
plaintiff's monthly expenses, excluding alimony, totaled $4,998, he concluded
"plaintiff has made a limited attempt to reduce his monthly expenses."
The judge calculated that between September 2017 and July 2019,
plaintiff's travel and lodging expenses averaged about $1,466 per month and in
a similar period, his restaurant and entertainment expenses totaled $627 and
$141 per month, respectively. Further, the judge found these figures were in
"sharp contrast" to the lower figures set forth in his plaintiff's 2019 CIS and that
plaintiff "admitted during cross-examination that the figures in his CIS were in
fact[,] underreported." Moreover, the judge calculated that for the period
between May 2017 and July 2019, plaintiff's deposits into his joint Wells Fargo
account, from which he paid household expenses, averaged $35,000 per month.
The judge determined that after deducting non-recurring deposits such as "non-
recurring compensation payments from BMS and 'back[-]to[-]back' transfers
from his Wells Fargo brokerage account," plaintiff's monthly deposits averaged
closer to $29,939 per month. Also, the judge determined that plaintiff "pays
household bills out of a joint checking account with his current wife. When
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there is a short[]fall . . . his wife . . . transfer[s] money from her account or from
the brokerage account into the checking account."
Turning to defendant's financial circumstances, the judge calculated
defendant's "gross income from all sources" totaled approximately $4,765 per
month, consisting of Social Security benefits of $875, pension benefits from
Citigroup and Lehman Brothers totaling $890, $500 in IRA withdrawals, and
alimony payments of $2,500. Further, he determined defendant's budget was
$4,115 per month, so that "the termination of her alimony will have a significant
deleterious effect on her." The judge added that, "to make up for the loss of
alimony payments, [d]efendant would have to increase her IRA withdrawals to
about $3,000[] per month. This would result in her IRA being dissipated in less
than four years."
After comparing the parties' financial circumstances, the judge concluded,
"[t]here is little question that plaintiff has substantial assets . . . in the amount
of $856,000[]. This includes his one-half share of his house in San Clemente."
Further, the judge determined plaintiff transferred $1,218,260
out of his joint Wells Fargo Advisors stock account into
his current wife's individual account on May 15, 2019.
This amount was not reflected in his filed CIS on this
case. With this amount taken into consideration for his
net worth calculation, his net worth is about
$2,181,424[]. Plaintiff acknowledged at trial[] that
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these funds were from the severance he received from
BMS in April and May 2017. Plaintiff's explanation for
this transfer lacked credibility.
The judge continued:
Of concern to this [c]ourt is plaintiff's transfer of
$1,218,260[] out of his joint Wells Fargo Advisors
stock account into his current wife's individual Wells
Fargo account on May 15, 2019. It would appear that
much, if not all of these funds, were the plaintiff's
proceeds from his severance from BMS.
Taking all the evidence into consideration, plaintiff's
lifestyle and financial position have improved from
where they were in 2007 at which time his motion was
decided by the [c]ourt denying his application to reduce
or terminate his alimony obligation.
....
It would accordingly appear that plaintiff has failed to
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that his
financial circumstances have changed for the worse
since the August 2000 support [o]rder. This [c]ourt
finds that the evidence at the hearing shows that
plaintiff's current income is higher, his ability to meet
his expenses is greater and clearly his net worth is
significantly higher than in the year 2000.
VI.
On appeal, plaintiff advances the following arguments for our
consideration:
I. THE COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION CAUSING A
MANIFEST DENIAL OF JUSTICE IN DETERMINING
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THAT THE ASSETS WHICH PLAINTIFF EARNED OR
OBTAINED AFTER THE DIVORCE WERE
AVAILABLE TO PAY ALIMONY, CONTRARY TO
THE EXPRESS LANGUAGE OF THE PARTIES[' PSA]
INCORPORATED INTO THE [JOD] AND
SUBSEQUENT ORDER OF AUGUST 2[5], 2000
WHICH PROVIDED INCOME[-]PRODUCING ASSETS
ACQUIRED BY THE PLAINTIFF AFTER THE DATE
OF DIVORCE "SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED IN ANY
FUTURE ALIMONY MODIFICATION/TERMINATION
APPLICATION."
II. THE COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION CAUSING A
MANIFEST DENIAL OF JUSTICE BY COMPARING
PLAINTIFF'S CURRENT ASSETS AND INCOME
AVAILABLE TO PAY ALIMONY AFTER HE WAS
RETIRED FROM WORK AND OVER [SEVENTY-
THREE] YEARS OF AGE, WITH HIS ASSETS AND
INCOME AT THE TIME THE LAST ORDER WAS
ENTERED IN 2000 WHEN HE WAS NOT RETIRED
AND APPROXIMATELY [FIFTY-TWO] YEARS OF
AGE, AND THE PARTIES EXPECTED HE WOULD
RETURN TO EMPLOYMENT EARNING INCOME UP
TO $125,000 A YEAR.
III. THE COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW BY
REQUIRING THE PLAINTIFF PROVE BY A
PREPONDERAN[C]E OF EVIDENCE THAT HIS
"FINANCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES HAVE CHANGED
FOR THE WORSE SINCE THE AUGUST 2000
SUPPORT ORDER."
IV. A MANIFEST DENIAL OF JUSTICE OCCURRED
BECAUSE THE COURT MADE FACTUAL FINDINGS
NOT SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT AND
SUBSTANTIAL CREDIBLE EVIDENCE AS A WHOLE
RESULTING IN ITS DECISION TO DISMISS
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PLAINTIFF'S ACTION TO TERMINATE ALIMONY,
[INCLUDING]:
A. [A]ny factual evidence which supported consideration
of plaintiff's assets and income . . . produced, earned or
obtained after the divorce, when the testimony of both
parties and the witness were that assets and income
produced from those assets after the date of divorce would
not be considered when determining plaintiff['s] ability to
pay alimony[;]
B. That the plaintiff received a severance of one million
two hundred eighteen thousand dollars ($1,218,000[])
from his employment with BMS, however the proofs
established to the contrary that this sum transferred into
his wife's account was comprised principally of proceeds
from the sale of stock (one million dollars) and payment
for unused vacation time pay (one hundred thousand
dollars)[;]
C. That the defendant prepared for her retirement by
reducing her monthly cost of living from $2,100 per month
to $1,364 per month by moving from a house in Leisure
Knolls to a co-op in Fort Lee, notwithstanding the
defendant testify[ing] her actual housing costs at Leisure
Knolls were . . . $1,000 per month or less and hundreds of
dollars less than her current costs[; and]
D. That plaintiff has sufficient income to pay alimony to
defendant of $2,500/month notwithstanding his monthly
expenses are $7,498 and his income from Social Security
is only $3,700 and the remainder of his income is not to be
considered based upon the agreement of the parties and
equitable distribution of retirement accounts.
V. THE COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION CAUSING A
MANIFEST DENIAL OF JUSTICE BY DETERMINING
UPON ITS REVIEW OF THE APPLICABLE
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STATUTORY FACTORS THAT "THE BULK OF THE
FACTORS WEIGH IN DEFENDANT'S FAVOR,"
SUPPORTING THE CONTINUED PAYMENT OF
ALIMONY NOTWITHSTANDING ALL OF THE
FACTORS WEIGH IN FAVOR OF THE PLAINTIFF,
EXCEPT FOR FACTOR [EIGHT] CONCERNING THE
FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE OF THE DEFENDANT
AND THE FINANCIAL IMPACT ON HER.
We find each of these arguments unavailing.
We accord "great deference to discretionary decisions of Family Part
judges," Milne v. Goldenberg, 428 N.J. Super. 184, 197 (App. Div. 2012), in
recognition of the "family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family
matters," N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. M.C. III, 201 N.J. 328, 343
(2010) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998)). Further, we are
bound by the trial court's factual findings so long as they are supported by
sufficient credible evidence. N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007) (citing In re Guardianship of J.T., 269 N.J. Super. 172, 188
(App. Div. 1993)). Nevertheless, "[t]o the extent that the trial court interprets
the law and the legal consequences that flow from the established facts, [the
conclusions are reviewed] de novo." Motorworld, Inc. v. Benkendorf, 228 N.J.
311, 329 (2017).
A court can modify an agreement for alimony where there is a showing of
changed circumstances. Quinn v. Quinn, 225 N.J. 34, 49
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(2016) (citing Berkowitz v. Berkowitz, 55 N.J. 564, 569 (1970)); see
also Lepis v. Lepis, 83 N.J. 139, 146 (1980); N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(b). Where the
supporting spouse seeks a termination of alimony, "the central issue is th e
supporting spouse's ability to pay." Miller v. Miller, 160 N.J. 408, 420 (1999).
"An income reduction resulting from a 'good faith retirement' after age
sixty-five is a well-recognized change of circumstances event, prompting a
detailed review of the financial situation facing the parties to evaluate the
impact retirement has on a preexisting alimony award." Landers v. Landers,
444 N.J. Super. 315, 320 (App. Div. 2016) (quoting Silvan v. Sylvan, 267 N.J.
Super. 578, 581 (App. Div. 1993)). Still, it is the party seeking modification of
a prior alimony award who bears the burden of making a prima facie showing
of changed circumstances. Lepis, 83 N.J. at 157.
Additionally, Lepis imposes a fairness dimension to the modification
analysis, even when the parties themselves have set the parameters of alimony.
See id. at 148-49; see also Konzelman v. Konzelman, 158 N.J. 185, 194 (1999)
("Courts have continuing power to oversee divorce agreements . . . [and] enforce
such agreements only to the extent they are fair and equitable.") (internal
citations and quotations omitted); Guglielmo v. Guglielmo, 253 N.J. Super. 531,
542 (App. Div. 1992) ("The law grants particular leniency to agreements made
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in the domestic arena," thus allowing "judges greater discretion when
interpreting such agreements.").
Here, the judge properly considered plaintiff's application consistent with
these standards, as well as the framework outlined under N.J.S.A. 2A:34-
23(j)(3). This section of the statute applies to modification applications where
an obligor has reached full retirement age and where the parties' enforceable
written agreement was executed before the 2014 amendment to the alimony
statute. In particular, it requires the court to assess the obligee's ability to have
saved adequately for retirement, and to do so separate from eight other factors,
before determining "whether the obligor, by a preponderance of the evidence,
has demonstrated that modification or termination of alimony is
appropriate." 4 N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(j)(3); see also Landers, 444 N.J. Super. at
321-24.
4
Specifically, N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(j)(3) compels a judge to consider:
(a) The age and health of the parties at the time of the
application;
(b) The obligor's field of employment and the generally
accepted age of retirement for those in that field;
(c) The age when the obligor becomes eligible
for retirement at the obligor's place of employment,
including mandatory retirement dates or the dates upon
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Plaintiff argues the Family Part judge improperly weighed the various
factors under N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(j)(3) and gave "overriding" weight to
defendant's level of financial independence and the financial impact of his
retirement upon her. He also contends the judge should not have considered any
income he receives beyond his Social Security benefits when evaluating his
termination application. We are not convinced.
A fair reading of the judge's opinion confirms he carefully undertook the
necessary qualitative (versus quantitative) analysis of all the requisite statutory
which continued employment would no longer
increase retirement benefits;
(d) The obligor's motives in retiring, including any
pressures to retire applied by the obligor's employer or
incentive plans offered by the obligor's employer;
(e) The reasonable expectations of the parties
regarding retirement during the marriage or civil union
and at the time of the divorce or dissolution;
(f) The ability of the obligor to maintain support
payments following retirement, including whether the
obligor will continue to be employed part-time or work
reduced hours;
(g) The obligee's level of financial independence and
the financial impact of the obligor's retirement upon the
obligee; and
(h) Any other relevant factors affecting the parties'
respective financial positions.
[ N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(j)(3)(a) to (h).]
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factors before concluding the "termination of [defendant's] alimony will have a
significant deleterious effect on her." There is ample credible evidence in the
record to support this conclusion, particularly given the judge's finding that
defendant opted "to receive her Social Security benefits and . . . pension . . .
benefits at a date much earlier tha[n] plaintiff," as "the result of her limited skills
to obtain gainful employment as well as the vicissitudes of her life." We also
note the judge found defendant limited herself to a modest lifestyle after
experiencing "bad luck." Although plaintiff quarrels with these findings and the
weight given them, he provides us with no reasonable basis to question the
judge's analysis in this regard.
We hasten to add that no income was imputed to defendant at the time of
the final hearing, likely given her lack of training, her absence from the
workforce, and her limited education. Yet she continuously sought employment
post-judgment and only stopped working in 2015, by which time she, too, had
reached a good faith retirement age. Moreover, defendant lost $42,000 per year
in alimony payments only three years after the parties executed their PSA, when
plaintiff became temporarily unemployed. Further, she suffered from cancer
and diabetes, and assumed a caretaking role for her elderly mother for several
years after entry of the MO. Given the totality of these circumstances, we find
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26
no fault with the judge's determination that defendant remains financially
dependent on plaintiff.
We also are not persuaded the judge misinterpreted the MO by considering
plaintiff's sources of income beyond his Social Security benefits. In fact, the
judge acknowledged that under both the PSA and the MO, he was restricted from
considering "income-producing assets" acquired or earned by plaintiff post-
judgment, when assessing how much alimony plaintiff should pay. But, as
plaintiff's counsel acknowledged during argument before us, and defendant
argued in her pleadings when she initially opposed plaintiff's 2019 motion to
terminate alimony, neither the PSA nor the MO barred the judge from
considering income earned or acquired by plaintiff after the final hearing.
Plaintiff's concession is particularly significant given that in the year preceding
his retirement, his gross earnings were $564,947, i.e., well above the $125,000
cap set forth in the MO. Further, he received severance and bonus monies in
2017, both of which were reported as income on his 2017 W-2 from BMS. Thus,
we are satisfied the judge properly rejected plaintiff's contention that he could
only consider plaintiff's Social Security benefits when evaluating the
termination application.
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Equally unconvincing is plaintiff's argument that the judge should not
have compared plaintiff's financial circumstances in 2019 to his financial
circumstances when the alimony award was last modified in 2000. N.J.S.A.
2A:34-23(j)(3) prompts such a comparison by compelling the obligor seeking a
modification or termination to produce a current CIS "as well as the [CISs] or
other relevant documents from the date of entry of the original alimony award
and from the date of any subsequent modification." See also R. 5:5-4(a)(5).
In sum, based on plaintiff's improved financial circumstances in 2019, as
compared to 2000, and considering the terms of the PSA and MO, as well as the
judge's overarching responsibility to ensure the parties' marital agreements were
enforced only to the extent they were fair and just, we are persuaded the judge
did not err in finding plaintiff failed to establish a basis for terminating his
alimony obligation and that "the loss of alimony . . . to the defendant" would
have a "catastrophic effect" on her.
To the extent we have not addressed plaintiff's remaining arguments, we
are satisfied they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion.
R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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