STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. DEVINN K. DAVIS
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APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3538-18
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DEVINN K. DAVIS,
Defendant-Appellant.
Submitted November 16, 2021 – Decided December 29, 2021
Before Judges Fisher and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Monmouth County, Indictment No. 18-08-
1081.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Michael Denny, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Lori Linskey, Acting Monmouth County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent (Monica do Outeiro, Special
Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor,
of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant appeals from his convictions of fourth-degree resisting arrest,
N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2, and fourth-degree aggravated assault, throwing bodily fluid,
N.J.S.A. 2C:12-13, and from his sentence. Defendant contends the trial court
erred in not instructing the jury on a voluntary intoxication defense and in double
counting an aggravating factor while imposing the sentence. Because we
conclude, and the State concedes, the court erred in applying aggravating factor
eight, we remand for a new sentence. We affirm the convictions.
After a security officer observed defendant leaving a store without paying
for two bed comforters, the officer contacted police to report the shoplifting.
Ocean Township police officers, Timothy Macom and Mark Powoski,
responded. Macom's patrol car was equipped with a mobile video recorder
which recorded the incident and was shown to the jury.
Macom spotted defendant walking in a wooded area along the road nearby
the store. Defendant was carrying the comforters. When Powoski arrived at the
area, he got out of his patrol car and shouted at defendant, demanding him to
stop. Although defendant looked over his shoulder in response to Powoski's
command, he kept walking. Powoski then followed defendant into the wooded
area and saw him cross a stream and drop the comforters on the other side.
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Macom drove his patrol car to the other side of the wooded area. As
defendant came out of the woods, he began running. Macom chased defendant
on foot, yelling for him to stop. Defendant did not comply with either officer's
commands to stop, but Macom was able to catch up to defendant and arrest him.
As Powoski searched him, defendant said he had drunk some beers but
had not been driving. He also stated, "[I]f I knew it was going to get this serious,
I swear to God I would never have ran."
Macom testified during the trial that it was evident defendant had been
drinking, but the officer did not believe defendant was "under the influence"
because he was speaking in complete sentences and Macom was able to
understand him. Defendant also answered all of Macom's questions.
Powoski arrived at a similar conclusion. He stated defendant was slurring
his speech, smelled of alcohol, and was "wobbly." But he described defendant
as coherent, understandable, and oriented. Powoski also stated he did not
believe defendant's level of intoxication was high enough to warrant medical
concern.
Following the arrest and search, defendant was placed in the back of the
patrol vehicle. In a show-up identification, the store's security officer identified
defendant as the man seen shoplifting the comforters. Powoski transported
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defendant back to police headquarters. The officer stated he spoke to defendant
during the drive to prevent defendant from falling asleep.
Once at the station, defendant stated he needed to use the bathroom
urgently. Powoski bypassed the customary initial booking room search and took
defendant directly to the bathroom. As they headed into the bathroom, another
officer commented that defendant was "running to the bathroom like a dog."
After hearing that, defendant's mood changed from calm to angry and agitated.
However, Powoski stated defendant was coherent at all times.
Because defendant refused to cooperate with police during the booking
process, he was handcuffed to a bench in the booking area. For an hour and a
half, defendant alternated between yelling at the police, sitting calmly, and
sleeping. When defendant insisted on laying on the floor, preventing the officers
from seeing him on the surveillance cameras, Macom, along with other officers,
entered the booking area and asked defendant to sit on the bench. Defendant
refused.
As the officers went to lift defendant off the floor, he responded by getting
up quickly, telling the officers "he's ready for this," and taking "a swing" at
them. Defendant refused to sit down and continued to "verbally badger[]" the
officers and threatened to fight them.
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While defendant was berating the officers, he also requested to go to the
hospital, complaining of chest pains. Powoski called for first aid, and Ryan
Dowens, an Emergency Medical Technician, responded to the call. Dowens
assessed defendant by checking his blood pressure, pulse, breathing rate, and
mental status.
During the mental status assessment, Dowens asked defendant "a certain
variety of questions . . . to make sure that he[] [was] in the right state of mind,
that he could answer the questions appropriately." The questions were: "Where
are you right now? What is your birthday? Who the president is, and what
happened today leading up to the event?" Dowens testified that defendant
answered the questions quickly and appropriately, and Dowens could easily
understand him. Dowens testified he did not believe defendant was intoxicated.
He explained:
Again, we asked the four questions, and he answered
them quick, and no slurring, no – nothing like that, so
that [we] determined that he was not highly intoxicated
to where he couldn't remember anything or couldn't
make his own decision. So he was still in the right state
of mind.
Dowens concluded defendant did not have a life-threatening condition and
did not require any treatment before being transported to the hospital to assess
his complaints of chest pain. As the officers walked defendant down the hallway
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toward the ambulance, he continued his verbal abuse of the officers, and spit on
four of them as well as the EMTs. As he rode in the ambulance, defendant stated
"I spit that, too. How do you like that shit? . . . I meant every bit of that shit.
Take that, pussies. Spit on you mother fuckers."
At the conclusion of testimony, during the charge conference, defense
counsel requested the court instruct the jury on the voluntary intoxication
defense. In denying the request, the trial judge determined the testimony and
evidence did not provide a legal basis for giving the charge. The judge stated,
[I]t's not automatic that they should . . . be given
the charge of intoxication because there is some
evidence to suggest that your client was intoxicated.
"To admit the voluntary intoxication defense as a jury
instruction, the [c]ourt must determine whether a
reasonable juror would conclude that defendant's
faculties were so prostrated that he or she was incapable
of forming an intent to commit the crime," that's State
v[.] R. T., 411 N.J. Super. 35 [App. Div. 2009].
The standard is rarely met, . . . that's State [v.]
R.T., [id. at 47], citing Cameron[,] 104 N.J at 54 [State
v. Cameron, 104 N.J. 42, 54 (1986),] [as] holding "that
intoxication must be of 'an extremely high level' in
order to qualify as a defense."
[Our] Supreme Court in Mauricio at 117 N.J.
402[,] [State v. Mauricio, 117 N.J. 402 (1990)]
considered several factors that would support the
reasonable juror's finding such as "the quantity of
intoxicant consumed, the period of time involved, the
actor's conduct as perceived by others, what he said,
A-3538-18
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how he said it, how he appeared, how he acted, how his
coordination or lack thereof manifested itself, any odor
of alcohol or other intoxicating substance, the results of
any tests to determine blood-alcohol content, and the
actor's ability to recall significant events." That's
Mauricio, [Id.] at 419.
....
There was testimony from several officers
regarding [defendant] having been intoxicated, clearly
when he—first came into view in the video tape, it
shows [defendant] intoxicated when he was . . . being
transported to Ocean Township Police Department, he
. . . was falling asleep, Powoski testified that he had to
continually ask him to wake up, wake up, wake up.
When he got out of the car, [defendant] said, "Hey,
man, I gotta pee. I gotta go right now. I gotta pee." He
didn't—he certainly had the capacity to hold it in, and
not relieve himself in the car, or not lose complete
bodily functions or any recollection of—or any of his
bodily functions. He held it in, walked inside or made
his—scampered inside, and relieved himself in the
bathroom.
He was then—he seemed to—his demeanor
seemed to have changed from rather docile to now
rather hostile, and it appears as if his hostility
heightened as a result of reference – what he interpreted
as a reference being made to as a dog. He clearly—had
a recollection of that.
Probably the most compelling testimony was
from EMT Dowens who came in and testified that when
. . . [defendant] . . . wanted to go to the hospital, he was
having chest pains, and he was very clear about that he
was having chest pains, and that he was having trouble
breathing. When [the] EMT came, he asked him four
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questions: Where are you? He asked him when is your
birthday? He asked him who the President was? And
he asked him what happened today? And that
according to EMT Dowens, the responses from
[defendant] were . . . quick, and [he] . . . answered . . .
all the questions accurately, which . . . EMT Dowens
was able to – after having asked those four questions,
came to the conclusion saying, "Hey, you know what,
he's not giving me any indication based on the answers
that he gave to those four questions that I should call
the paramedics or have the paramedics come rushing
in," and he called off the paramedics.
In fact, he went on further to testify that if
[defendant] was highly intoxicated, that he would have,
b[een] forcibly, taken to the hospital because he could
no longer make these decisions on his own. And so he
didn't – according to EMT Dowens, that it didn't appear
from his interview and his analysis of the state that
[defendant] was in that he was not suffering from
alcohol poisoning, that he . . . could go to the hospital
via the EMT, and not the paramedics.
Dowens continued to testify that [defendant] was
—appeared to be using foul language. . . . I got the
impression that based on the testimony of EMT Dowens
. . . [defendant] . . . knew his actions[,] that it was
clearly a situation where he has no idea where he was,
what he was doing, who the President was, or anything
along those lines. And that's consistent with what I
observed on the videotape. Now the videotape was
over two hours long, and I sat through it once outside
the presence of the jury, and had the opportunity to sit
through it at least another time, broken up in pieces
during the course of direct examination and cross-
examination, and I—there was nothing, after having
seen it multiple times, to suggest that [defendant] was
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so prostrate from his faculties that intoxication as a
defense should be charged.
I simply don't think that it is there. So for reasons
stated on the record, I'm not going to charge voluntary
intoxication to the jury.
As stated, the jury found defendant guilty of the two fourth-degree
charges. Thereafter, in a separate proceeding, the court found defendant guilty
of the disorderly persons offense of shoplifting, N.J.S.A. 2C:20-11(b)(1).
During the sentencing hearing, the court found no mitigating factors but
found aggravating factors three, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3), six, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-
1(a)(6), eight, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(8), and nine, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(9). In
applying aggravating factor eight, the judge stated:
Aggravating factor number 8 I find applies. The
defendant committed the offense against a police
officer or other law enforcement officer.
At least for the charge of aggravated assault it
involved t[w]o Ocean Township police officers that
were placing [defendant] into the back of an ambulance
after he was processed for the resisting arrest and
shoplifting offense, after [defendant] expressed an
interest in going to the hospital because he felt ill.
So you know, it appeared as if the officers were
trying to comply with [defendant's] wishes, they did not
want to just simply write it off as [defendant] just
making the story up that he was having heart
palpitations and he needed to go to the hospital, they
called the EMTs, the EMTs came over, and while
A-3538-18
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taking [defendant] into the back of the ambulance these
officers were spit upon.
Defense counsel objected to aggravating factor eight, contending it was
double counting because "both the counts of the indictment require elements as
. . . they are police officers, and then the aggravating factor is a crime against
law enforcement officers."
The court sentenced defendant to a one-year term of imprisonment for
each count, along with all required fines and penalties. Defendant was also
sentenced to a term of ninety days for the shoplifting offense. After completing
a Yarbough1 analysis, the judge ran the shoplifting sentence concurrently to the
resisting arrest sentence. The sentence imposed for the aggravated assault upon
a police officer was consecutive.
Defendant presents the following issues on appeal:
POINT I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT REFUSED
TO CHARGE THE JURY ON THE DEFENSE OF
VOLUNTARY INTOXICATION.
POINT II
RESENTENCING IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE
TRIAL COURT IMPERMISSIBLY DOUBLE-
COUNTED.
1
State v. Yarbough, 100 N.J. 627 (1985).
A-3538-18
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Our "review of a challenged jury instruction entails not only scrutiny of
the charge itself, but an inquiry as to whether an erroneous charge may have
affected the trial's result." Washington v. Perez, 219 N.J. 338, 351 (2014). We
will not reverse an error in the jury instructions, unless the error produced an
unjust result or that it prejudiced substantial rights. Ibid.
Proper jury instructions "are essential for a fair trial." Ibid. (internal
quotations omitted) (quoting Velazquez v. Portadin, 163 N.J. 677, 688 (2000)).
The instructions explain to the jury the elements of each charged offense, any
applicable defenses, and the State's burden to prove guilt beyond a reaso nable
doubt. State v. R.T., 411 N.J. Super. 35, 46 (App. Div. 2009).
A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a defense if they show "there
exists evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to find in [their] favor." State v.
Sloane, 111 N.J. 293, 303 (1988) (quoting Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 63 (1988)). Voluntary "intoxication of the actor is not a defense unless it
negates an element of the offense." N.J.S.A. 2C:2-8(a). As our Supreme Court
stated in Cameron, " N.J.S.A. 2C:2-8(a) permits evidence of intoxication as a
defense to crimes requiring either 'purposeful' or 'knowing' mental states but it
excludes evidence of intoxication as a defense to crimes requiring mental states
of only recklessness or negligence." State v. Cameron, 104 N.J. 42, 52 (1986).
A-3538-18
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In order to qualify as a defense negating an element of the offense, "the
intoxication must be of an extremely high level." Id. at 54.
[I]t is not the case that every defendant who has had a
few drinks may successfully urge the defense. The
mere intake of even large quantities of alcohol will not
suffice. Moreover, the defense cannot be established
solely by showing that the defendant might not have
committed the offense had he been sober. What is
required is a showing of such a great prostration of the
faculties that the requisite mental state was totally
lacking. That is, to successfully invoke the defense, an
accused must show that he was so intoxicated that he
did not have the intent to commit an offense. Such a
state of affairs will likely exist in very few cases.
[Ibid. (quoting State v. Stasio, 78 N.J. 467, 495 (1979))
(alterations in original) (internal citations omitted).]
Therefore, for a court to give the jury the involuntary intoxication charge,
it must find a rational basis to conclude the defendant's faculties were so
prostrated that the defendant was incapable of forming the required mental state
to prove they committed the offense. State v. Mauricio, 117 N.J. 402, 418-19
(1990). The court may consider several factors in making its determination of
whether a defendant is intoxicated to the point that there was a "prostration of
faculties," including:
the quantity of intoxicant consumed, the period of time
involved, the actor's conduct as perceived by others
(what he said, how he said it, how he appeared, how he
acted, how his coordination or lack thereof manifested
A-3538-18
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itself), any odor of alcohol or other intoxicating
substance, the results of any tests to determine blood-
alcohol content, and the actor's ability to recall
significant events.
[Cameron, 104 N.J. at 56.]
Here, the trial court carefully considered the evidence and concluded
defendant had not shown he was so intoxicated that he lacked the mental
capacity requisite to commit the charged offenses. The court acknowledged that
at the time of the arrest defendant was intoxicated. Defendant claimed to have
consumed five beers and the officers noticed he was slurring his speech, was
wobbly on his feet, and smelled of alcohol. The officer also had to keep him
awake during the drive to the station.
However, the court found Dowen's testimony the most compelling and
weighed against providing the defense instruction. After defendant sat for an
hour and a half in the booking area, he complained of chest pains, causing police
to contact Dowens. While examining defendant, Dowens asked him four basic
questions: "Where are you right now? What is your birthday? Who the president
is, and what happened today leading up to the event?" Defendant was able to
respond to the questions, answering quickly, appropriately, and in a way that
could be easily understood. Furthermore, defendant was not slurring his words,
nor was he confused by the questions. Based on defendant's answers to these
A-3538-18
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questions and his entire conversation with defendant, Dowens believed
defendant was not intoxicated and could make his own decisions.
The court gave substantial weight to this testimony in deciding not to
instruct the jury on the voluntary intoxication defense. As a trained professional
who evaluated defendant, the testimony Dowens provided satisfied the court that
defendant was not so intoxicated to lack the requisite mental state.
At all times, defendant was oriented, answered the officers' questions
appropriately, had various strategies to avoid the booking process and get
transported to the hospital, and recalled the events that led to his arrest. We
discern no error in the court's determination that defendant was not so
intoxicated to reach a prostration of faculties. Therefore, he was not entitled to
the voluntary intoxication defense instruction.
In turning to defendant's assertion that the court impermissibly found
aggravating factor eight while imposing sentence, we agree and remand for
resentencing.2
Under N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1, "sentencing courts are cautioned to avoid 'double
counting' circumstances that the Legislature has already incorporated as an
element of the offense." State v. Lawless, 214 N.J. 594, 608 (2013).
2
The State concedes a remand for resentencing is appropriate.
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Elements of a crime, including the elements that establish the grade of the
offense, cannot be used as aggravating factors for sentencing for that particular
crime. Ibid. See also State v. Carey, 168 N.J. 413, 425-26 (2001); State v.
Pineda, 119 N.J. 621, 627 (1990); Yarbough, 100 N.J. at 633.
We addressed a similar set of circumstances in State v. Link, 197 N.J.
Super. 615 (App. Div. 1984). There, the defendant was convicted of aggravated
assault upon a police officer. Id. at 618. During sentencing, the trial judge
imposed a term of five years of imprisonment with a parole disqualifier period,
which was the maximum sentence for the offense. Id. at 619. The judge
departed from the presumptive sentence of four years of imprisonment for the
third-degree crime because the assault was committed against a police officer.
Ibid. This court found that the "trial judge violated the sentencing strictures of
the Code when he based his sentence, more severe than the presumptive one,
upon the same fact that the Legislature has determined would be adequately
taken into account by the presumptive sentence." Id. at 620.
Defendant's charges both have elements of the victims' status as law
enforcement officers. Therefore, under Link, the trial court was not permitted
to consider aggravating factor eight in its sentencing determination.
A-3538-18
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On remand, the trial court should be further guided by Link, where this
court stated, "We are mindful of defendant's extensive criminal record and the
judge's concern that defendant poses a threat of continuing criminal conduct.
We therefore do not suggest that the sentence imposed would be excessive if the
judge determines that it is warranted by aggravating factors other than the
victim's status." Link, 197 N.J. Super. at 621. The trial judge here found
additional aggravating factors and noted a criminal record spanning
continuously over twenty years. Therefore, although a remand is necessary to
correct the double counting, the trial court may conclude the sentence was not
excessive given the additional aggravating factors.
Affirmed in part and remanded for resentencing. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
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