STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. LOUIS ADAMS
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0315-19T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
LOUIS ADAMS, a/k/a
ROBERT BROWN,
Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________
Submitted January 4, 2021 – Decided February 2, 2021
Before Judges Currier and Gooden Brown.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Union County, Indictment Nos. 09-09-0823
and 09-09-0825.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (John V. Molitor, Designated Counsel, on the
brief).
Lyndsay V. Ruotolo, Acting Union County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent (Meredith L. Balo, Special
Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor,
of counsel and on the brief).
Appellant filed a supplemental pro se brief.
PER CURIAM
Defendant appeals from the May 30, 2019 Law Division order denying his
petition for post-conviction relief (PCR) without an evidentiary hearing. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm.
Following a joint jury trial, defendant and a co-defendant, Kenneth Green,
were convicted of armed robbery and related offenses stemming from the
robbery of Daniel DeAmorim, an off-duty Newark police officer, and his
companion at gunpoint at a motel in Linden. Defendant was sentenced on
September 20, 2013, to an aggregate extended term of fifty years' imprisonment,
forty years of which were subject to the No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-
7. Defendant appealed his convictions and sentence, and we affirmed in an
unpublished opinion. State v. Green, Nos. A-2342-13, A-3251-13 (App. Div.
Mar. 8, 2017) (slip op. at 2). The Supreme Court later denied defendant's
petition for certification. State v. Green, 231 N.J. 409 (2017).
The facts underlying defendant's convictions are set forth in our
unpublished opinion and need not be repeated at length here. See Green, slip
op. at 2-8. In our opinion, we recounted that DeAmorim was accosted from
behind by two assailants, one armed with a gun, as DeAmorim and his
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companion were entering the motel room at around 10:00 p.m. on May 18, 2009.
Id. at 2. "DeAmorim turned around and fired all thirteen rounds in his [service
weapon] at the two men, hitting both of them." Id. at 3. Both men, later
identified as defendant and co-defendant Green, fled and subsequently obtained
medical treatment at a Paterson hospital for their gunshot wounds. Id. at 3, 6.
When questioned by Paterson police about the circumstances under which they
were shot, defendant claimed they were shot by "three masked men" during the
course of a robbery in Paterson. Id. at 6. However, they were arrested when
"police were unable to confirm that a shooting had occurred in the area described
by [defendant]." Ibid.
Although the victims "were unable to identify either defendant, their
presence at the motel was confirmed by forensic evidence" recovered during the
ensuing investigation and presented at the trial. Id. at 2. "The investigation at
the motel resulted in the recovery of a loaded Jennings 9 mm handgun next to a
pool of blood and shell casings from DeAmorim's weapon." Id. at 4. "Forensic
scientist Monica Ghannam, an expert in DNA analysis," testified that she could
"not exclude" defendant as a "potential contributor[]" to "a mixture of at least
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two individuals' DNA" recovered "from the grip" and "the slide of the gun."
Ibid.1
Neither defendant testified at trial but presented the defense "that a
robbery had not occurred at all; that DeAmorim panicked upon being
approached by two African-American males and the event was 'massaged' into
a robbery to protect him from possible fallout because he had fired his weapon."
Id. at 2. To that end, defendants presented testimony from several law
enforcement witnesses "to support the defense that the handgun and other
evidence were 'planted at the scene after the incident and before officers were
able to process the crime scene,' and to impeach the testimony of witnesses
called by the State." Id. at 7.
On January 9, 2018, defendant filed a timely pro se PCR petition alleging
numerous claims of ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC). A counseled brief
submitted on defendant's behalf raised additional claims. Following oral
1
Specifically, Ghannam testified that comparatively speaking, "approximately
[one] in [thirty] unrelated African-Americans, [one] in [twenty-seven] unrelated
Caucasians, and [one] in [forty-four] unrelated Hispanics could be possible
contributors to the mixture of DNA obtained from the grip of the handgun."
Additionally, "approximately [one] in [forty-five] unrelated African-Americans,
[one] in [thirty-two] unrelated Caucasians, and [one] in [thirty-eight] unrelated
Hispanics could be possible contributors to the mixture of DNA obtained from
the slide of the handgun."
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argument, Judge Lara K. DiFabrizio denied defendant's petition by order dated
May 30, 2019. In an accompanying written opinion, after reviewing the factual
background, procedural history, and submissions by the parties, the judge
described defendant's IAC claims as follows:
[Defendant] makes six broad claims for [IAC]: (1) trial
counsel failed to pursue a speedy trial; (2) trial
counsel's opening statement prejudiced [defendant's]
right to a fair trial; (3) trial counsel failed to object and
request a limiting instruction upon other wrong
evidence being presented to the jury[]; (4) trial counsel
failed to make a motion for a new trial; (5) trial counsel
failed to object to the State's use of the DNA evidence
at trial, and failed to object that the withholding of the
DNA evidence from the defense was a Brady[2]
violation[]; and (6) cumulative errors.
Preliminarily, the judge rejected defendant's claim regarding "other
wrongs evidence" as procedurally barred under Rule 3:22-5, precluding PCR "if
the identical . . . or substantially equivalent issue was previously decided on
[the] merits" in the direct appeal. See State v. McQuaid, 147 N.J. 464, 484
(1997) ("If the same claim is adjudicated on the merits on direct appeal a court
should deny PCR on that issue."). The judge explained that the issue was raised
"in the appellate proceedings, . . . though framed as an error committed by the
trial judge," and the appellate court concluded that "N.J.R.E. 404(b) [did] not
2
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
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apply" as "evidence regarding the character of the . . . [m]otel [did] not constitute
evidence of 'other crimes, wrongs, or acts' of either defendant." See Green, slip
op. at 13-14 (rejecting defendant's argument that testimony "that the . . . [m]otel
. . . was a place known for drug sales, prostitution, and other unsavory activities"
constituted inadmissible N.J.R.E. 404(b) evidence against either defendant).
Addressing the remaining claims substantively, the judge applied the
governing legal principles and concluded defendant failed to establish a prima
facie case of IAC by a preponderance of the evidence. Viewing the facts in the
light most favorable to defendant, the judge found defendant failed to show that
either counsel's performance fell below the objective standard of reasonableness
set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), and adopted by
our Supreme Court in State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 49-53 (1987), or that the
outcome would have been different without the purported deficient performance
as required under the second prong of the Strickland/Fritz test. Additionally,
the judge concluded that defendant was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing
because he failed to present any issues that could not be resolved by reference
to the existing record.
In her written decision, the judge acknowledged that in order to
demonstrate that "his attorney was ineffective by failing to file a speedy trial
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motion, [defendant] must establish that the motion would have had merit." See
State v. O'Neal, 190 N.J. 601, 618-19 (2007) (noting that in order to satisfy the
Strickland standard when an IAC claim is based on the failure to file a
suppression motion, a defendant must establish that the motion had merit); State
v. Worlock, 117 N.J. 596, 625 (1990) ("The failure to raise unsuccessful legal
arguments does not constitute [IAC]."). However, after applying the "four-part
balancing analysis established in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972)," the
judge determined that while "a nearly four year delay from arrest to trial clearly
trigger[ed] a Barker inquiry," the delay did not "amount[] to a speedy trial
violation" given "the nature of the charges," 3 "the complexity of the proofs," the
protracted "pre-trial motions" filed by the defense, "the court's congested
calendar," defendant's "failure to assert his right [to a speedy trial,]" and
defendant's unsupported "claim of prejudice."
3
Co-defendant Green was also charged and convicted of carjacking the vehicle
of another motel patron "from the motel parking lot as he fled the scene." Green,
slip op. at 2. Green could not be excluded "as the source for the DNA" found
inside the vehicle when it was later recovered. Id. at 4. Additionally, "a
projectile [found] on the steps to Green's residence" was linked "to both the
shooting at the . . . [m]otel and to Green." Id. at 6. "[T]he projectile . . . was
fired from DeAmorim's weapon" and "Green's DNA profile matched the DNA
recovered from the projectile." Ibid. Although defendant was neither charged
with nor implicated in the carjacking charge, the charges were prosecuted
jointly.
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Turning to defendant's claim that his attorney's "opening statement was
ineffective and prejudiced his right to a fair trial," the judge noted that although
"defense counsel [was] not required to make opening statements in a trial," see
R. 1:7-1(a), "our courts have held that in 'rare instances' opening statements can
prejudice the defendant and [']thwart the fundamental guarantee of [a] fair trial.'"
See State v. Castagna, 376 N.J. Super. 323, 360-61 (App. Div. 2005) (finding
IAC where, in his opening statement, trial counsel conceded the defendant's guilt
to several charges and "labeled him criminal and a disgrace to his position as a
police officer").
However, according to the judge, "[h]ere, [defense counsel] made his
opening statement after [co-counsel's] opening statement." Therefore,
[t]here was no need for counsel to have repeated the
facts or similar arguments in his own client's case, as
Green's counsel already detailed the facts. It was
reasonable trial strategy for [defense counsel] to
believe it would have been repetitive and unnecessary
to his opening. Furthermore, [defense counsel] was not
required to explain the legal concepts referenced by
[defendant], as they were repeatedly explained to the
jury by the judge. In fact, [defendant] even
acknowledges that [defense counsel] did not have to
give an opening statement at all.
Further, in concluding that "nothing in the record indicate[d] that [defense
counsel's] opening statement prejudiced [defendant], resulting in [defendant]
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being unable to receive a fair trial," the judge pointed out that "in his opening
statements," defense counsel "never conceded guilt on any charges, nor made
any inflammatory remarks about [defendant]."
Next, the judge addressed defendant's claim "that trial counsel was
ineffective when he failed to file a motion for a new trial" and determined from
her review of the record that had counsel filed such a motion, "it would have
been denied." Like "the Appellate Division in [adjudicating defendant's] direct
appeal," the judge rejected defendant's contentions that "he was entitled to a new
trial due to insufficient evidence, perjured testimony, erroneous jury
instructions, and discovery violations."
Finally, the judge addressed defendant's primary "claim[] that trial
counsel was ineffective because he failed to object to the State's use of DNA
evidence at trial, and for not producing his own expert to counter the State's
expert witness." Notably, defendant failed to produce any certification, expert
or otherwise, to support his contention that a defense expert could have
countered the State's DNA evidence. State v. Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. 154,
170 (App. Div. 1999)("[W]hen a petitioner claims his trial attorney inadequately
investigated his case, he must assert the facts that an investigation would have
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revealed, supported by affidavits or certifications based upon the personal
knowledge of the affiant or the person making the certification.").
Nonetheless, the judge determined that, contrary to defendant's assertion,
defense counsel did address and contest the DNA
reports, and the testimony of Monica Ghannam . . . , the
State's DNA expert. [Defense counsel] first requested
a mistrial, which was denied by [the trial judge]. A
review of the record makes clear that trial counsel then
made a tactical decision to not strike Ms. Ghannam's
testimony. [Defense counsel] explained:
my sense is that I will withdraw my
application that the testimony be
struck . . . . And without going into much
detail, I will say that I think if that were to
happen, if your Honor were to strike it or I
were to ask for it, I think it would sort of
hamstring me from making arguments I
want to make generally about the events.
So, I think on balance at this time, the
defense position for [defendant] has to be
to no longer seek to strike the testimony.
Upon review of the reports, and as acknowledged
by [the trial judge], some of the DNA evidence was
actually beneficial to [defendant]. In fact, trial counsel
ably employed the DNA evidence during cross-
examination and during summation. [4] It is clear trial
counsel's decision to not strike the testimony was a
strategic decision and did not fall below an[] objective
standard of reasonableness. Moreover, even assuming
counsel's performance could in some way be
4
In summations, defense counsel recounted the statistical probabilities and
asserted it had "virtually no probative value."
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characterized as deficient, which this [c]ourt does not
find, [defendant] has failed to meet the heavy burden of
proof that but for counsel's performance, the result
would have been any different given the damning
evidence of his guilt.
As to defendant's claim he "first . . . heard of DNA evidence . . . when Ms.
Ghannam testified at trial" and his attorney was ineffective for failing to
"object[] to the 'withholding of the DNA evidence' as a Brady violation," the
judge stated:
As explained by the [c]ourt in [defendant's] direct
appeal:
The prosecutor did not challenge defense
counsel's representation they had not
received the report but did not concede the
report was not turned over to the defense.
The prosecutor stated he had "repeatedly"
invited defense counsel to review the
State's file; defense counsel had the
evidence log sheet/exhibit list which
included the expert report for three to four
weeks; and the State had signed receipts for
the evidence.
[Green, slip op. at 17. 5]
5
This court expressly rejected co-defendant Green's claim on direct appeal that
he was "deprived . . . of his right to a fair trial" by virtue of the trial court's
denial of "his motion for a mistrial due to the State's noncompliance with on-
going discovery requirements," and "failure to provide Ghannam's [DNA]
report" of "her analysis of DNA recovered from the handgun" "prior to trial, as
required by Rule 3:13-3." Green, slip op. at 14-15. Assuming there was a
A-0315-19T1
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In fact, a review of the file reveals the lab reports
and their findings were presented to the Grand Jury in
September of 2009. . . . Thus, any contention the State
"suppressed evidence" as required by Brady is
meritless, and since "[t]he failure to raise unsuccessful
legal arguments does not constitute [IAC],"
[defendant's] instant claim must fail.
Finding no "legal errors, alone or combined, which would render the trial
unfair," the judge also rejected defendant's cumulative error argument.
On appeal, in his counseled brief, defendant raises the following points
for our consideration:
POINT I
THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE PCR
JUDGE'S DECISION TO DENY THE DEFENDANT'S
PETITION FOR [PCR] BECAUSE THE STATE'S
VIOLATION OF THE DISCOVERY RULES
DESTROYED THE DEFENDANT'S ABILITY TO
discovery violation, we specifically addressed whether both defendants were
prejudiced by the admission of the expert testimony and concluded they were
not. Id. at 20-23. We noted that Ghannam did not testify that there was a
"'match' of the evidence to either defendant's DNA," but rather that they could
not be excluded. Id. at 20-21. Indeed, "[a]s both the trial judge and Green's
counsel agreed, Ghannam's testimony was not of a 'smoking gun' quality." Ibid.
Thus, we concluded that Ghannam's testimony did not render co-counsel's
opening statement that there was "absolutely no match to [defendants'] . . .
DNA" "a lie as, in fact, there was no 'match' of the evidence to either defendant's
DNA." Id. at 20. Although defendant did not raise the issue on direct appeal,
the same reasoning applies to his current PCR claim and his contention that he
was prejudiced by his attorney's opening statement that defendant "never had a
gun."
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MOUNT AN EFFECTIVE DEFENSE AND THE
DEFENDANT'S ATTORNEY[] DID NOT
SUFFICIENTLY ADDRESS THE DISCOVERY
VIOLATION.
POINT II
THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE PCR
JUDGE'S DECISION TO DENY THE DEFENDANT'S
PETITION FOR [PCR] BECAUSE THE
DEFENDANT'S TRIAL COUNSEL DID NOTHING
TO CONTEST THE STATE'S DNA EVIDENCE.
POINT III
THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE PCR
JUDGE'S DECISION TO DENY THE DEFENDANT'S
PETITION FOR [PCR] BECAUSE THE
DEFENDANT'S TRIAL COUNSEL DID NOT
ADVOCATE FOR THE DEFENDANT DURING HIS
OPENING STATEMENT.
POINT IV
THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE PCR
JUDGE'S DECISION TO DENY THE DEFENDANT'S
PETITION FOR [PCR] BECAUSE THE
DEFENDANT'S TRIAL AND APPELLATE
ATTORNEYS WERE INEFFECTIVE WHEN THEY
DID NOT CONTEST THE ADMISSION OF OTHER
WRONGS EVIDENCE WITHOUT A LIMITING
INSTRUCTION.
POINT V
THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE PCR
JUDGE'S DECISION TO DENY THE DEFENDANT'S
PETITION FOR [PCR] BECAUSE THE
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DEFENDANT'S TRIAL COUNSEL WAS
INEFFECTIVE WHEN HE DID NOT DEMAND A
SPEEDY TRIAL.
POINT VI
THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE PCR
JUDGE'S DECISION TO DENY THE DEFENDANT'S
PETITION FOR [PCR] BECAUSE THE
CUMULATIVE ERRORS OF THE DEFENDANT'S
TRIAL AND APPELLATE COUNSEL DEPRIVED
THE DEFENDANT OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL
RIGHT TO THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF
COUNSEL.
Additionally, defendant raises the following point in his pro se brief:
[POINT I]
THE PCR RECORD IN THIS CASE
CONCLUSIVELY ESTABLISHED A [PRIMA
FACIE] CLAIM THAT TRIAL COUNSEL WAS
INEFFECTIVE FOR HAVING FAILED TO PURSUE
THE "BROAD DISCOVERY RULES," TO SEEK A
MISTRIAL UPON REALIZING THE STATE WAS
INTRODUCING EVIDENCE NOT DISCLOSED
DURING PRETRIAL DISCOVERY, AND FAILED
TO CONDUCT ANY PRETRIAL INVESTIGATION
AND, AS SUCH, THIS MATTER MUST BE
REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.
We are not persuaded by any of these arguments and affirm substantially for the
reasons set forth in Judge DiFabrizio's well-reasoned written decision, adding
the following comments.
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To establish a prima facie claim of IAC, a defendant must show "by a
preponderance of the credible evidence," State v. Goodwin, 173 N.J. 583, 593
(2002) (citing State v. Preciose, 129 N.J. 451, 459 (1992)), that: (1) counsel's
performance was deficient; and (2) the deficiency prejudiced the defense.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Fritz, 105 N.J. at 58. The Strickland/Fritz standard
applies equally to both trial and appellate counsel. State v. Guzman, 313 N.J.
Super. 363, 374 (App. Div. 1998); see also State v. Morrison, 215 N.J. Super.
540, 546 (App. Div. 1987).
Because "a defendant must overcome a 'strong presumption' that counsel
exercised 'reasonable professional judgment' and 'sound trial strategy' in
fulfilling his responsibilities," State v. Hess, 207 N.J. 123, 147 (2011) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90), "an otherwise valid conviction will not be
overturned merely because the defendant is dissatisfied with his or her counsel's
exercise of judgment during the trial." Castagna, 187 N.J. at 314 (citing State
v. Coruzzi, 189 N.J. Super. 273, 319-20 (App. Div. 1983)). Thus, "strategic
miscalculations or trial mistakes are insufficient to warrant reversal 'except in
those rare instances where they are of such magnitude as to thwart the
fundamental guarantee of [a] fair trial.'" Id. at 314-15 (alteration in original)
(quoting State v. Buonadonna, 122 N.J. 22, 42 (1991)).
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The mere raising of a PCR claim does not entitle the defendant to an
evidentiary hearing. Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. at 170. Rather, "view[ing] the
facts in the light most favorable to a defendant," Preciose, 129 N.J. at 463 , PCR
judges should grant evidentiary hearings in their discretion only if the defendant
has presented a prima facie claim of IAC, material issues of disputed fact lie
outside the record, and resolution of those issues necessitates a hearing. R. 3:22-
10(b); State v. Porter, 216 N.J. 343, 355 (2013). However, "[a] court shall not
grant an evidentiary hearing" if "the defendant's allegations are too vague,
conclusory or speculative," R. 3:22-10(e)(2), and a defendant "must do more
than make bald assertions that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel."
Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. at 170.
A PCR claim is not a substitute for a direct appeal and thus must overcome
procedural bars before it can even be considered on the merits. R. 3:22-3. To
that end, "a defendant may not employ [PCR] to assert a new claim that could
have been raised on direct appeal, Rule 3:22-4, or to relitigate a claim already
decided on the merits, Rule 3:22-5." Goodwin, 173 N.J. at 593.
Here, on appeal, defendant renews the arguments rejected by the PCR
judge. However, we are satisfied from our review of the record and the
governing legal principles that Judge DiFabrizio correctly imposed the
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procedural bar where applicable, and properly determined that substantively,
defendant failed to make a prima facie showing of IAC within the
Strickland/Fritz test to warrant relief or an evidentiary hearing. See State v.
Reevey, 417 N.J. Super. 134, 146-47 (App. Div. 2010) ("[I]t is within our
authority to conduct a de novo review of both the factual findings and legal
conclusions of the PCR court" where, as here, no evidentiary hearing was
conducted (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). We also conclude
that the arguments are without sufficient merit to warrant further discussion in
a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
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