ESTATE OF EVELYN GREENSTEIN, v. REGENCY HERITAGE NURSING AND REHAB CENTER, LLC,
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5494-18T3
ESTATE OF EVELYN
GREENSTEIN, through HARVEY
GREENSTEIN, Administrator,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
REGENCY HERITAGE NURSING
AND REHAB CENTER, LLC, d/b/a
REGENCY HERITAGE NURSING
AND REHABILITATION CENTER,
Defendant-Respondent.
______________________________
Submitted February 12, 2020 – Decided March 3, 2020
Before Judges Whipple and Mawla.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Somerset County, Docket No. L-0531-18.
Stark & Stark PC, attorneys for appellant (Jonathan
Lauri, of counsel and on the briefs).
Marks O'Neill O'Brien Doherty & Kelly, attorneys for
respondent (Melissa Jennifer Brown and Amanda
Alexandra King, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff the Estate of Evelyn Greenstein appeals from a July 31, 2019
order granting defendant Regency Heritage Nursing and Rehabilitation Center's
motion to dismiss plaintiff's complaint in favor of arbitration. We affirm.
Greenstein was admitted to defendant's facility in 2013 because she
suffered from various ailments and required assistance with daily living
activities. Greenstein's daughter, Susan Lusk, accompanied her to defendant's
nursing home on the day of her admission.
Lusk alleged she was separated from her mother and taken to a conference
room by a staff member who handed her a large stack of documents to sign. The
staff member turned the pages of the document, pointed to them, and instructed
Lusk where to sign or initial on the agreement. Lusk alleged she was not given
time to read the agreement and the employee never mentioned the arbitration
clause or informed her that the document addressed legal matters.
The agreement contained an arbitration clause, which stated:
Arbitration. Any claim or dispute related to or arising
from the Agreement of Resident's care at the Facility
(whether based on contract or tort, in law or equity)
shall be resolved by mandatory, final, binding
arbitration in accordance with the rules of the American
Arbitration Association ("AAA"), although the parties
may choose to administer the arbitration through the
arbitrator instead of the AAA; provided, however, that
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Resident/Responsible Party shall not be entitled to an
award of exemplary or punitive damages. In agreeing
to arbitration, Resident/Responsible Party
acknowledges that Resident/Responsible Party
understands that other options to arbitration exist,
including but not limited to federal and state
administrative remedies, and judicial remedies, and the
Resident/Responsible Party further understands that
these remedies are forever precluded, such that
regardless of the nature of the complaint, it can only be
resolved in arbitration. The right to a trial, and a trial
by jury is of value and Resident/Responsible Party may
wish to consult with counsel prior to signing this
Agreement.
Any such arbitration must be requested in writing
within one (1) year from the date of the party initiating
the arbitration knew or should have known about the
claim or dispute, or all claims arising from that dispute
are forever waived. Any such arbitration (or court
proceeding as applicable hereunder) shall be held in
Somerset or Middlesex County, New Jersey. There
shall be one arbitrator, who shall be either a retired New
Jersey Superior Court judge or upon mutual consent
one selected from the AAA roster of arbitrators with at
least ten (10) years experience arbitrating commercial
disputes. The arbitrator shall grant essential discovery.
There shall be a pre-hearing management conference.
The hearing shall be stenographically recorded. The
arbitrator shall render written decision with findings of
fact and conclusions of law. Judgment upon the award
rendered through such arbitration shall be final and may
be entered and enforced in any court having proper
jurisdiction. Appeals can be taken for any issue
cognizable under New Jersey law had the matter been
tried to a court without a jury, except for discovery or
evidential issues.
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The agreement also contained the following provision: "Binding
Agreement: This is a legally binding contract. The Resident and/or Responsible
Party may consult an attorney[,]" who can cancel the contract thereafter.
Additionally, the agreement contained a clause stating: "No waiver. Failure of
[defendant] to insist on strict compliance of any provision of this agreement
shall not be deemed to be a waiver of that section of any rights and remedies
available to [defendant]."
Lusk initialed the page with the arbitration language in three locations.
She also signed the end of the agreement. Directly above her signature was the
following language: "Signatures. By signing the undersigned intended to be
bound by the Agreement, and acknowledge that they have read it, have had all
questions posed to the Facility answered to their satisfaction, and have
voluntarily agreed to its terms."
Plaintiff alleged Greenstein had multiple falls and developed pressure
wounds during her stay in defendant's facility. These wounds worsened during
her stay until they required surgical debridement. Plaintiff also alleged
Greenstein suffered multiple bouts of dehydration, infections because staff did
not clean her, and resided in a room with bed bugs. She passed away in August
2016.
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Plaintiff's counsel sent three letters to defendant all dated January 29,
2018, advising plaintiff was represented, describing the injuries Greenstein
suffered at defendant's facility, and asserting defendant's negligence caused her
injuries. Counsel's letters demanded a preservation of all evidence and that
defendant's insurance company contact counsel.
In April 2018, plaintiff filed a four-count complaint against defendant in
the Law Division alleging two counts of negligence, violation of the New Jersey
Nursing Home Responsibilities and Rights of Residents Act, and wrongful
death. After filing its answer and exchanging answers to interrogatories,
defendant moved to dismiss the complaint and compel arbitration.
Following oral argument, Judge Michael J. Rogers issued a fifteen-page
written decision granting defendant's motion. The judge concluded Lusk had
authority to sign the document as the responsible party acting on behal f of
Greenstein. The judge found
defendant did not waive its right to insist on arbitration
. . . [and] [c]orrespondence from [plaintiff's] attorneys
. . . regardless of accusatory tone and demands for
information, is insufficient in this context to constitute
an arbitrable and ripe "claim or dispute" under the . . .
agreement sufficient to trigger the arbitration
limitations time period against the other party.
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In any event, under the terms of the arbitration
agreement it was plaintiff's burden to file for
arbitration.
The judge found the terms of the agreement were "clear and unambiguous.
Each party knows their respective rights and responsibilities." Furthermore, "by
signing the agreement, [Lusk] 'acknowledged that [she] . . . read it . . . and had
all questions posed to the facility answered to [her] satisfaction.'"
The judge concluded as follows:
This contract is moderate in its terms and not
unfair to the resident. The resident benefits from
procedural and substantive due process and, absent the
right to trial by jury, enjoys a plethora of available
remedies if the arbitration award is in plaintiff's
favor. . . .
....
Lusk was competent to read and understand the
agreement, and had the opportunity to do so. She
acknowledged that she read the agreement. . . . The
two-paragraph arbitration clause in question is
conspicuous in form and unambiguous in content. The
right to a jury trial is clearly waived and the available
remedies and procedures set forth in detail. The right
to counsel is explained in separate sections of the
admission agreement as well as the resident's right to
cancel the contract. [Lusk] does not assert that she was
not provided a copy of the admission agreement and
had ample opportunity [to] reflect upon it further under
the advice of counsel should she choose to do so. . . .
There is nothing unconscionable about the agreement.
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[Lusk's] statements in her unrebutted affidavit establish
little more than her lack of scrutiny of the admission
agreement and do not indicate any failure on the party
of [defendant's] representative in presenting the
agreement for her to sign.
The validity of arbitration agreements is a question of law and therefore
reviewed de novo. Barr v. Bishop Rosen & Co., Inc., 442 N.J. Super. 599, 605
(App. Div. 2015) (citing Hirsch v. Amper Fin. Servs., LLC, 215 N.J. 174, 186
(2013)). As a result, no special deference is owed to the trial court's findings.
Atalese v. U.S. Legal Servs. Grp., LP, 219 N.J. 430, 445-46 (2014). "The issue
of whether a party waived its arbitration right is a legal determination subject to
de novo review[,]" however, "the factual findings underlying the waiver are
entitled to deference and are subject to review for clear error." Cole v. Jersey
City Med., 215 N.J. 265, 276 (2013).
Plaintiff raises the following points on appeal: (1) defendant waived its
right to arbitration by failing to seek it in a timely manner, despite receiving
three notices of claim from plaintiff's counsel; (2) the judge re-wrote the
agreement when he concluded plaintiff had the burden to initiate arbitration; (3)
the agreement to arbitrate lacked mutual assent because the arbitration provision
was inconspicuous and not written in clear language, was a contract of adhesion,
did not explain plaintiff was waiving a jury trial, and used unclear terms to
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mislead plaintiff; (4) the arbitration provision is unconscionable because the
contract was thrust at Lusk during the admission process, not explained to her,
and she was not permitted a meaningful review of the document; and (5) the
agreement violates federal law.
Having considered plaintiff's arguments, we affirm substantially for the
reasons expressed in Judge Rogers' thorough and well-written decision. We add
the following additional comments.
The Supreme Court has "recognized that parties may waive their right to
arbitrate in certain circumstances." Cole, 215 N.J. at 276 (quoting Wein v.
Morris, 194 N.J. 364, 376 (2008)). Waiver must be "voluntary and [an]
intentional relinquishment of a known right." Knorr v. Smeal, 178 N.J. 169, 177
(2003); see also Cole, 215 N.J. at 276. "[W]aiver can occur implicitly if 'the
circumstances clearly show that the party knew of the right and then abandoned
it, either by design or indifference.'" Id. at 276-77 (quoting Knorr, 178 N.J. at
177). "Such a waiver must be done 'clearly, unequivocally, and decisively.'"
Ibid.
We agree there was no waiver here. The express language of the
agreement stated defendant did not waive its rights if it failed to enforce aspects
of the agreement. Moreover, defendant did not clearly, unequivocally, or
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decisively relinquish the right to arbitration. To the contrary, it asserted the
right to arbitration in its answer to the complaint and filed its motion promptly
after plaintiff instituted its lawsuit.
We also reject plaintiff's argument that it was somehow defendant's
burden to seek arbitration. As a general proposition, "courts should enforce
contracts as made by the parties." Vasquez v. Glassboro Serv. Ass'n, 83 N.J.
86, 101 (1980). The court must ascertain and give effect to the mutual intention
of the parties. Fletcher v. Interstate Chem. Co., 94 N.J.L. 332-33 (Sup. Ct.
1920). The language must be interpreted "'in accordance with justice and
common sense . . . .'" Krosnowski v. Krosnowski, 22 N.J. 376, 387 (1956)
(citation omitted).
Plaintiff's reading of the agreement, that defendant was required to initiate
arbitration to address plaintiff's claims, is convoluted. Defendant asserted no
claims against plaintiff. The agreement clearly stated arbitration was the sole
forum to resolve all disputes. Therefore, a common sense reading of the
agreement supports plaintiff's obligation to assert her claims in arbitration.
Contrary to plaintiff's argument, mutual assent was demonstrated. An
enforceable arbitration agreement requires mutual assent. Flanzman v. Jenny
Craig, Inc., 456 N.J. Super. 613, 621 (2018) (citing Atalese v. U.S. Legal Servs.
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Grp., LP, 219 N.J. 430, 442 (2014)). "Mutual assent to an agreement requires
mutual understanding of its terms." Atalese, 219 N.J. at 447.
"When a party enters into a signed, written contract, that party is presumed
to understand and assent to its terms, unless fraudulent conduct is suspected."
Stelluti v. Casapenn Enter., LLC, 203 N.J. 286, 305 (2010) (citing Rudbart v. N.
Jersey Dist. Water Supply Comm'n, 127 N.J. 344, 353 (1992)). Furthermore, "it
is clear that, in the absence of fraud, one who does not choose to read a contract
before signing it cannot later relieve himself of its burdens." Moreira Constr.
Co. v. Moretrench Corp., 97 N.J. Super. 391, 394 (App. Div. 1967).
As Judge Rogers found, neither party alleged fraud. Absent fraud, Lusk's
endorsement and signature of the agreement, including the clearly worded
arbitration provision, formed a binding agreement.
The contract was not unconscionable. Determining unconscionability
requires a fact-sensitive analysis. Delta Funding Corp. v. Harris, 189 N.J. 28,
39 (2006) (citing Muhammad v. Cty. Bank of Rehoboth Beach, DE, 189 N.J. 1,
15-16 (2006)). In its analysis, the court must consider: (1) the subject matter of
the contract; (2) the parties' relative bargaining positions; (3) the degree of
economic compulsion motivating the "adhering" party; and (4) the public
interests affected by the contract. Id. at 39-40 (citing Rudbart, 127 N.J. at 356).
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Here, the subject matter of the agreement was clearly explained in plain
language. Although Lusk signed the agreement during Greenstein's admission,
she conceded she never sought additional time to review the document, did not
ask questions of the staff member reviewing the document with her, nor had an
attorney review the document, despite the opportunity to do so. The degree of
economic compulsion and the public interests affected by the contract were not
applicable considerations here.
Finally, the agreement did not violate federal law. The Federal Arbitration
Act favors the enforcement of these agreements. 9 U.S.C. § 1-16; see also
N.J.S.A. 2A:23-(b)(1)(32). It states mandatory arbitration provisions in a nursing
home or assisted living facility are enforceable if supported by consideration.
See also Marmet Health Care Ctr., Inc. v. Brown, 565 U.S. 530, 533 (2012).
Federal regulation also states a long-term care facility may "choose[] to
ask a resident . . . to enter into an agreement for binding arbitration" so long as
it complies with the requirements laid out in the regulation. 42 C.F.R. 483.70(n).
Those requirements include that the facility can neither make signing an
arbitration agreement mandatory for admission, nor make the resident's right to
remain in the facility contingent on signing a binding arbitration agreement. 42 C.F.R. 483.70(n)(1); 42 C.F.R. 483.70(n)(4). The facility must also make sure
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the agreement is explained to the resident or her representative in a language she
understands, the representative or resident acknowledges she understands the
agreement, the agreement provides for the selection of a neutral arbitrator and
venue convenient to both parties, and grants the resident or representative the
right to rescind the agreement within thirty days of signing it. 42 C.F.R.
483.70(n).
The agreement and its arbitration provision met the regulatory
requirements under federal law.
Affirmed.
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