D.C v. W.J.C., JR.
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5348-18T1
D.C.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
W.J.C., JR.,1
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________
Argued March 4, 2020 — Decided April 13, 2020
Before Judges Whipple, Gooden Brown, and Mawla.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Monmouth County,
Docket No. FM-13-0573-10.
Robert Hy Siegel argued the cause for appellant (Siegel
Law, LLC, attorneys; Robert Hy Siegel, of counsel and
on the briefs).
D.C. argued the cause pro se.
PER CURIAM
1
We utilize the parties' initials to protect the child's privacy. R. 1:38-3(d)(3)
and (13).
Defendant W.J.C., Jr. appeals from June 21 and July 9, 2019 orders
entered following a plenary hearing permitting plaintiff D.C. to remove the
parties' daughter to Florida. We affirm.
The parties divorced in 2011, following an eight-year marriage. Two
children were born of the marriage, a son in 2003 and a daughter in 2006. 2
Pursuant to their Marital Settlement Agreement (MSA), the parties agreed to
joint legal custody of the children and a parenting time arrangement awarding
defendant nearly equal parenting time. The MSA stated "[n]either party shall
permanently remove the children from the State of New Jersey without the
written consent of the other party or the consent of the [c]ourt."
For approximately four years after the divorce the parties resided in the
same town and had few, if any, parenting-time disputes. In July 2015, plaintiff
purchased a townhouse in Delray Beach, Florida, which she rented to a tenant.
Plaintiff considered filing a removal application in 2015 but waited until the
children were older before attempting to discuss the matter with defendant.
In June 2018, plaintiff moved to remove the parties' daughter to Florida.
She certified she could not "make ends meet" in New Jersey, despite working
2
The removal dispute pertained only to the parties' daughter. Pursuant to the
son's wishes, he remained in New Jersey with defendant and a half-brother.
A-5348-18T1
2
two jobs, and sought to move to Florida "where [she had] investments, where
the expenses [were] less, [and] where [she could] give to [the] children much
more tha[n] what they have in New Jersey." In July 2018, plaintiff purchased a
second home in Deerfield Beach, Florida. The mortgage payment for the home
equaled the rent she paid for a two-bedroom apartment in New Jersey.
Defendant filed a cross-motion in opposition, arguing plaintiff provided
no legal or factual basis for the removal and the best interests factors weighed
against it. He argued a removal would endanger the parties' ability to agree and
cooperate in matters relating to their children, the strong relationship and
interaction defendant had with the parties' daughter, and her safety. He also
argued plaintiff had not demonstrated the home environment in Florida would
offer their daughter stability, and a move would disrupt her education.
Plaintiff alone moved to Florida in late August 2018, and defendant
became the children's primary residential custodian. The parties attended court-
ordered custody and parenting-time mediation in September 2018, which did not
resolve their dispute. Defendant hired a forensic psychologist to conduct a best
interests evaluation. The expert issued his report in February 2019, which the
parties agreed to enter into evidence. The report concluded as follows:
[I]t is my professional opinion that [the parties]
presented compelling reasons for [the daughter] to stay
A-5348-18T1
3
in New Jersey and move to Florida, respectively.
[Defendant] pointed out [the child's] connections to
family, including her brothers, and that he has had a
close relationship with [her] until [plaintiff] relocated
to Florida. [Defendant] expressed concern for [the
daughter's] recent behavior (e.g., failing at school,
instigating arguments, attempting to provoke him), and
how it appeared to be an effort she was making to lead
him to agree to the relocation. [Plaintiff] reported that
she had advised [defendant] of her intent to move, with
[the daughter], during January 2018. She indicated she
felt like [the child] was residing in a toxic environment
in [defendant]'s home, and that she could offer [her] a
healthier environment in Florida.
However, I have a significant concern for [the
child's] credibility as it pertains to the information she
reported to me about her father. She demonized him
repeatedly and made him seem like he is "all bad" and
a villain in this situation. While there appears to be a
relational issue between [the child] and [defendant] that
needs to be addressed, I do believe she has decided to
behave in ways designed to facilitate her ability to
relocate with her mother to Florida. In fact, I believe
that [she] has acted in ways to become aversive to her
father so that he gives her permission to leave for
Florida. . . .
However, I also cannot ignore that [the child],
who is a twelve-year-old girl, wishes to reside with her
mother as she navigates through what is traditionally a
difficult and turbulent time (e.g., pre-teen and teenage
years). She feels that her mother would offer more
support than her father through this time, and this
appeared credible. As such, the question of [the child's]
best interests does not appear able to be boiled down to
a simple "relocate or do not relocate" decision and the
custodial factors (to be discussed below) are equivalent
A-5348-18T1
4
between the parents. This opinion is based on my
expertise in clinical and forensic psychology, my
review of N.J.S.A. 9:2-4(c), and all data from the
observation process.
Both parties and defendant's expert testified at the plenary hearing. Based
on the testimony, the trial judge issued a March 20, 2019 order which in
pertinent part stated:
1. The parties shall return on June 7, 2019 at 3:30 pm.
[The child] shall attend with the parties.
2. [The child] shall bring to court attendance sheets and
grades from [her] [e]lementary [s]chool that show her
consistent attendance at school and an improvement in
her grades showing As and Bs.
3. [The child] shall continue to attend therapy.
4. The parties shall attend a three-way meeting with
[defendant's expert] before June 7, 2019 to discuss
parenting time between the parties and [the child].
In April 2019, the parties attended another mediation without success. In
June 2019, defendant's expert issued a supplemental report in which he noted
the parties' daughter improved some of her grades and attendance, but "much
more work needs to be done." He elaborated that
[g]iven the uncertainty about the schooling plan for [the
daughter] in Florida and the fact that she does not
appear to be fully stabilized (e.g., passing all her
classes, earning . . . grades of at least As and Bs as per
the [c]ourt's March 20, 2019 [c]ourt order), I cannot, at
A-5348-18T1
5
this time, support any change in the status quo
regarding [the child's] living arrangements. . . .
The judge also conducted a lengthy interview with the parties' daughter in
June. The child explained in detail why she wanted to live with plaintiff. She
described residing with defendant as a source of "constant tension" and
"constant[] fighting." She asserted defendant called her names, publicly
commented about her weight and had shoved her, twisted her arm, and pulled
her hair. She blamed defendant for her poor grades because she claimed his
conduct "depressed [her] where [she] couldn't . . . get out of bed" and required
her to see two therapists. She explained moving to Florida would enable her to
"start new and fresh at a new school . . . because [she] could make new friends
[and because her] best friend [was] in Florida." Additionally, she stated having
more space away from defendant "would make the relationship a lot better and
a lot easier."
In June 2019, the judge made the following preliminary findings:
[The child] wants to go . . . she's talking about things
like, my dad insults me . . . and I get you fight. You
don't talk for a couple of days. . . . It was all very human
and . . . understandable. . . .
But she's . . . at an age and she wants to be with
her mother . . . and her sister. She wants to be in the
house of girls, not a house of guys. I'm concerned that
she feels very isolated, not through any fault of
A-5348-18T1
6
[defendant] . . . [b]ut I'm very concerned that she will
fracture if we don't give her this opportunity.
....
She was very open to the idea that if she went
down to Florida for school . . . that she would . . . want
to spend all the other time—and she was very astute in
a lot of things she said. Like she said . . . [she felt] like
if [defendant] and [she] had time apart that [their] time
together would be better.
....
[She] said my mother doesn't insult me, my father does.
I said, give me an example. Well we walked into a
restaurant and he commented on my weight to the
waitress and I was mortified. And I said, well, did you
tell your dad. And she said yeah I told him and he kind
of laughed it off and said oh I was just kidding or
something. It was a nothing incident but to a little girl,
a [twelve] year old girl, who is maybe concerned about
that . . . it becomes amplified. . . .
And what I'm gleaning from all that is this need
for more mommy time because she's feeling she needs
the comfort of her mother. She did say my mother
never insults me, I feel very safe with my mother. She
doesn't feel unsafe with [defendant]. She meant safe in
the I'm not worried I'm going to feel bad emotionally
because he said something. . . .
She said very clearly, my mother gets mad at me,
my mother yells at me. And my mother disciplines me.
And . . . both parents have to do that. . . .
A-5348-18T1
7
So my inclination . . . is that she should go because I'm
concerned that she will be isolated, feeling isolated and
I think she needs mommy time.
. . . I do find that there is plenty of opportunity for her
to be in New Jersey, as well. And that the issue should
be about how to maximize that time as best as possible.
So that she spends summers here and she spends her
breaks. And she comes up any time . . . . But we have
lots of Monday holidays and those kinds of things. And
she could miss a day of school. And especially if you're
home schooling her she can have four[-]day weekends
once a month at her father's house.
The judge entered the June 21, 2019 order, granting the removal effective
August 1, 2019. The order stated plaintiff would have residential custody of the
parties' daughter for the school year, defendant would have parenting time from
June to August each summer and both winter and spring breaks, and plaintiff
would be responsible for the child's transportation costs to and from New Jersey.
On July 9, 2019, the judge set forth her final findings. The judge found
defendant's expert credible but stated "I'm disagreeing with his
recommendation. . . . I do not believe this [c]ourt is tethered to his opinion. . . .
[A]s thoughtful and thorough as I find him to be . . . I would point out that he
also did give . . . somewhat differing opinions at different stages of the
proceeding." The judge found both parties credible and "[plaintiff]'s belief that
there were certain breakdowns between [defendant] and [the parties' daughter],
A-5348-18T1
8
and [defendant] having a different opinion of that, that he did not believe that
there was any kind of negative interaction or breakdown in his relationship with
[the child]" was "certainly persuasive." The judge stated she found
[the child] very credible. But I certainly recognize that
she's a young lady. I found her mature for her age. . . .
. . . [She] certainly had a definite opinion about what
she wanted. . . . She wants to go to Florida.
She did give specific reasons for that, such as she
doesn't feel close to her father. She feels that she is
much closer . . . to her mother. She needs her mother
now. Her half[-]sister, her mother's daughter from a
prior relationship, is going to be there. She wants to be
with that daughter—with that sister as well. And she
feels that . . . she experiences a sense of abandonment
when she is at her father's with her brother, that it's all
boys and she's a girl, and they can't quite understand
that. And she is going through a pubescent time in her
life. [T]he [c]ourt recognizes that, I don't know that she
said that specifically. But she did talk about this time
in her life, how she feels she needs her mother.
And she does, she feels she needs women around
her, girls around her. And she does not feel a sense of
that at her father's. I will say that that was a very
powerful point that she made pretty clearly throughout.
The judge analyzed the N.J.S.A. 9:2-4(c) factors and explained in detail
where she disagreed with defendant's expert and whether a given factor favored
removal. The judge noted the parties' ability to agree and cooperate—was "a
problem area" because "both parents accuse the other of being
A-5348-18T1
9
uncommunicative," but agreed with defendant's expert there was "no evidence
that the parents have had significant problems co-parenting." The judge found
both parties were willing to accept custody and noted both "parents have been
very forthcoming in the fact that they don't prevent the other parent from their
parenting time." Addressing the child's interaction with the parties, the judge
concluded she "gets along with both of her parents" and agreed with defendant's
expert that her relationship with defendant would be furthered by "frequent
visits to New Jersey, Skype, Facetime and social media applications would be
ways of maintaining the sibling relationship." However, the judge stated:
[T]his becomes a more important section that the
[c]ourt thought a lot about. . . . [The parties' daughter]
has now got herself so emotionally invested, and . . .
intellectually invested in going to Florida with her
mother, primarily, that it appears to be having a
deteriorating effect on her relationship with her father.
So much so that from the time this matter began last
year . . . until I spoke with her and then even the results
of her grades and things that were placed on the record
in court, it appears that she is so invested in relocating
with her mother . . . that she is building more negative
feelings towards her father. . . .
But it is an incredibly compelling concern . . . and
one of the main reasons why the [c]ourt ruled that she
would be allowed to relocate to Florida, because I'm
also very concerned it would only get worse.
We know that over the course of the last year
there was evidence presented about texting . . . where
A-5348-18T1
10
[the child] spoke about and raised the concern about
self[-]harm and suicide. And there was some texts that
were presented to the [c]ourt of conversations with [the
child] and [plaintiff], where she was raising these kinds
of issues. And there certainly discussions between [the
parties] regarding concerns about that.
. . . I was shocked that [plaintiff] would not come back
when her daughter was in crisis. . . .
. . . I believed I was attempting at great length to compel
[plaintiff] to come back, particularly in light of the very
bad effects it was having on [the child]. Her school
grades were plummeting, she was talking about
possible self[-]harm. There was great concern. But
[plaintiff] wants to fix that by bringing [the child] down
to her, not by her coming back here. So that's her
position. . . .
So I just wanted to be clear throughout this that
that is a very significant point. I'm not only concerned
with [the child] failing out individually, but also in her
relationship with her father. That if she is forced by
court order, to remain in New Jersey, as the primary
residence, that it would create a deeper, . . . let's say
even just start a distrust or a dislike for her own father.
And I do have a concern about a short benefit and
a long term loss, you know winning the battle and
losing the war as it were. [Defendant], if his daughter
. . . was kept here, he may win this case, but lose his
child, and certainly their relationship. And I'm
concerned about her harming herself.
Whereas in the alternative, is if she goes to
Florida, I believe that it would enhance her relationship
with her father, because yes, we know that the child
would then get "what she wants", but she does want it.
A-5348-18T1
11
And not that every child should get everything they
want. But we also don't have to deny them everything
they want. She's very set on this resolution. And if it's
not granted, I do believe there would be a very negative
effect to her relationship with her father. She'll blame
. . . her father because she knows he opposes it. And
even when I spoke with her, as I do in all these kinds of
cases, I indicated to her that this is just because her
father loves her and wants to be with her.
The judge found neither domestic violence nor the safety of the child and
either party were an issue. She agreed with defendant's expert the parties'
daughter was "of sufficient age and capacity to reason so as to form an intelligent
decision." The judge explained she disagreed with defendant's expert that
allowing a relocation would send the child the wrong message by reinforcing
her negative behavior. She noted although defendant's expert did "not believe
it best to positively reinforce [the child's] behaviors by allowing the relocation[]
[d]oesn't mean that it's not okay, it's just not best. And also he says at least at
this time." The judge concluded the child was "mature enough to make [a]
decision" and "at a sufficient age to make her opinion . . . known, and to just say
no to her because she wants it . . . is also to disrespect her wishes."
Regarding the needs of the child, the judge stated she agreed with
defendant's expert "that [the parties] have met her needs in the past" but
disagreed with the expert in that defendant "does not meet her psychological
A-5348-18T1
12
needs of being with her mother. And that's her need right now." Regarding the
stability of the home environment offered, the judge concluded "all [of the
child's] needs would be met, emotionally, and physically, and psychologically,
and so forth, by both parents with her living at the mother's primarily." The
judge concluded both parents were fit. She found the distance between New
Jersey and Florida did not prevent the removal. The judge noted Florida is easily
accessible from six airports near defendant's residence and the frequency of
parenting time ordered would bridge the distance between the parties' homes.
The judge also addressed the child's education, which was discussed in
the supplemental expert report and raised by defendant on this appeal, namely,
the order requiring the parties' daughter improve her grades and stabilize in New
Jersey. Explaining her intent the judge stated:
[W]hen I issued the order in March 2019, and I
indicated that I wanted her to come showing consistent
attendance at school and an improvement in her grades,
she did both of those things. And then I said showing
As and Bs, even when I wrote it, I said, . . . should I do
that. But I was trying to impress upon her the
seriousness that I . . . didn't want her to go[] for Cs and
Ds[] [a]nd just pass. . . . But in reality I don't believe I
thought that in that short time that she'd be able to get
up to As and Bs in everything. But there was
improvement.
Defendant raises the following points on this appeal:
A-5348-18T1
13
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FAILING TO
ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE "BEST
INTERESTS" STANDARD FOR RELOCATION SET
FORTH IN BISBING,[3] AND THE COURT ORDER
ENTERED . . . ON JUNE 21, 2019 SHOULD BE
VACATED, AND THE MATTER REMANDED FOR
TRIAL BELOW.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY SETTTNG
PRECEDENT WHEREBY THE PARTY SEEKING
RELOCATION FACES NO REPERCUSSIONS FOR
PURCHASHING A NEW RESIDENCE IN
ANOTHER STATE PRIOR TO TRIAL,
UNILATERALLY LEAVING NEW JERSEY PRIOR
TO TRIAL, AND FAILING TO RETURN TO NEW
JERSEY WITH THE MINOR CHILD IN CRISIS
BOTH EMOTIONALLY AND ACADEMICALLY.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT
ENFORCING PLAINTIFF'S BURDEN OF
ESTABLISHING A PRIMA FACIE SHOWING THAT
RELOCATION TO FLORIDA WAS IN [THE
CHILD'S] BEST INTERESTS.
IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND MISAPPLIED
ITS DISCRETION BY INTERVIEWING [THE
CHILD] IN CHAMBERS IN VIOLATION OF R[ULE]
5:8-6.
V. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND MISAPPLIED
ITS DISCRETION BY NOT PROPERLY TAKING
INTO ACCOUNT SUPPLEMENTAL
RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY
DEFENDANT'S CUSTODY EXPERT AND
SUBSTITUTING ITS OWN SUBJECTIVE VIEWS
3
Bisbing v. Bisbing, 23 N.J. 309 (2017).
A-5348-18T1
14
WITHOUT CREDIBLE EVIDENCE IN THE
RECORD.
VI. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND MISAPPLIED
ITS DISCRETION BY IGNORING AND
CONTRADICTING THE CLEAR TERMS OF ITS
OWN MARCH 20, 2019 ORDER REGARDING [THE
CHILD'S] GRADES.
VII. STANDARD OF REVIEW.
"Appellate courts accord particular deference to the Family Part because
of its 'special jurisdiction and expertise' in family matters." Harte v. Hand, 433 N.J. Super. 457, 461 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394,
412 (1998)). "Because a trial court 'hears the case, sees and observes the
witnesses, [and] hears them testify,' it has a better perspective than a reviewing
court in evaluating the veracity of witnesses.'" Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412 (quoting
Pascale v. Pascale, 113 N.J. 20, 33 (1988)). "We do 'not disturb the "factual
findings and legal conclusions of the trial judge unless . . . convinced that they
are so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant
and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice."'" Gnall
v. Gnall, 222 N.J. 414, 428 (2015) (alterations in original) (quoting Rova Farms
Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). "[W]e owe no
deference to the judge's decision on an issue of law or the legal consequences
A-5348-18T1
15
that flow from established facts." Dever v. Howell, 456 N.J. Super. 300, 309
(App. Div. 2018).
In Bisbing, the Supreme Court overruled the two-part removal test in
Baures and replaced it with the best-interest standard embodied in N.J.S.A. 9:2-
4. 230 N.J. at 312-13. Under N.J.S.A. 9:2-2, a parent who seeks to remove a
child from New Jersey without the other parent's consent must demonstrate
"cause" for the removal, which is "determined by a best interests analysis in
which the court will consider all relevant factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 9:2-4(c),
supplemented by other facts as appropriate." Bisbing, 230 N.J. at 338. Contrary
to defendant's argument, the record readily demonstrates the trial judge followed
Bisbing, thoroughly addressed the statutory factors, and applied the evidence to
them.
The record clearly belies defendant's argument the trial judge failed to
consider the expert's supplemental report. The trial judge addressed each of the
expert's reports, discussed the expert's findings, and where she agreed and
differed with them. As the judge noted, she was not required to accept the
expert's reasoning because her factfinding function is independent of the expert's
analysis. Indeed, "[a] trial court is free to accept or reject the testimony of [an]
expert, and need not adopt the opinion of [an] expert in its entirety." Brown v.
A-5348-18T1
16
Brown, 348 N.J. Super. 466, 478 (App. Div. 2002) (citing Carey v. Lovett, 132 N.J. 44, 64 (1993)).
We also reject defendant's assertion the trial judge erred by not compelling
a parent who moved out of state alone to return because their child remained in
New Jersey in crisis. A plain reading of N.J.S.A. 9:2-2 does not dictate where
a parent must reside and pertains only to minor children. Plaintiff did not
abandon the parties' daughter, but instead petitioned the court for removal, left
the state because she could no longer afford to reside here, and ceded custody to
defendant, a joint legal custodian who historically enjoyed near-equal parenting
time and presumably could address the child's needs just as well. Moreover, we
discern no evidence in the record plaintiff's departure for Florida was somehow
a ploy to put the parties' daughter into crisis and created the conditions for her
removal. Indeed, the judge specifically addressed this assertion and concluded
the reasons for plaintiff's departure were economic and the reasons for the
daughter's crisis were more than her mother's absence.
For these reasons, we also reject defendant's argument, the judge
improperly shifted the burden to him to set forth a prima facie case because
plaintiff did not articulate a credible reason for the relocation. Defendant
misreads the Bisbing standard. Under N.J.S.A. 9:2-2, a parent who seeks to
A-5348-18T1
17
remove a child from New Jersey without the other parent's consent must
demonstrate "cause" for the removal, which cause is analyzed through the
factors of N.J.S.A. 9:2-4(c). The judge did not shift the burden of proof to
defendant. The record demonstrates plaintiff established cause because the
judge concluded she proved the preponderance of the statutory factors supported
a removal.
Defendant claims the trial judge's interview of the parties' daughter was
an abuse of discretion. He argues plaintiff "never formally requested that the
trial court interview [the parties' daughter] at any point before or during trial."
Both assertions are meritless. Plaintiff requested the court hear from the child
as early as August 2018. Plaintiff also wrote to the judge on March 19, 2019,
requesting the interview, and during testimony by defendant's expert the
following day, the judge asked the expert his thoughts on the interview and the
expert agreed "interviewing [the child] could help the [c]ourt arrive at the
decision in this matter."
Rule 5:8-6 states: "As part of the custody hearing, the court may on its
own motion or at the request of a litigant conduct an in camera interview with
the child(ren)." (emphasis added). Additionally, in evaluating the statutory best
interests factors, the judge may consider "other evidence, including . . .
A-5348-18T1
18
interviews with the children at the court's discretion . . . ." Bisbing, 230 N.J. at
335.
The judge could interview the child without either party requesting it. The
prospect of an interview was not a surprise to defendant. He did not object to
the interview and did not offer any questions for the judge to ask the child when
the judge invited the parties to submit them. Considering the interview yielded
valuable information related to the judge's decision, including an assessment of
the child's needs and sincerity, we fail to see how the decision to interview her
was an error.
Finally, we reject defendant's argument the trial judge erred by ignoring
and contradicting the terms of the March 2019 order regarding the child's gr ades.
The record readily demonstrates the judge explained the order was aspirational.
The judge was not beholden to the order, especially considering the subject of
the order was a minor child in crisis. "'[T]he court is never irrevocably bound
by its prior interlocutory ruling[.]'" Jacoby v. Jacoby, 427 N.J. Super. 109, 117
(App. Div. 2012).
When the parties reconvened in July 2019, the judge noted the goals of
the March 2019 order were substantially met without the child achieving As and
Bs, which the judge acknowledged was a difficult task considering the majority
A-5348-18T1
19
of the school year had elapsed when the March order was entered. The
substantial, credible evidence in the record favored removal and the decision to
not literally construe the March order does not persuade us otherwise.
Affirmed.
A-5348-18T1
20
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