STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. P.P.D
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4080-17T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
P.P.D.,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
Submitted January 27, 2020 – Decided April 28, 2020
Before Judges Rothstadt, Moynihan and Mitterhoff.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Warren County, Docket No. 08-05-0215.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Seon Jeong Lee, Designated Counsel, on the
briefs).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
respondent (Regina M. Oberholzer, Deputy Attorney
General, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant P.P.D. was charged in a four-count indictment with crimes
related to multiple sexual assaults of his niece-by-marriage, A.T., during
sleepovers at his house with her cousins, defendant's children, one of whom,
J.D., was A.T.'s age. The assaults commenced in October 1997 and ended in
February 2002; A.T. was between the ages of six and ten years-old.1 Defendant
was convicted by jury of two counts of first-degree aggravated sexual assault,
N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(a) (counts one and two), second-degree sexual assault,
N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b) (count three), and third-degree endangering the welfare of
a child related to the sexual assaults, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a) (count four). We
affirmed his conviction in April 2016, remanding only for reconsideration of the
Sex Crime Victim Treatment Penalty imposed. State v. P.P.D., A-4941-12
(App. Div. Apr. 1, 2016). The Supreme Court denied defendant's petition for
certification. State v. P.P.D., 227 N.J. 251 (2016).
Defendant appeals2 from the January 9, 2018 order denying his petition
for post-conviction relief (PCR). His sole point on appeal is:
1
We use initials to protect the privacy of A.T. See N.J.S.A. 2A:82-46; R. 1:38-
3(c)(9), (12).
2
We granted defendant's motion to file his notice of appeal as within time on
May 29, 2018. Both that motion and defendant's notice of appeal were filed on
May 15, 2018.
A-4080-17T2
2
THIS COURT SHOULD GRANT DEFENDANT'S
PETITION FOR [PCR] BECAUSE THE STATE'S
[CHILD SEXUAL ASSAULT ACCOMMODATION
SYNDROME (CSAAS)] EVIDENCE ADMITTED AT
DEFENDANT'S TRIAL WAS UNRELIABLE
EXPERT TESTIMONY, AS HELD RECENTLY IN
STATE V. J.L.G., 234 N.J. 265 (2018)[,] REVERSING
STATE V. J.Q., 130 N.J. 554 (1993), THAT
FUNCTIONED TO BOLSTER A.T.'S TESTIMONY
UPON WHICH DEFENDANT'S CONVICTION WAS
SOLELY BASED, DEPRIVING DEFENDANT OF
HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO
FUNDAMENTAL DUE PROCESS.
We determine the new rule of law announced by our Supreme Court should not
be applied with full retroactive effect and affirm.
During the pendency of this appeal, our Supreme Court decided State v.
J.L.G., 234 N.J. 265 (2018), holding:
Based on what is known today, it is no longer possible
to conclude that CSAAS has a sufficiently reliable basis
in science to be the subject of expert testimony. We
find continued scientific support for only one aspect of
the theory — delayed disclosure — because scientists
generally accept that a significant percentage of
children delay reporting sexual abuse.
We therefore hold that expert testimony about
CSAAS in general, and its component behaviors other
than delayed disclosure, may no longer be admitted at
criminal trials. Evidence about delayed disclosure can
be presented if it satisfies all parts of the applicable
evidence rule. See N.J.R.E. 702. In particular, the
State must show that the evidence is beyond the
understanding of the average juror.
A-4080-17T2
3
[Id. at 272 (emphasis added).]
Our decision on direct appeal fully delineated the facts of this case and we
will not repeat them here except as germane to this case. Defendant did not
cease assaulting A.T. in 2002 because A.T. disclosed the attacks to anyone.
They stopped when defendant's wife advised A.T.'s parents that defendant was
arrested for sexually abusing three of J.D.'s friends during sleepovers at his
house. Although, after that arrest, A.T.'s parents asked her if anything
inappropriate occurred at defendant's house and they sent her to therapy, A.T.
did not disclose the abuse to her father until 2004. A.T.'s parents engaged her
in further counseling after her unspecific disclosure to her father. A.T. and her
family, sometimes aided by the therapist, periodically discussed pressing
charges against defendant but did not do so until 2008.
At defendant's trial, the State called Dr. Anthony D'Urso who testified as
an expert in CSAAS. After explaining that the theory behind CSAAS was to
"help people understand [how] the dynamics of child sexual assault . . . might
differ from adult sexual assault," he testified at length regarding all five
component behaviors of CSAAS: secrecy, helplessness, accommodation,
delayed disclosure and recantation, including explanations about coercion,
A-4080-17T2
4
entrapment, and psychological accommodation, as well as accidental and
purposeful disclosures.
We recognize the CSAAS evidence ran afoul of the Court's holding in
J.L.G. because it encompassed four of the prongs now precluded from
admission, and also contravened the Court's admonition:
Trial judges must exercise care to limit the testimony
and bar any reference to "CSAAS," an abuse
"syndrome," other CSAAS "behaviors" aside from
delayed disclosure, or causes for delayed disclosure.
The testimony should not stray from explaining that
delayed disclosure commonly occurs among victims of
child sexual abuse, and offering a basis for that
conclusion.
[ 234 N.J. at 303.]
Further, the then twenty-year-old A.T. was clearly able to articulate at
trial her uncomplicated reasons for delayed disclosure. She explained that
although she disclosed the abuse to her mother, father, and therapist in 2004,
she did not go to the police because
I wasn't ready to. That was the first time my parents
found out. That was the first time any of my loved ones
knew. So I wasn't ready to, first of all, lose [J.D.] as a
friend. I was scared to see their reactions. Scared of
what [defendant] was going to do. I didn't want
anything to change.
A-4080-17T2
5
She testified that she decided to disclose the abuse in 2008 after having multiple
discussions with her boyfriend, and after her mother asked if she was ready to
press charges.
A.T.’s therapist testified: A.T. and she discussed going to the police for
"[a]n enormous amount of time"; A.T. told her that she did not disclose the abuse
earlier because she was concerned "[w]hat the process would be . . . and how
difficult that would be"; and that A.T's reservations about pressing charges were:
What would happen, that there would be little or no jail
time, that she would go through this horrific process of
having to talk about the abuse in an open [c]ourt, how
many people she would have to tell, versus what would,
you know, what would be the outcome, would he be
punished. She would never see the cousins.
Those reasons were not "beyond the ken of the average juror," J.L.G., 234 N.J. at 304 (quoting State v. Kelly, 97 N.J 178, 208 (1984)). The J.L.G. Court
held it is the State's burden to make that showing before delayed-disclosure
expert testimony is admitted. Id. at 272. Under N.J.R.E. 702, "expert testimony
is not appropriate to explain what a jury can understand by itself." J.L.G., 234 N.J. at 305. As the Court explained:
If a child witness cannot offer a rational explanation for
the delay in disclosing abuse -- which may happen
during the pretrial investigative phase or on the witness
stand -- expert evidence may be admitted to help the
jury understand the child's behavior. In this context, we
A-4080-17T2
6
do not accept that jurors can interpret and understand
an explanation that is not offered.
On the other hand, a young teenager's
explanation from the witness stand may fall within the
ken of the average juror and might be assessed without
expert testimony.
[Ibid.]
Thus, if defendant's trial took place today, the expert delayed-disclosure
testimony would not have been admitted at trial. See ibid. (noting that the
victim’s reasons for her delayed disclosure fell within the ken of the average
juror where the victim testified she waited to disclose the abuse because "(a)
defendant threatened her with a gun, (b) she was embarrassed by the degrading
experiences, and (c) she feared that her mother would kill defendant . . .").
A.T.'s reasons for non-disclosure were clear and uncomplicated. The jury did
not need expert testimony to understand them.
The admission of the CSAAS testimony was not harmless error in light of
the limited physical evidence of the charged crimes. The linchpin of this case
was A.T.'s credibility. "An error is harmless unless, in light of the record as a
whole, there is a 'possibility that it led to an unjust verdict' -- that is, a possibility
'sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt' that 'the error led the jury to a result it
A-4080-17T2
7
otherwise might not have reached.'" Id. at 306 (quoting State v. Macon, 57 N.J.
325, 335-36 (1971)).
In J.L.G., the Court determined the admission of the expert CSAAS
testimony constituted "harmless error," incapable of affecting the outcome of
the case, because the State presented an overwhelming amount of evidence at
trial corroborating the defendant's guilt which was not dependent on the jury's
assessment of the victim's credibility, including an audio recording of the
defendant's assault, an eyewitness account of the defendant sexually aroused
while lying on top of the victim, and police-recorded telephone conversations in
which the defendant offered the victim bribes to refrain from testifying. Ibid.
In contrast, we recently determined that the admission of CSAAS expert
testimony in four different cases, consolidated on appeal, constituted harmful
error. See State v. G.E.P., 458 N.J. Super. 436, 449 (App. Div.), certif. granted,
239 N.J. 598 (2019). In each of those four cases we determined the admission
of expert CSAAS evidence at trial unduly bolstered the victim's credibility and
could not be considered "harmless error," observing there was little or no
corroborating physical evidence introduced at each trial, and the credibility of
each victim’s testimony was the linchpin of the State’s case. Ibid.
A-4080-17T2
8
Here, the State's case predominantly relied on A.T.’s detailed testimony,
including the time and place of each assault occurred, how defendant positioned
her during the assaults, her reasons for both her delayed disclosure of the abuse,
and for going to the police. All the other State's witnesses testifying at trial
learned about the abuse from A.T. Although on one occasion, A.T.'s underwear
was found on the floor on the morning after an assault, no one observed any
assault. The admission of the CSAAS testimony, therefore, raised "a possibility
'sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt' that 'the error led the jury to a result it
otherwise might not have reached.'" J.L.G., 234 N.J. at 306 (quoting Macon, 57 N.J. at 335-36)
Although defendant's counsel presciently argued during the new-trial
motion that "the Supreme Court has to revisit the issue because CSAAS goes
back to the [19]80's and really has been undercut in terms of the science and the
author's own discounting and disapproval of the way that it's used forensically,"
defendant did not raise a CSAAS issue on direct appeal. Of course, J.L.G. was
not filed until July 31, 2018, well after the resolution of defendant's direct appeal
and PCR petition before the trial court, and after we granted permission for this
late-filed appeal.
A-4080-17T2
9
The issue becomes, therefore, the extent of retroactivity applied to J.L.G.3
"[R]etroactivity can arise only where there has been a departure from existing
law." State v. Burstein, 85 N.J. 394, 403 (1981). In determining whether a case
raises a new rule of law, there must be a "sudden and generally unanticipated
repudiation of a long-standing practice." State v. Afanador, 151 N.J. 41, 58
(quoting State v. Cupe, 289 N.J. Super. 1, 12 (App. Div. 1996)). That is, it must
"break[] new ground or impose[] a new obligation on the . . . government"; "if
the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant's
conviction became final," it will be considered a new rule. State v. Lark, 117 N.J. 331, 339 (1989) (quoting Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301 (1989)).
The J.L.G. Court reviewed de novo whether the reliability of CSAAS
testimony was established under the Frye test.4 234 N.J. at 301. Such testimony
had been widely utilized by prosecutors who relied on the cases endorsing its
use, G.E.P., 458 N.J. Super. at 447, beginning with State v. J.Q., 130 N.J. 554,
3
Defendant did not argue for full retroactivity of J.L.G. until he filed his reply
brief. Although "a new issue cannot be raised in a reply brief" on appeal, Alpert,
Goldberg, Butler, Norton & Weiss, P.C. v. Quinn, 410 N.J. Super. 510, 527 n.5
(App. Div. 2009), we will address the issue.
4
Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013, 1014 (D.C. Cir. 1923) (holding
admissibility of proposed expert testimony is conditioned on whether the
scientific basis for the opinion has "gained general acceptance in the particular
field in which it belongs").
A-4080-17T2
10
556 (1993) (finding CSAAS had a "sufficiently reliable scientific basis" to
justify presentation to a jury). The Court's prohibition of the introduction of
CSAAS-related expert testimony on any of the five syndrome factors except
delayed disclosure, J.L.G., 234 N.J. at 303, cannot be viewed as anything but a
new rule of law.
That having been determined, we can
(1) make the new rule of law purely prospective,
applying it only to cases whose operative facts arise
after the new rule is announced; (2) apply the new rule
to future cases and to the parties in the case announcing
the new rule, while applying the old rule to all other
pending and past litigation; (3) grant the new rule
[pipeline] retroactivity, applying it to cases in (1) and
(2) as well as to pending cases where the parties have
not yet exhausted all avenues of direct review; and,
finally, (4) give the new rule complete retroactive
effect[.]
[Burstein, 85 N.J. at 402-03.]
In G.E.P, we concluded J.L.G.'s holding "should be given at least pipeline
retroactivity," G.E.P, 458 N.J. Super. at 448, rendering it applicable to all
prospective cases arising after the announcement of the new rule of law, parties
in the case considered, and pending cases in which "the parties have not yet
exhausted all avenues of direct review," Burstein, 85 N.J. at 403, when the Court
issued its opinion in J.L.G. Judge Koblitz cogently analyzed the three factors
A-4080-17T2
11
considered in determining whether a new rule of law should be made purely
prospective, prospective but applicable to the case announcing the new rule,
retroactive to cases in the pipeline or completely retroactive:
"(1) the purpose of the rule and whether it would be
furthered by a retroactive application, (2) the degree of
reliance placed on the old rule by those who
administered it, and (3) the effect a retroactive
application would have on the administration of
justice."
[G.E.P., 458 N.J. Super at 445 (quoting Feal, 194 N.J.
at 308).]
The first factor is the "most pivotal" and requires the court to consider
whether "the purpose of the new rule 'is to overcome an aspect of the criminal
trial that substantially impairs its truth-finding function' and raises 'serious
question[s] about the accuracy of guilty verdicts in past trials [.]'" Ibid. (first
alteration in original) (quoting Feal, 194 N.J. at 308-09). If the purpose of the
new rule was to remedy an aspect of a criminal trial which substantially impaired
the "truth-seeking function" of the trial, retroactive effect generally should be
given; however, if the "new rule is designed to enhance the reliability of the
fact-finding process, but the old rule did not 'substantially impair' the accuracy
of that process, a court will balance the first [factor] against the second and third
[factors]." Id. at 446 (alterations in original) (quoting Feal, 194 N.J. at 309).
A-4080-17T2
12
J.L.G. does not fall into that class of cases where "fundamental
constitutional implications" mandate full retroactivity, State v. Purnell, 161 N.J.
44, 54 (1999), such as those recognized by our colleagues in G.E.P., as striking
"at the heart of the truth-seeking function," 458 N.J. Super. at 445-46. Unlike
those cases where full retroactivity has been accorded, the severe curtailment of
CSAAS evidence imposed by the J.L.G. Court does not involve altering the
burdens of proof, Hankerson v. North Carolina, 432 U.S. 233 (1977); Ivan V. v.
City of New York, 407 U.S. 203 (1972) or the right to counsel at critical stages,
Arsenault v. Massachusetts, 393 U.S. 5 (1968); Pickelsimer v. Wainwright, 375 U.S. 2 (1963); see also Feal, 194 N.J. at 309.
In contrast to those cases, full retroactivity has not been afforded to new
rules of law that simply "affect[] the jury's assessment of the victim's
credibility." State v. J.A., 398 N.J. Super. 511, 524 (App. Div. 2008) (refusing
to grant complete retroactive effect to a new rule because the old rule simply
"affected the jury's assessment of the victim's credibility, [and] was [not] a
'substantial' impairment of the truth-finding process" (citing State v. R.E.B., 385 N.J. Super. 72, 84-86 (App. Div. 2006))); see also Feal, 194 N.J. at 310 (refusing
to apply a new rule of law which recategorized "comments on a defendant's
presence at trial as interdicted under all circumstances," in part, because the "old
A-4080-17T2
13
rule was a well-settled and legitimate means of fairly attacking a
defendant's credibility").
CSAAS testimony was previously admitted to explain a child victim's
reaction to sexual assault. Prior to J.L.G., the jury was instructed they can
consider CSAAS testimony to help "explain[] certain behavior[s] of the alleged
victim of child sexual abuse" and "help explain why a sexually abused child may
. . . delay reporting[,] . . . recant allegations of abuse . . . [or] deny that any
sexual abuse occurred[.]" Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Child Sexual Abuse
Accommodation Syndrome" (rev. May 16, 2011); see also G.E.P., 458 N.J.
Super. at 462 n.5.
Defendant argues that the admission of CSAAS testimony bolstered A.T.'s
testimony. In G.E.P., we discerned the purpose of J.L.G.'s holding was "to avoid
unjust convictions in which the State's proofs are unfairly bolstered by expert
opinion that lacks a reliable basis." 458 N.J. Super. at 447. Inasmuch as the
CSAAS-expert testimony cannot be used to establish a defendant's guilt, it is
our judgment that the J.L.G. Court's ruling was "designed to enhance the
reliability of the fact-finding process[,] but the old rule did not 'substantially
impair' the accuracy of that process." See Burstein, 85 N.J. at 408.
A-4080-17T2
14
In balancing the two remaining factors—"the degree of reliance placed on
the old rule by those who administered it, and . . . the effect a retroactive
application would have on the administration of justice," Feal, 194 N.J. at 308
(quoting State v. Knight, 145 N.J. 233, 251 (1996))—we need not ford waters
already bridged by our holding in G.E.P., where we recognized the wide
utilization of CSAAS testimony by prosecutors who relied on the cases
sanctioning its use beginning in 1993, 458 N.J. Super. at 447; see also J.Q., 130 N.J. at 556 (finding CSAAS had a "sufficiently reliable scientific basis" to
justify presentation to a jury). Indeed, the J.L.G. Court indicated that the
introduction of CSAAS testimony at trial was widespread throughout the State
and country. 234 N.J. at 272 ("Courts across the nation embraced [CSAAS as
reliable] . . . pav[ing] the way for experts to testify about the syndrome in
criminal sex abuse trials").5
While we cannot definitively analyze the impact retroactive application
would have on the justice system, not knowing the number of convictions in
which CSAAS evidence has played a part, we do know that experts have been
testifying in trials of defendants accused of child sexual abuse for almost three
5
We noted there were, at minimum, forty pending appeals involving the
admissibility of CSAAS evidence when we decided G.E.P. See 458 N.J. Super.
at 448.
A-4080-17T2
15
decades. While such evidence may not have been "a staple of criminal trials"
like eyewitness identification testimony, see State v. Henderson, 208 N.J. 208,
302 (2011) (determining that "reopen[ing] the vast group of [eyewitness
identification] cases decided over several decades . . . would 'wreak havoc on
the administration of justice'" (quoting State v. Dock, 205 N.J. 237, 258
(2011))), it was introduced in cases where child-victims had to testify about
assaults, the disclosure of which, for many, were then delayed. Retroactive
effect would allow defendants who were convicted after trials in which CSAAS
evidence was introduced to collaterally attack those convictions. If PCR is
granted, the State would be required to marshal evidence if still available and
witnesses whose memory would be subject to attack. See ibid. (refusing to grant
full retroactive application to a new rule of law, in part, because doing so would
require eyewitness to retake the stand at a time where their memories have "have
long since faded"). It would also require those victims to recount attacks many
of them were initially reluctant to disclose.
We see no reason to stray from our decision in G.E.P, concluding J.L.G.'s
holding should receive pipeline retroactivity, 458 N.J. Super. at 448, rendering
it applicable to all prospective cases arising after the announcement of the new
rule of law, parties in the case considered, and pending cases in which "the
A-4080-17T2
16
parties have not yet exhausted all avenues of direct review," Burstein, 85 N.J. at
403, when the Court issued its opinion in J.L.G. As such, J.L.G. should not be
accorded full retroactivity to afford defendant, who had exhausted all avenues
of direct review, relief. In such cases, courts "will not burden the criminal
justice system with the [PCR] and retrials that would result from a fully
retroactive application" of a new rule of law." Knight, 145 N.J. at 258.
We determine the balance of defendant's arguments, including that made
in his reply brief that "[i]n J.L.G., the Court announced two holdings: one novel
and the other an application of well-established law under N.J.R.E. 702," the
latter of which was not a new rule of law, to be without sufficient merit t o
warrant discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). Not only was this issue raised in a reply
brief, see Alpert, 410 N.J. Super. at 527 n.5, and was not raised to the PCR court,
see State v. Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 19-20 (2009), it also improperly parses the
Court's decision in J.L.G. Moreover, that argument attacks the admission of the
CSAAS evidence as contravening N.J.R.E. 702. As the argument was not raised
on appeal, but was evident in the record, defendant cannot raise it in this PCR
proceeding. R. 3:22-4; see also State v. McQuaid, 147 N.J. 464, 483 (1997) ("A
defendant ordinarily must pursue relief by direct appeal, . . . and may not use
A-4080-17T2
17
post-conviction relief to assert a new claim that could have been raised on direct
appeal" (citation omitted)).
Affirmed.
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