BRENDEN RUH v. JACQUELINE VAN CLEEF
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2468-18T4
BRENDEN RUH,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
JACQUELINE VAN CLEEF,
Defendant-Respondent.
______________________________
Submitted March 3, 2020 – Decided April 14, 2020
Before Judges Currier and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Somerset County,
Docket No. FM-18-0793-08.
Dwyer, Bachman, Newman & Solop, attorneys for
appellant (Elliot Steven Solop, of counsel and on the
briefs; Lauren A. Conway, on the briefs).
The DeTommaso Law Group, LLC, attorneys for
respondent (Michael J. DeTommaso, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In this post-judgment matrimonial matter, plaintiff Brenden Ruh appeals
from the following Family Part orders: (1) the October 11, 2018 order
(paragraphs four, five, and fourteen), directing him to pay to defendant
Jacqueline Van Cleef base child support of $282 per week, plus $107 to account
for a percentage of the parties' excess income, and denying his request to modify
the parenting time schedule; and (2) the January 4, 2019 order (paragraphs one,
two, and three), denying his motion for reconsideration. We affirm the order
regarding parenting time. However, we reverse the order of child support and
remand for further factual findings and an analysis of N.J.S.A. 2A:34- -23(a) and
the applicable case law.
I.
We set forth only the procedural history and facts relevant to this appeal
as derived from the motion record. The parties were divorced on September 29,
2008. They have a child born in February 2006. The final judgment of divorce
incorporated a matrimonial settlement agreement (MSA), which was amended
by a July 26, 2016 consent order. Under the consent order, plaintiff had
parenting time with the child six out of every fourteen days commencing every
Friday evening through Monday morning.
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On August 8, 2018, defendant filed a motion seeking, amongst other
relief, retroactive modification of plaintiff's child support obligation. At the
time defendant's motion was filed, plaintiff's weekly child support obligation
was $199.1 In her moving certification, defendant stated that plaintiff removed
the child from his health insurance coverage in violation of the terms of the MSA
without notifying her. Defendant certified it will cost her $212.60 per month to
enroll the child in a healthcare plan providing medical, dental, and vision
coverage. As a result, she argued plaintiff's credit for health insurance coverage
should be abrogated and child support should be recalculated.
Defendant also claimed that plaintiff's salaried income increased from
$165,000 to between $300,000 and $500,000 annually, and in addition to his
salaried employment, plaintiff owned and operated two side businesses.
According to defendant, plaintiff's income from his side businesses should be
considered in the re-calculation of child support. Defendant estimated that
plaintiff's side businesses would increase his gross annual income by $100,000
to $200,000.
1
In the MSA, plaintiff's child support obligation was set at $156 per week. Due
to Cost of Living Adjustments (COLA), the obligation was increased to $199
per week.
A-2468-18T4
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Defendant's salary also increased from $45,600 annually to $75,271 since
the divorce, in addition to trust income. Her gross annual income is now
$111,899. Since defendant was seeking above the Guidelines child support
based on these increases, she requested plaintiff provide complete information
regarding his finances.
Plaintiff filed an opposition to defendant's motion and a cross-motion. He
acknowledged removing the child from his health insurance coverage, but
claimed the child was added to his new wife's health insurance policy, which
was more cost-effective. In addition, plaintiff acknowledged that child support
should be revisited based upon changed circumstances. However, plaintiff
disputed the need for child support to be calculated above the Guidelines. He
questioned the legitimacy of out-of-pocket expenses that defendant paid for the
child and the amount of money she received from what he believed were
multiple trusts. Plaintiff also sought full financial disclosure from defendant.
By way of cross-motion, plaintiff sought to modify parenting time from
six out of every fourteen days to seven out of fourteen days so the child could
spend more time with plaintiff's family and newborn from his subsequent
marriage, which he argued established a change of circumstances. In plaintiff's
view, a shared parenting arrangement with the child would allow plaintiff to
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participate in extracurricular activities on days when he did not have overnight
parenting time. Defendant opposed plaintiff's cross-motion and argued that the
child's best interests were served under the existing parenting time arrangement.
On September 21, 2018, the court held oral argument on the motions.
Regarding the parties' incomes, the court stated:
So we get down to how much money does anybody
want to spend to be right, because that’s what you’re
going to be spending the money for, not to get a bigger
or smaller child support number, but to be right about
it.
And I think, quite frankly, in this particular case, while
yes, there might or might not be issues of trust income,
there might or might not be issues of what’s deductible
and what’s not deductible in dad’s small businesses.
Maybe we could litigate them, you know, until I retire.
But it’s probably not going to resolve in a benefit
particularly to either one of you, particularly in light of
any counsel fees that you would incur which would, I
promise you, greatly outweigh any financial benefit
there may be.
So if we can agree altogether that we can go on the
papers, we can do that.
The parties agreed, through counsel, that the issue of base child support,
and the discretionary above the Guidelines amount, would be decided on the
motion papers submitted, and oral argument, without the need for discovery or
a plenary hearing. On the record, the parties stipulated using $304,851 for
A-2468-18T4
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plaintiff and $77,932 for defendant for W-2 wages for purposes of calculating
child support.
Finding a substantial change of circumstances in the parties' income since
the divorce was entered, the court ordered a modification to the child support
amount. The court determined that the parties' combined income was $911 per
week over the Guidelines limit, and allocated 74% of that amount to plaintiff,
and 25% to defendant. The court determined that $107 per week of the excess
income, to be added to plaintiff's base obligation of $282, was an appropriate
award. The new child support obligation entered was $389 weekly, effective
August 8, 2018. The court commented that "to the extent that [d]efendant wants
to maintain [health] insurance [on behalf of the child], she certainly can," and
gave defendant a health insurance credit.
The judge denied plaintiff's cross-motion seeking shared parenting time,
reasoning there was a disparity in "quality" time the parties spent with the child.
On weekdays, the child is consumed with school and homework with defendant,
while on weekends, the child has quality time with plaintiff. The court noted
that plaintiff coaches all three of the child's sports. Although acknowledging
plaintiff established a substantial change of circumstances, the judge concluded
there was no need to modify the parenting time schedule.
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On November 6, 2018, plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration of the
child support calculation and parenting time provision in the October 11, 2018
order. He claimed the court erred by not including defendant's trust income in
the child support calculation, erred by providing defendant with a credit for
maintaining the child on her health insurance, and failed to assess the N.J.S.A.
2A:34-23(a) factors in calculating the above the Guidelines child support.
Plaintiff also asked for reconsideration of the parenting time issue.
Defendant opposed the motion for reconsideration and filed a cross-
motion, contending the parties' incomes were stipulated to, thereby constituting
a waiver of the figures analyzed by the court. In addition, defendant claimed
there was no error in the calculation by the court. In his reply, plaintiff argued
the court improvidently applied an extrapolation above the Guidelines limit, and
he sought a plenary hearing on the issues of child support and parenting time.
The court denied the motions. In a January 4, 2019 order, the court
confirmed that the statutory criteria were analyzed, including a consideration of
the parties' lifestyle, and noted that the child should enjoy the financial fortune
of the parents. As to parenting time, the court found its decision was not made
upon an incorrect basis, and it did not fail to consider the evidence presented.
A-2468-18T4
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On appeal, plaintiff argues that the court abused its discretion in failing to
reconsider paragraphs four, five, and fourteen of the October 11, 2018 order
regarding the child support calculation and parenting time.
II.
When reviewing decisions granting applications to modify child support,
we examine whether, given the facts, the trial judge abused his or her discretion.
Larbig v. Larbig, 384 N.J. Super. 17, 21 (App. Div. 2006). "The trial court has
substantial discretion in making a child support award. If consistent with the
law, such an award will not be disturbed unless it is manifestly unreasonable,
arbitrary, or clearly contrary to reason or to other evidence, or the result of whim
or caprice." Foust v. Glaser, 340 N.J. Super. 312, 315-16 (App. Div. 2001)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
We may thus reverse a trial court's decision when it "is 'made without a
rational explanation, inexplicably depart[s] from established policies, or rest[s]
on an impermissible basis.'" Flagg v. Essex Cty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571
(2002) (quoting Achacoso-Sanchez v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 779 F.2d 1260, 1265 (7th Cir. 1985)). Moreover, we are not bound by "[a] trial
court's interpretation of the law" and do not defer to legal consequences drawn
A-2468-18T4
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from established facts. Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan,
140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
By statute, parents are presumptively required to provide for the financial
support of their unemancipated children. N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(a). The State has
established presumptive Guidelines, and a corresponding worksheet, to calculate
child support. See Child Support Guidelines, Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J.
Court Rules, Appendix IX-A and IX-B to R. 5:6A, www.gannlaw.com (2020).
The Court Rules prescribe that the Guidelines "shall be applied when an
application to establish or modify child support is considered by the court ." R.
5:6A; see also Lozner v. Lozner, 388 N.J. Super. 471, 479-80 (App. Div. 2006).
"A court may deviate from the [G]uidelines only when good cause demonstrates
that [their] application . . . would be inappropriate." Id. at 480 (citing Ribner v.
Ribner, 290 N.J. Super. 66, 73 (App. Div. 1996)).
We begin our analysis by setting forth basic but relevant principles
regarding child support above the Guidelines. Where family income exceeds
the maximum amount under the Guidelines, the court has discretion to calculate
child support using the maximum support under the Guidelines and "combining
that preliminary figure with a supplemental award subject to the provisions of
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(a) . . . ." Pascale v. Pascale, 140 N.J. 583, 595 (1995).
A-2468-18T4
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N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(a) directs a court to consider the following factors in
determining child support in high income cases:
1. Needs of the child;
2. Standard of living and economic circumstances of
each parent;
3. All sources of income and assets of each parent;
4. Earning ability of each parent, including educational
background, training, employment skills, work
experience, custodial responsibility for children
including the cost of providing childcare and the length
of time and cost of each parent to obtain training or
experience for appropriate employment;
5. Need and capacity of the child for education,
including higher education;
6. Age and health of the child and each parent;
7. Income, assets and earning ability of the child;
8. Responsibility of the parents for the court-ordered
support of others;
9. Reasonable debts and liabilities of each child and
parent; and
10. Any other factors the court may deem relevant.
The trial judge "must consider" the statutory factors in determining the
supplemental award. Caplan v. Caplan, 182 N.J. 250, 271 (2005). The judge
must also provide "clearly delineated and specific findings addressing the
A-2468-18T4
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statutory factors relevant to any award or modification of child support." Loro
v. Colliano, 354 N.J. Super. 212, 220 (App. Div. 2002).
The Supreme Court has also directed that while the parties' respective
income percentages are to be considered for calculating child support under the
Guidelines, those percentages cannot be used to determine the supplemental
child support component. The Court elaborated:
[B]ecause the income and assets of each party are only
two of the many statutory factors the trial court must
consider in determining a fair and just child support
award, the allocation equation utilized under the
[G]uidelines-based award has little or no application to
the amount of additional support determined through
analyzing the N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23 factors.
[Caplan, 182 N.J. at 271.]
In Isaacson v. Isaacson, 348 N.J. Super. 560, 581 (App. Div. 2002), we
explained that a judge should not extrapolate above the threshold using the
respective incomes because the "extrapolation undermines the statistical basis
of the [G]uidelines."
Here, the judge failed to follow the strictures of Pascale and apply the
statutory factors in determining the support amount even though she claimed to.
Rather, the court seemed to simply extrapolate the discretionary amount over
the Guidelines figure according to the parties' percentages of income, a method
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specifically barred by Rule 5:6A. The record is devoid of any findings as to
what figures the judge considered for plaintiff's side businesses and defendant's
trust income.
Moreover, the court's calculation fails to account for any of the statutory
factors. Her ruling fails to "clearly delineate[] and . . . address[] the statutory
factors relevant to any award or modification of child support." Loro, 354 N.J.
Super. at 220. The child support amount did not include expenses related to the
child's extracurricular activities or other personal items.
In the context of high-income parents whose ability to pay is not an issue,
"the dominant guideline for consideration is the reasonable needs of the [child],
which must be addressed in the context of the standard of living of the parties.
The needs of the [child] must be the centerpiece of any relevant analysis."
Isaacson, 348 N.J. Super. at 581.
We are therefore constrained to reverse the order fixing child support and
remand this matter to the trial court for a calculation of plaintiff's child support
obligation using the Guidelines and statutory factors. See N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(a).
In doing so, the judge must make a determination on all of the parties' incomes.
Further, the judge must incorporate plaintiff's other child support obligation, or
explain the reasons for deviating from the Guidelines in declining to do so. We
A-2468-18T4
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defer to the trial judge to determine whether the submission of additional
financial documentation and a plenary hearing is necessary to address these or
other materially disputed issues. The trial court shall make appropriate findings
of fact and conclusions of law, as required by Rule 1:7-4.
III.
We next address the parenting time issue. In order to modify an existing
parenting time arrangement, a two-step approach is undertaken to determine
whether: (1) there is a change of circumstances warranting modification; and (2)
such an application serves the child's best interests. Chen v. Heller, 334 N.J.
Super. 361, 380 (App. Div. 2000). Child's interests are so crucial that these
courts of equity are known to relax this two-prong approach because "[t]he
primary consideration of the court in assessing whether the parent seeking
modification has met his or her burden is the best interests of the child." Ibid.
This process has been a staple of modification of an existing custody order as a
"two-step process." R.K. v. F.K., 437 N.J. Super. 58, 62 (App. Div. 2014)
(quoting Hand v. Hand, 391 N.J. Super. 102, 105 (App. Div. 2007)).
If the party makes that showing, the party is "entitled to a plenary hearing
as to disputed material facts regarding the child's best interests, and whether
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those best interests are served by modification of the existing custody order."
Ibid. (quoting Faucett v. Vasquez, 411 N.J. Super. 108, 111 (App. Div. 2009)).
Here, the judge aptly found that "not every change warrants a
modification." The judge also concluded that plaintiff is spending more quality
time with the child than defendant is.
We also note the parties agreed to modify their parenting time schedule in
2016 and incorporated their agreement into a consent order, modifying the MSA.
"New Jersey has long espoused a policy favoring the use of consensual
agreements to resolve marital controversies." J.B. v. W.B., 215 N.J. 305, 326
(2013) (quoting Konzelman v. Konzelman, 158 N.J. 185, 193 (1999)).
"Voluntary agreements that address and reconcile conflicting interests of
divorcing parties support our 'strong public policy favoring stabil ity of
arrangements' in matrimonial matters." Konzelman, 158 N.J. at 193 (quoting
Smith v. Smith, 72 N.J. 350, 360 (1977)).
Thus, "fair and definitive arrangements arrived at by mutual consent
should not be unnecessarily or lightly disturbed." Id. at 193-94 (quoting Smith,
72 N.J. at 358). "A party seeking modification of a judgment, incorporating a
[settlement agreement] regarding custody or visitation, must meet the burden of
showing changed circumstances and that the agreement is now not in the best
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interests of a child." Bisbing v. Bisbing, 230 N.J. 309, 322 (2017) (alteration in
original) (quoting Abouzahr v. Matera-Abouzahr, 361 N.J. Super. 135, 152
(App. Div. 2003)).
The consent order changed the majority of plaintiff's overnight visitation
with the child to weekends. Plaintiff argued that the birth of his newborn, his
extracurricular involvement with the parties' child, and the child's age constitute
a change in circumstances. In addition, plaintiff asserted giving him weeknight
visitation with the child would alleviate defendant's three-hour weekly reliance
on her family members to care for the child.
The court acknowledged that plaintiff fathered a new child and "made a
requisite showing of [a] substantial change in circumstances," but no
modification was warranted. We discern no abuse of discretion by the judge.
Her findings and conclusions on the parenting time issue are supported by
adequate, substantial, credible evidence in the record.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for proceedings
consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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