DANIEL W. PAURO v. RACHEL L. PAURO
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1468-19T2
DANIEL W. PAURO,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
RACHEL L. PAURO,
Defendant-Appellant.
___________________________
Argued on September 22, 2020 – Decided October 27, 2020
, 2020
Before Judges Gilson and Moynihan.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Atlantic County,
Docket No. FM-01-0121-18.
Nicholas C. Needle argued the cause for appellant
(Conrad O'Brien PC, attorneys; Nicholas C. Needle and
Robert N. Feltoon on the brief).
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
Defendant Rachel L. Pauro appeals that portion of the trial judge's order
granting without prejudice plaintiff Daniel W. Pauro's cross-motion to restrain
Rachel1 from "taking the [parties' two minor] children to [Daniel's] adoptive
parents" and the subsequent denial of her motion for reconsideration of that
order. Although our review of Family Part decisions is narrow as those judges
are accorded "broad discretion because of their specialized knowledge and
experience in matters involving parental relationships and the best interests of
children," and we generally defer to those decisions "unless they are so wide of
the mark that our intervention is required to avert an injustice," N.J. Div. of
Youth & Fam. Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 427 (2012); see also N.J. Div. of
Child Prot. & Permanency v. A.B., 231 N.J. 354, 365 (2017), "[w]e owe no
special deference to . . . [a] judge's legal determinations," and, as here, "are
compelled to reverse when the judge does not apply the governing legal
standards," Slawinski v. Nicholas, 448 N.J. Super. 25, 32 (App. Div. 2016).
When Rachel moved to change the parenting time schedule to which the
1
We use the parties' given names to avoid confusion because they have the
same surnames. We mean no disrespect or familiarity by our practice.
A-1468-19T2
2
parties agreed the year prior in a mediated agreement, 2 Daniel sought to restrain
Rachel from bringing the children to their paternal grandparents "for any type
of parenting time." In an oral decision rendered after a non-testimonial motion
hearing, the trial judge observed that Daniel had "a problem with his adoptive
parents. For whatever reasons he ha[d] issues with them, and that is something
that obviously is very significant to him. But the children also have a
relationship with that family, those parents and the adoptive, and the extended
families at both sides."
After expressing hope that the children would enjoy relationships with
their relatives, the judge conceded she did not "know the full extent of how
involved the children are with other family, cousins[,] and aunts and uncles and
grandparents," and that it was "hard for [her] to discern based upon what[] [was
then] right in front of [her] . . . whether the children should continue a
relationship with [Daniel's] adoptive parents." The judge agreed with Rachel's
counsel's argument
that we don't know based upon what's been discussed
thus far what the problem is with the [children] seeing
2
The parenting plan agreement, incorporated in the final judgment of divorce,
set forth a proposed schedule, and the parties agreed "to maintain open
communication" in order to adjust the plan as needed. It did not provide any
limitation pertaining to the exercise of parenting time.
A-1468-19T2
3
the grandparents separate and apart from what [Daniel]
has an issue with them.
So I don't have enough information right now to say,
"Well, you know, it's against their interests or not in
their best interests to not see their grandparents,"
because I don't know what [Daniel's] issues are. He
may have a reason to believe that those, his parents may
not be in the best situation to, to respond to the children.
I don't know that. So what I would say, at least at this
instance is, if the grandparents want to have parenting
rights, grandparents' visitation then they need to file the
application. And if that is brought then, at that time, all
those issues will come out.
At this point, I'm not going to enforce that right, their
right to have visitation by having [Rachel] take the
children there.
In denying Rachel's motion for reconsideration, the trial judge: concluded
Rachel "failed to put forth sufficient grounds under Court Rule, or by case
law[,]" that warranted a change to the challenged provision; and clarified that
Rachel could "not place the children in contact with the paternal grandparents
during her parenting time, even if she accompanies the children[,]" leaving any
contact with the grandparents to a later determination of their motion for
visitation pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1.
The procedures under that statute, however, were inapplicable to these
circumstances where, as recognized by the trial judge, Rachel wanted to visit
Daniel's parents during her parenting time. The grandparents did not seek their
A-1468-19T2
4
own time with the children, which would have required them to file a motion
under the statute and assume the burden of proving by a preponderance of the
evidence that granting them visitation was in the children's best interests.
N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1(a).
Inasmuch as the issue at hand involves one parent's parenting time, we
adhere to the tenet that the "primary concern in determining questions of
visitation and custody is the best interests of the child[ren]." Wilke v. Culp, 196 N.J. Super. 487, 497 (App. Div. 1984). In making the determination, the focus
must be on the "safety, happiness, physical, mental and moral welfare" of the
children. Fantony v. Fantony, 21 N.J. 525, 536 (1956); see also Hand v. Hand,
391 N.J. Super. 102, 105 (App. Div. 2007).
In essence, Daniel's cross-motion sought to limit Rachel's parenting-time
activities. "A party seeking to modify custody must demonstrate changed
circumstances that affect the welfare of the children." Hand, 391 N.J. Super. at
105. "[A] motion for a change in custody . . . will be governed initially by a
changed circumstances inquiry and ultimately by a simple best interests
analysis." Baures v. Lewis, 167 N.J. 91, 116 (2001), overruled on other grounds,
Bisbing v. Bisbing, 230 N.J. 309 (2017); see also R.K. v. F.K., 437 N.J. Super.
58, 62 (App. Div. 2014).
A-1468-19T2
5
"First, a party must show 'a change of circumstances warranting
modification' of the custodial arrangements." Costa v. Costa, 440 N.J. Super. 1,
4 (App. Div. 2015) (quoting R.K., 437 N.J. Super. at 63). In evaluating whether
the requisite changed circumstances exist, the judge must consider the
circumstances that existed at the time the original custody order was entered.
Sheehan v. Sheehan, 51 N.J. Super. 276, 287-88 (App. Div. 1958). The judge
can then "ascertain what motivated the original judgment and determine whether
there has been any change in circumstances." Id. at 288. Only if the party makes
that showing is that party then "entitled to a plenary hearing as to disputed
material facts regarding the child's best interests, and whether those best
interests are served by modification of the existing custody order." R.K., 437 N.J. Super. at 62-63.
The trial judge strayed from these procedures. She did not analyze what
was obviously a change of circumstances: the restriction of Rachel's activities
with the children during her parenting time. And the judge did not consider the
children's best interests, despite recognizing the importance of the children's
relationships with their extended family, and that the only reason for the
restriction on seeing their grandparents was Daniel's cryptic "problem with his
adoptive parents."
A-1468-19T2
6
While a parent's personal views should be considered in deciding custody
and parenting time conditions if "they relate to the paramount consideration of
the safety, happiness, physical, mental and moral welfare of the child[ren]," we
have long held they do not govern those conditions. DeVita v. DeVita, 145 N.J.
Super. 120, 128 (App. Div. 1976). The trial judge made no finding that Daniel
established the children would be harmed by seeing their grandparents, or that
it was not otherwise in the children's best interests to have contact with them.
The trial judge's misapplication of the law was an abuse of discretion in
that it "departed from established policies, [and] rested on an impermissible
basis." Flagg v. Essex Cnty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571 (2002) (quoting
Achacoso-Sanchez v. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 779 F.2d 1260, 1265 (7th
Cir. 1985)). We are constrained to reverse that portion of the order restraining
Rachel "from taking the children to [Daniel's] adoptive parents." 3
Reversed.
3
Although not required in light of our decision, we also reverse the denial of
Rachel's motion for reconsideration because it too was based on a misapplication
of the law. See Pitney Bowes Bank, Inc. v. ABC Caging Fulfillment, 440 N.J.
Super. 378, 382 (App. Div. 2015) (holding our review of a trial court's decision
on a motion for reconsideration is for a clear abuse of discretion, present when
the trial court's decision rests "upon a palpably incorrect or irrational basis");
D'Atria v. D'Atria, 242 N.J. Super. 392, 401 (Ch. Div. 1990).
A-1468-19T2
7
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