BILINGUAL CONSULTANTS LLC v. MULTILINGUAL HOLISTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY, LLC
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0912-19T3
BILINGUAL CONSULTANTS,
LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
MULTILINGUAL HOLISTIC
PSYCHOTHERAPY, LLC,
ISTRA RIVERA, CONSUELO
LEIVA, JULISSA TAPIA,
GLORIA EMERA, JUAN GIL,
BILINGUAL FAMILY
CONSULTANTS, LLC,
YVETTE PERDOMO and
YVETTE PERDOMO
PSYCHOTHERAPY AND
COUNSELING SERVICES, LLC,
Defendants-Respondents.
____________________________
Submitted September 23, 2020 – Decided October 22, 2020
Before Judges Accurso and Vernoia.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Essex County, Docket No. C-
000151-17.
Vella Singer Kleiner Law Group, attorneys for
appellant (Susan Schleck Kleiner and Erin P. Drew, on
the briefs).
Mario M. Blanch, attorney for respondents Multilingual
Holistic Psychotherapy, LLC, Istra Rivera, Consuelo
Leiva, Julissa Tapia, Gloria Emera, Juan Gil and
Bilingual Family Consultants, LLC..
Respondents Yvette Perdomo and Yvette Perdomo
Psychotherapy and Counseling Services, LLC have not
filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Bilingual Consultants, LCC appeals from orders denying its
motion for summary judgment on its affirmative claims against defendants Istra
Rivera, Julissa Tapia, Gloria Emera, Juan Gil, Yvette Perdomo, Multilingual
Holistic Psychotherapy, LLC (Multilingual), Bilingual Family Consultants,
LLC (BFC), Yvette Perdomo Psychotherapy and Counseling Services, LLC
(Perdomo Psychotherapy), and granting defendants summary judgment
dismissing the complaint. Based on our review of the record presented on
appeal, we affirm the orders denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment
and granting defendants Perdomo and Perdomo Psychotherapy summary
judgment. We also affirm the order granting defendants Multilingual, Rivera,
Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC summary judgment, but remand for the court to
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order that they each, except for BFC, pay a $300 restoration fee in accordance
with Rule 4:23-5(a).
I.
Plaintiff's Complaint
To provide context for our discussion of the issues, we briefly summarize
the allegations in plaintiff's complaint.1 Plaintiff alleges it is a "limited liability
company that operates as a staffing agency for social workers." Plaintiff
employs "social workers as independent contractors to provide in-home
individual and family counseling and therapy services to clients" in New Jersey,
"but primarily in Hudson, Union, Essex, Passaic, Monmouth, and Ocean
counties." Plaintiff "receives its clients [and] client referrals from several not-
for-profit organizations that contract with the [S]tate of New Jersey . . . to
provide outpatient mental health care services to New Jersey residents."
The complaint alleges that at various times plaintiff employed Rivera as a
clinical supervisor, Emera as licensed associate counselor, and Gil and Perdomo
1
We summarize the allegations in plaintiff's First Amended Complaint. It is
the only complaint included in the record on appeal. Defendants' responsive
pleadings to the complaint are not included in the record on appeal. See R. 2:6-
1(a)(1)(A) (requiring the "appellant or jointly by the appellant and the
respondent" to provide the pleadings in a civil action in the record on appeal).
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as licensed clinical social workers. Tapia was employed as plaintiff 's "office
manager."
The complaint avers the individual defendants, with the exception of
Tapia, signed agreements that include two provisions at issue in this case. First,
the agreements include a restrictive covenant that provides as follows: "After
expiration and termination of this agreement, [e]mployee agrees not to compete
with [plaintiff] for a period of [five] years in a [fifty] mile radius of where
[plaintiff] conducts any business" without plaintiff's written approval. 2 Second,
the agreements require that employees "refrain from disclosing [plaintiff's]
customer lists, trade secrets, or other confidential material." According to
plaintiff's complaint, each of the individual defendants had access to its
"confidential information."
The complaint describes each individual defendant's period of
employment by plaintiff, and alleges that, during their employment with
plaintiff and thereafter, the individual defendants disclosed and misappropriated
2
Although plaintiff alleges it retained the individual defendants, other than
Tapia, as independent contractors, the agreements they signed refer to the
individual defendants as "employees." The status of the individual defendants
as independent contractors or employees is not an issue on appeal, and we offer
no opinion on it. We refer to defendants as employees because the agreements
plaintiff seeks to enforce refer to defendants as such.
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plaintiff's "confidential information" for their personal interests and the interests
of their new employers. The complaint also alleges that, during their
employment with plaintiff and thereafter, some of the individual defendants
diverted plaintiff's business to either their new employers or entities they had
formed to compete with plaintiff.
The complaint avers that following the termination of their respective
periods of employment with plaintiff, the individual defendants, other than
Tapia, violated the restrictive covenant by providing services in competition
with plaintiff within fifty miles of where plaintiff conducts its business. The
complaint further alleges three of the individual defendants—Rivera, Perdomo,
and Gil—violated the restrictive covenant by forming new entities that compete
with plaintiff within fifty miles of plaintiff's business. More particularly,
plaintiff alleges Rivera formed and operated Multilingual; Gil formed and
operated BFC; and Perdomo formed and operated Perdomo Psychotherapy. The
complaint asserts Gil, Rivera, Perdomo, and their respective businesses violated
the restrictive covenant by soliciting plaintiff's customers and employees and by
using plaintiff's "confidential information."
The complaint alleges Emera and another former employee of plaintiff,
Consuelo Leiva, violated the restrictive covenant by becoming employed by
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Multilingual, and that during her employment by plaintiff, Tapia improperly
authorized payments from plaintiff to Leiva.3
The complaint asserts nineteen separate causes of action. Count one
alleges the individual defendants breached the restrictive covenant by soliciting
plaintiff's employees and clients. Count two alleges Rivera, Gil, and Perdomo
violated the restrictive covenant by forming businesses in competition with
plaintiff, and that Leiva and Emera violated the restrictive covenant by
providing services on behalf of Multilingual. In count three, it is alleged
defendants breached the confidentiality provision in the agreements and count
four alleges defendants violated a common law duty by using and disclosing
plaintiff's confidential information. Count five asserts defendants violated the
covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
Count six avers the individual defendants violated their duty of loyalty by
forming and aiding Multilingual, BFC, and Perdomo while the individual
defendants were employed by plaintiff. Count seven alleges defendants have
been unjustly enriched by their actions.
3
Leiva is a named defendant in the complaint. Plaintiff and Leiva resolved the
matter and filed a Mutual Stipulation of Dismissal. We refer to Leiva only where
necessary to provide context for our discussion of issues pertinent to the parties
participating in the appeal.
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Count eight asserts Tapia converted plaintiff's property and appropriated
and destroyed plaintiff's "records and files," and Rivera aided and encouraged
Tapia to perform those acts. Count nine avers defendants aided each other in
the commission of tortious actions to obtain improper payments from plaintiff
for Leiva; encouraged plaintiff's employees to resign from plaintiff's
employment and violate their restrictive covenants and confidentiality
agreements; and interfere with plaintiff's client relationships. Count ten alleges
Multilingual, BFC, and Perdomo Psychotherapy were unjustly enriched by their
tortious conduct.
Count eleven avers Multilingual aided and abetted the individual
defendants in their violation of their common law duties of loyalty, good faith
and fair dealing, and "maintaining the secrecy of plaintiff's confidential
information."
Count twelve claims Multilingual and the individual defendants tortiously
interfered with plaintiff's prospective economic advantage by interfering with
its customer relationships. Count thirteen alleges Multilingual and the
individual defendants engaged in unfair competition.
Counts fourteen, fifteen, and sixteen respectively allege BFC aided Gil in
violating "his common law duties of maintaining the secrecy of confidential
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information, good faith and fair dealing[,] and loyalty"; BFC and Gil tortiously
interfered with plaintiff's customer relationships; and BFC and Gil engaged in
unfair competition. Counts seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen respectively
allege Perdomo Psychotherapy aided Perdomo in violating her "common law
duties of maintaining the secrecy of confidential information, good faith and fai r
dealing[,] and loyalty"; Perdomo and Perdomo Psychotherapy tortiously
interfered with plaintiff's customer relationships; and Perdomo and Perdomo
Psychotherapy engaged in unfair competition.
It appears defendants filed answers to the complaint, some of which
include a counterclaim or counterclaims. 4 In a February 16, 2018 order, the
court struck the "[a]nswer and [c]ounterclaim" filed by Multilingual, Rivera,
Tapia, and Emera pursuant to Rule 4:23-5(a)(1) for failure to provide discovery.
On February 26, 2018, the court entered an order dismissing Gil's answer for the
same reason.
The record does not include orders reinstating the answers and
counterclaim(s) of Multilingual, Rivera, Tapia, and Emera, or reinstating Gil's
answer. However, in a June 21, 2018 Amended Case Management Order, the
4
We glean this information from the parties' briefs on appeal. The record on
appeal does not include any defendant's answer or counterclaim(s). See R. 2:6-
1(a)(1)(A).
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court directed Multilingual, Rivera, Tapia, Emera, and Gil to provide answers
to "[p]reviously propounded interrogatories," permitted all parties to propound
additional discovery, and extended the discovery deadline until December 6,
2018.
The Summary Judgment Motions
We discern from the court's statement of reasons supporting the orders
from which plaintiff appeals that plaintiff moved for summary judgment on the
causes of action asserted in the complaint, as well as on whatever counterclaims
were filed on behalf of the respective defendants. It also appears Perdomo and
Perdomo Psychotherapy moved for summary judgment on plaintiff's claims, and
Multilingual, Rivera, Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC jointly moved for summary
judgment on plaintiff's claims.5
Prior to addressing the respective motions, we observe that plaintiff
provides a scant and incomplete motion record in support of its appeal. In its
5
The notice of motion for summary judgment filed on behalf of Multilingual,
Rivera, Tapia, Emera, and Gil did not include BFC as a moving party. At oral
argument on the motion, plaintiff's counsel noted BFC did not file a summary
judgment motion and did not file opposition to plaintiff's motion. Counsel for
Multilingual, Rivera, Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC explained the omission of
BFC's name as a movant for summary judgment and in opposition to plaintiff's
motion was "inadvertent[]" and that BFC moved for summary judgment and
opposed plaintiff's motion. Without objection, the court thereafter considered
the motion and opposition as having also been filed on BFC's behalf.
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appendix annexed to its merits brief, plaintiff does not include any pleadings
beyond its complaint, and, although it appeals from orders granting and denying
summary judgement motions, plaintiff's merits brief appendix does not provide
any part of the summary judgment record.
Annexed to its reply brief, plaintiff attached a "Statement of Material
Facts Pursuant to [Rule] 4:46-[2(a)]" that presumably supported its summary
judgment motion, but, other than its complaint, plaintiff does not provide any of
the numerous exhibits cited as evidential support for the proffered facts.
Plaintiff's Rule 4:46-2(a) statement includes citations to the "Mejia Cert.," the
"Drew Cert.," and the exhibits purportedly annexed to each, but none of the
documents are included in the record on appeal. 6 Plaintiff also does not provide
any defendant's response to its Rule 4:46-2(a) statement.7
6
The statement of facts in plaintiff's merits brief on appeal does not rely upon,
or include any citations to, plaintiff's statement of material facts. The statement
of facts in plaintiff's merits brief is based solely on the facts alleged in the
complaint and those found by the court in its statement of reasons supporting its
summary judgment orders.
7
At oral argument on the motions, plaintiff's counsel stated Multilingual,
Rivera, Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC did not serve any opposition to plaintiff's
statement of material facts. The record does not reveal if any other defendant
filed a response to plaintiff's statement of material facts.
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Similarly, the appendix submitted with plaintiff's merits brief is bereft of
any pleadings filed in connection with Perdomo and Perdomo Psychotherapy's
summary judgment motion. Annexed to its reply brief on appeal, plaintiff
provides its counterstatement of material facts in opposition to Perdomo and
Perdomo Psychotherapy's statement of material facts, but plaintiff does not
provide either Perdomo and Perdomo Psychotherapy's statement of material
facts or any of the exhibits, including the "Mejia Feb. 4th Cert.," that it refers
to, and relies on, in its counterstatement.
A more complete record is provided concerning the summary judgment
motion filed on behalf of Multilingual, Rivera, Emera, Tapia, Gil, and BFC.
Those defendants include in their appendix their notice of motion for summary
judgment dismissing the complaint. They also provide the Rule 4:46-2(a)
statement of material facts supporting their motion. The statement, which
consists of eleven separately stated facts, includes citations to the exhibits they
contend provide evidential support for the facts asserted, and the exhibits are
supplied through their counsel's certification.
Multilingual, Rivera, Emera, Tapia, Gil, and BFC also provide plaintiff's
"COUNTER STATEMENT OF MATERIAL FACTS IN OPPOSITION TO
[THEIR] MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT," but they do not include
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the exhibits plaintiff attached to its counterstatement of material facts as
evidential support for its denials of facts and assertion of others. Plaintiff did
not remedy this omission by supplying the missing exhibits with its reply brief.
There are facts proffered in support of Multilingual, Rivera, Emera, Tapia,
Gil, and BFC's motion that plaintiff admitted. Plaintiff admits the New Jersey
Department of Children and Families operates the Children's System of Care
(CSOC) for youth suffering from emotional, behavioral, substance abuse, and
other problems, and the CSOC maintains a toll-free call-in number.
There is a dispute between the parties as to the manner in which a call to
the CSOC results in referrals to plaintiff for provision of its counseling services.
Multilingual, Rivera, Emera, Tapia, Gil, and BFC assert that when a call is made
to the CSOC's toll-free number, a "Contracted System Administrator . . . directs
the family in need to a licensed clinician," who then directs the family to a
County Care Management Organization (CMO), if necessary. The parties agree
each county has a CMO. According to Multilingual, Rivera, Emera, Tapia, Gil,
and BFC, the CMO determines if a referral to a licensed social worker is required
and, if so, refers the case to plaintiff or another provider of licensed social
worker counseling services.
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Plaintiff admits that after a call is received at the CSOC, the Contracted
System Administrator may refer the child or family to a licensed clinician, who
is identified as a Care Coordinator. Plaintiff, however, contends that where the
Care Coordinator determines further services are required, he or she may refer
the child or family to the CMO or might instead make a referral to Mobile
Response and Stabilization Services (MRSS). Plaintiff asserts each county has
one MRSS, and claims it obtains referrals for its services from CMOs and
MRSSs.
Plaintiff also admits Rivera formed Multilingual in November 2016 and
that Multilingual provides counseling services through various CMOs. Plaintiff
admits the CSOC allows licensed social workers and licensed associate
counselors to provide services and that Gil is a licensed social worker and Rivera
and Emera are licensed associate counselors. Plaintiff admits Tapia is its
"former administrator" and that she did not sign the restrictive covenant.
At the hearing on the motions for summary judgment, plaintiff's counsel
noted the February 16 and 26, 2018 orders striking Multilingual's, Rivera's,
Tapia's, Emera's, and Gil's answers and counterclaims without prejudice for
failure to make discovery, and counsel stated, "[A]ll [those defendants] needed
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to do was to pay the restitution fee for $300 to have their case reinstated."8
Plaintiff's counsel said she "wanted to make clear" those defendants had "been
dismissed without prejudice" but were nonetheless "actively involved in the
case" by making a summary judgment motion.
Counsel for Multilingual, Rivera, Tapia, Emera, and Gil represented it was
his understanding his clients' status as active participants in the case had been
addressed by the court at the June 21, 2018 case management conference, and
the Amended Case Management Order entered on that date required only that
they provide outstanding discovery. The motion court did not find those
defendants were barred from filing their summary judgment motion or opposing
plaintiff's motion. Instead, the court simply noted payment of the restoration
fee was "going to have to be done." The court's order granting those defendants
summary judgment did not direct payment of the restoration fee.
Following oral argument on the motions, the court issued a written
statement of reasons supporting its denial of plaintiff's motion and grant of the
respective summary judgment motions. The court focused on plaintiff's claim
defendants violated the restrictive covenant by competing with plaintiff in the
8
Because the pleadings have not been supplied in the record on appeal, it is not
possible to determine whether one or more answers or counterclaims were filed
on those defendants' behalf.
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provision of counseling services within fifty miles of plaintiff's business
locations during the five years following the termination of their employment
with plaintiff.
The court found plaintiff failed to present evidence demonstrating the
restrictive covenant protected a legitimate business interest in plaintiff 's
"customer relationships, trade secrets, or confidential business information."
The court found plaintiff receives its client referrals through agencies of the
State—more particularly the CMOs and MRSSs—and plaintiff does not have a
protectable trade secret in the identity of the referring agencies because they are
publicly known. The court also rejected plaintiff's claim the restrictive covenant
protected a legitimate interest in plaintiff's patient lists, patient referral bases,
and investment in, and training of, the individual defendants.
The court found that the temporal and geographical limitations in the
restrictive covenant were unreasonable and that plaintiff failed to establish
otherwise. The court determined the restrictive covenant creates an undue
hardship because it prevents the individual defendants from providing their
services for a five-year period within fifty miles of any place plaintiff operates
its business. The court refused to "blue pencil" the restrictive covenant, finding
the covenant does not protect any legitimate business interest and that revising
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the covenant would require a complete "redraft" of the provision. The court
rejected defendant's reliance on N.J.A.C. 13:42-10.16, which prohibits "any
business agreement that [would] interfere[] with or restrict[] the ability of a
client to see his or her [licensed psychologist] of choice," because none of the
individual defendants are licensed psychologists.
The court also determined defendants are entitled to summary judgment
on plaintiff's breach of the duty of loyalty claim. 9 The court found that because
plaintiff's relationships with the referring agencies were not legally protectable,
defendants could not breach a duty of loyalty to plaintiff by "'interfering' with"
those relationships.
The court also noted that even if it found the restrictive covenant
enforceable, "a duration of more than two years is unreasonable. Most of the
'agreements' at issue are, therefore, expired . . . . [T]he request for injunctive
relief would be moot."
9
The court also determined Multilingual, Rivera, Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC
were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on plaintiff's claim they breached
the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. We do not address the claim because
plaintiff does not argue on appeal the court's determination was in error. See
Sklodowsky v. Lushis, 417 N.J. Super. 648, 657 (App. Div. 2011) (holding "[a]n
issue not briefed on appeal is deemed waived"); Jefferson Loan Co. v. Session,
397 N.J. Super. 520, 525 n.4 (App. Div. 2008) (same).
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The court entered a March 20, 2019 order denying plaintiff's summary
judgment motion. On the same day, the court entered an order granting Perdomo
and Perdomo Psychotherapy's summary judgment motion. The court also
entered a separate March 20, 2019 order granting summary judgment to
Multilingual, Rivera, Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC.
From our reading of plaintiff's brief on appeal, it appears the orders did
not dispose of counterclaims filed on behalf of Tapia, Perdomo, and Leiva. 10
Those claims were scheduled for trial. On the scheduled trial date, only Leiva
appeared, and, as noted, Leiva resolved her claims against plaintiff and entered
a mutual stipulation of dismissal with plaintiff. Tapia's and Perdomo's
counterclaims were dismissed due to their failure to appear at trial. Plaintiff's
appeal from the summary judgment orders followed.
II.
We begin our review of plaintiff's arguments by noting those portions of
the court's orders that we affirm based on plaintiff's decision not to offer
10
For purposes of clarity, and because the assertions are not contested, we
summarize plaintiff's representations concerning what occurred with the
counterclaims and their disposition at the scheduled trial. We again note that
other than the Leiva stipulation of dismissal, the appellate record is devoid of
any pleadings, orders, or transcripts concerning the proceedings following entry
of the summary judgment orders.
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arguments challenging the court's disposition and plaintiff's election not to
provide the record required to permit proper appellate review of the motion
court's dispositions. We then address those limited portions of the court's orders
about which plaintiff offers legal arguments on appeal and a record permitting
appellate review.
A.
Plaintiff's arguments on appeal are limited. The court granted defendants
summary judgment on the nineteen causes of action asserted in the complaint,
but plaintiff argues the court erred by granting summary judgment on only three
of them: the alleged breaches of the restrictive covenant (counts one and two)
and the duty of loyalty (count six). Plaintiff does not argue the court erred by
granting summary judgment on counts three through five and seven through
nineteen. We therefore need not address the award of summary judgment on
those counts, and we affirm the court's order granting defendants' summary
judgment on each of them. See Sklodowsky v. Lushis, 417 N.J. Super. 648, 657
(App. Div. 2011); Jefferson Loan Co. v. Session, 397 N.J. Super. 520, 525 n.4
(App. Div. 2008).
Plaintiff also appeals from the March 20, 2019 order denying its motion
for summary judgment on its affirmative claims and on the asserted
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counterclaims but does not offer any argument supporting its challenge to the
order. Stated differently, plaintiff does not argue the court erred by failing to
find plaintiff was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on each, or indeed any,
of the nineteen causes of action asserted in the complaint or on any of the
asserted counterclaims. Any challenge to the order denying such relief is
deemed waived, Sklodowsky, 417 N.J. Super. at 657, and we cannot otherwise
properly reverse the court's order denying plaintiff's summary judgment motion
on its affirmative claims and any counterclaims because plaintiff does not
include in the record on appeal all of the pleadings and exhibits relied on in
support of, and in opposition to, its motion, see generally, R. 2:6-1(a)(1)(A)
(requiring the record on appeal in a civil action include "the pleadings"); R. 2:6-
1(a)(1)(I) (requiring the record on appeal to include such parts of the record
"essential to the proper consideration of the issues"); see also Soc'y Hill Condo.
Ass'n v. Soc'y Hill Assocs., 347 N.J. Super. 163, 177-78 (App. Div. 2002)
(explaining appellate review of the merits of an issue was rendered "impossible"
without the "parts of the record . . . as are essential to the proper considerations
of the issues" (alteration in original) (quoting R. 2:6-1(a)(1)([I]))). We therefore
affirm the court's order denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on its
affirmative claims and any counterclaims.
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For the same reasons, we affirm the court's March 20, 2019 order granting
Perdomo and Perdomo Psychotherapy's summary judgment motion. Plaintiff
offers no argument addressing the Perdomo motion or the court's order on the
motion. See Sklodowsky, 417 N.J. Super. at 657. Moreover, plaintiff does not
provide any pleadings filed in connection with the motion other than its
counterstatement of material facts pursuant to Rule 4:46-2(b). See Soc'y Hill
Condo., 347 N.J. Super. at 177-78. The counterstatement is incomplete because
it does not include the certification and exhibits upon which it relied to support
its denials and averments of facts.
We cannot properly exercise our appellate function where a party
appealing from a summary judgment order does not provide the complete record
presented to the motion court and also opts not to offer argument challenging
the court's findings and legal conclusions. Here, the lack of a complete record
and any argument challenging the court's award of summary judgment to
Perdomo and Perdomo Psychotherapy requires affirmance of the court's order
granting them summary judgment. See, e.g., Noren v. Heartland Payment Sys.,
Inc., 449 N.J. Super. 193, 195-96 (App. Div. 2017) (denying a party's motion
for reconsideration of its cross-appeal on a summary judgment motion because
the party did not "submit the items that had been submitted to the trial court on
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the summary judgment motion or even a statement of the items submitted ,"
which prevented the court from reviewing "the original summary judgment
motion"); Weiss v. Cedar Park Cemetery, 240 N.J. Super. 86, 102 (App. Div.
1990) (finding dismissal was required because appellants did not "adequately
brief the issues"); State v. Hild, 148 N.J. Super. 294, 296 (App. Div. 1977)
(explaining it is the appellant's responsibility to provide the facts, record, and
legal argument that flows from the facts to allow an independent assessment of
the merits of an appeal).
B.
We next address plaintiff's challenge to the order granting Multilingual,
Rivera, Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC summary judgment on the remaining counts
in the complaint. Counts one and two allege violations of the restrictive
covenant and count six alleges breach of the duty of loyalty, against the
individual defendants. Plaintiff argues the court erred by finding the restrictive
covenant unenforceable because the court incorrectly concluded the covenant
was unnecessary to protect any of plaintiff's legitimate business interests.
Plaintiff claims it had legitimate business interests in protecting its client referral
sources, goodwill, and customer relationships, and that the court erred by
finding otherwise.
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We review an order granting summary judgment de novo, applying the
same standard as the trial court. Globe Motor Co. v. Igdalev, 225 N.J. 469, 479
(2016). We are required to determine whether, viewing the facts in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party, the movant has demonstrated there are
no genuine disputes as to any material facts and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. R. 4:46-2(c); Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of
Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995). We review legal issues de novo. Manalapan
Realty, LP v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
Our de novo review of the summary judgment record pertaining to
Multilingual, Rivera, Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC's motion for summary
judgment on counts one, two, and six is made difficult because the record on
appeal does not include the complete motion record presented to the court. See
R. 2:6-1(a)(1)(A) and (I). The difficulties presented by the lack of the record
are highlighted by the motion court's findings of fact, which are primarily
supported by citations to a certification and other documents plaintiff opted not
to include in the record on appeal. 11 The record before the court on Multilingual,
Rivera, Tapia, Emera, Gil, and BFC's summary judgment motion was not limited
11
Many of the motion court's findings of fact are supported by citations to the
"Mejia Cert[.]" and to the "Cintron Ex." Neither document is included in the
record on appeal.
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to the only two documents related to the motion that are provided, at least in
part, in the record on appeal: their Rule 4:46-2(a) statement and plaintiff's Rule
4:46-2(b) counterstatement, which is also included but without its supporting
exhibits. In other words, the motion court made its summary judgment
determination on a record that has not been provided for our review.
Where there is a failure to provide the complete record related to an issue
on appeal, we may properly reject an appellant's arguments and affirm the
challenged order. See Soc'y Hill Condo. Ass'n, 347 N.J. Super. at 177-78. Our
preference, however, is to decide cases on their merits, see, e.g., In re Corbo,
238 N.J. 246, 255 (2019), and, for the reasons we explain, we do so here to the
limited extent the record allows. We are otherwise constrained to affirm those
portions of court's summary judgment order where plaintiff precludes
appropriate appellate review by not supplying the entire summary judgment
record.
Even the limited record provided on appeal establishes the parties do not
dispute that each of the individual defendants, other than Tapia, signed the
restrictive covenant when they commenced their employment with plaintiff.
The parties agree the restrictive covenant prohibits employees from
"compet[ing]" with plaintiff within fifty miles of any place plaintiff conducts
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business for a five-year period following termination of employment with
plaintiff. Based on the briefs submitted on appeal, the parties further agree the
restrictive covenant expressly defines "[c]ompetition" as "owning a business of
the following type: Medicaid Certified or State Certified Home Care Provider
of mentoring, behavioral assistance, or intensive in-community therapy."
Count one alleges the individual defendants violated the restrictive
covenant by working for either Multilingual, Perdomo Psychotherapy, or BFC
within the fifty-mile geographical limitation and during the five years
immediately following the termination of their employment with plaintiff.
Count one also asserts, as does count two, Rivera and Gil violated the restrictive
covenant by forming and operating Multilingual and BFC, respectively.
We affirm the dismissal of counts one and two as to Tapia, Multilingual,
and BFC because plaintiff concedes they are not parties to the restrictive
covenant and never agreed to be bound by its terms. We also affirm the
dismissal of counts one and two as to Emera because although she executed the
restrictive covenant and agreed to be bound by it, plaintiff does not claim Emera
engaged in the "competition" the covenant prohibits: "owning of a business." In
its brief on appeal, plaintiff acknowledges the restrictive covenant does not bar
the individual defendants "from working in their chosen field" and that the
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covenant only bars them from "directly owning" a competing business. Plaintiff
asserts Emera became employed by a business that competes with plaintiff, but
such conduct is not prohibited by the restrictive covenant's plain language.
Emera is therefore entitled to summary judgment on counts one and two.
In contrast, Rivera does not dispute that she formed, owns, and operates
Multilingual and that her conduct otherwise falls within the restrictive
covenant's definition of prohibited competition. Similarly, there is no dispute
Gil formed, owns, and operates BFC, and that his conduct constitutes the
competition proscribed by the restrictive covenant. Thus, an award of summary
judgment for Rivera and Gil on counts one and two is dependent solely on the
enforceability of the restrictive covenant.
A restrictive covenant limiting an individual's ability to compete against
a former employer is enforceable if it satisfies the test for reasonableness
established in Solari Industries, Inc. v. Malady, 55 N.J. 571 (1970). A restrictive
covenant is enforceable if it "protects the legitimate interests of the employer,
imposes no undue hardship on the employee, . . . is not injurious to the public"
and is reasonable in duration, scope, and area. Id. at 576, 581-82: see also Cmty.
Hosp. Grp., Inc. v. More, 183 N.J. 36, 57 (2005); Pierson v. Med. Health Ctrs.,
P.A., 183 N.J. 65, 69 (2005); Karlin v. Weinberg, 77 N.J. 408, 417 (1978);
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Whitmyer Bros. v. Doyle, 58 N.J. 25, 32-33 (1971). A determination of the
enforceability of a restrictive covenant "requires a 'fact-sensitive' analysis [of]
the circumstances of each case." ADP, LLC v. Kusins, 460 N.J. Super. 368, 400
(App. Div. 2019) (quoting Platinum Mgmt., Inc. v. Dahms, 285 N.J. Super. 274,
294 (Law Div. 1995)); see also Pierson, 183 N.J. at 69 (explaining a court is
required to assess a restrictive covenant's reasonableness on a case-by-case
basis).
Here, the motion court made findings of fact and conclusions of law
addressing each of the Solari factors, and the court also determined the
restrictive covenant was temporally and geographically overbroad. The court
engaged in the requisite fact-sensitive analysis based on the summary judgment
record before it. See ADP, LLC, 460 N.J. Super. at 400. As noted, however,
the court's findings of fact supporting its decision are primarily based on at least
one certification and exhibits that were part of the summary judgment record,
but which are not included in the record on appeal.
It is essential that we consider the complete summary judgment record
presented to the motion court because we conduct a de novo review of the court's
summary judgment order. See, e.g., Noren, 449 N.J. Super. at 195-96. We are
not obligated to accept the court's legal conclusions, see Templo Fuente De Vida
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Corp. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016), and
we must conduct an independent de novo review of the record to determine if
summary judgment is appropriate, see Walker v. Atl. Chrysler Plymouth, Inc.,
216 N.J. Super. 255, 258 (App. Div. 1987). This independent de novo review
includes our determination of whether the competent evidential materials
presented demonstrate there are no genuine issues of material fact. Ibid. As our
Supreme Court explained in Brill, in deciding a summary judgment motion, a
court may not accept as true a party's statement of material facts without
consideration "of the competent evidential materials." 142 N.J. at 540. A
decision on a summary judgment motion requires that a court "consider whether
the competent evidential materials presented, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party, are sufficient to permit a rational factfinder
to resolve the alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving party." 142 N.J.
at 540 (emphasis added): see also R. 4:46-2(b) (providing facts proffered in
support of a summary judgment motion that are "sufficiently supported" by
competent evidence shall be deemed admitted unless the party opposing the
motion disputes the facts based on competent evidence in accordance with Rule
4:46-2(a)).
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A trial court cannot properly decide a summary judgment motion without
reviewing the complete record submitted by the parties. Nor can we. Thus,
without the complete record plaintiff was obligated to provide, R. 2:6-1(a)(1)(A)
and (I), it is not possible to engage in the requisite de novo review of the merits
of the order granting Rivera and Gil summary judgment on counts one and two.
Most simply stated, we cannot determine whether the competent evidential
materials support a finding of undisputed facts entitling a party to summary
judgment as a matter of law unless the motion record, and the evidential
materials, are made available for our consideration. "[W]e [therefore] have no
alternative but to affirm" the court's order granting summary judgment on counts
one and two against Rivera and Gil. See Soc'y Hill Condo. Ass'n, 347 N.J.
Super. at 178. For the same reasons, we are constrained to affirm the court's
award of summary judgment on count six, which alleges a breach of the duty of
loyalty. See id. at 177-78.
Plaintiff argues the court erred by failing to require that Multilingual,
Rivera, Tapia, Emera, and Gil pay the $300 restoration fee required to restore
their answers to the complaint following the court's February 16 and 26, 2018
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28
orders striking their answers without prejudice pursuant to Rule 4:23-5(a)(1).12
At oral argument on the summary judgment motions, the court stated that
payment of the restoration fee would "have to be done" but the court did not
include the requirement in the summary judgment orders. Those defendants do
not dispute their obligation to pay the restoration fees as required by the Rule.
On remand, the court shall enter an order directing each of those defendants to
pay the required $300 restoration fee within thirty days.
In sum, we affirm the court's March 20, 2019 orders denying plaintiff's
motion for summary on its affirmative claims and on any counterclaims and
granting Perdomo and Perdomo Psychotherapy's motion for summary judgment.
We also affirm the court's March 20, 2019 order granting defendants
Multilingual, Rivera, Emera, Tapia, Gil, and BFC summary judgment, but we
remand for entry of an order requiring Multilingual, Rivera, Emera, Tapia, and
Gil to pay a $300 fee pursuant to Rule 4:23-5(a) within thirty days of this
decision.
12
The record does not include any pleadings in support of motions to vacate the
orders suppressing the answers. See N.J.S.A. 4:23-5(a)(1). Plaintiff does not
address the impropriety of any failure by the court to require that Multilingual,
Rivera, Tapia, Emera, and Gil file motions to vacate the orders suppressing their
answers and to determine if the outstanding discovery had been fully and
responsively provided. See ibid. Those issues are therefore not before us.
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Affirmed, and remanded for entry of an order requiring payment of the
restoration fees in accordance with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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