STATE OF NEW JERSEY, v. REGGIE T. HUGGINS,
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3203-17T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
REGGIE T. HUGGINS,
a/k/a NASHEED HENTON,
REGGIE HIGGINS, and
JAMAL MUHAMMAD,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Submitted December 18, 2019 – Decided December 26, 2019
Before Judges Haas and Enright.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Ocean County, Indictment No. 14-08-1998.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Michele A. Adubato, Designated Counsel,
on the brief).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
respondent (Sarah C. Hunt, Deputy Attorney General,
of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Reggie T. Huggins appeals from the October 14, 2016 denial
of his request for a hearing consistent with Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154
(1978), and the January 12, 2017 denial of his suppression motion. We affirm
both rulings, substantially for the reasons outlined by Judge James M. Blaney in
his thoughtful and thorough opinions. We add only a few additional comments
to lend context to the instant appeal.
In the fall of 2013, the police requested and obtained a warrant to search
defendant's vehicle and his home in Toms River. In defendant's home, they
found approximately 1250 wax folds of heroin, 2 bottles containing suspected
methadone, a digital scale, approximately $12,958 from a safe, a silver Cobra
Arms .38-caliber handgun with a defaced serial number, a box of Winchester
.38-caliber automatic ammunition, a women's sweatshirt containing 31 folds of
heroin, and 11 wax folds.
Prior to resolving his case, defendant argued that the affidavit leading to
the issuance of the search warrant contained false and misleading statements .
Accordingly, he claimed he was entitled to a Franks hearing, and that probable
cause did not exist for the issuance of the search warrant. Judge Blaney rejected
these arguments. Thereafter, defendant pled guilty to second-degree possession
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with intent to distribute heroin, and second-degree possession of a firearm by a
certain person not to have weapons. N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(2); N.J.S.A. 2C:39-
7(a).
On appeal, defendant raises the following arguments:
POINT I
IT WAS ERROR FOR THE COURT TO DENY
DEFENDANT'S REQUEST FOR A FRANKS
HEARING CONCERNING THE SEARCH
WARRANT ISSUED FOR THE PREMISES.
POINT II
BECAUSE THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT SHOWING
OF PROBABLE CAUSE TO SUPPORT THE
ISSUANCE OF THE SEARCH WARRANT, THE
DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS SHOULD
HAVE BEEN GRANTED.
As to Point I, we review the trial court's decision regarding the need for
an evidentiary hearing for an abuse of discretion. State v. Broom-Smith, 406 N.J. Super. 228, 239 (App. Div. 2009). We discern none here.
A defendant challenging the veracity of a search warrant affidavit is
entitled to a Franks hearing only if the defendant makes "a substantial
preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with
reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in the warrant
A-3203-17T2
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affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding of
probable cause . . . ." Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56.
In making a "substantial preliminary showing," a defendant "must allege
'deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth,' pointing out with
specificity the portions of the warrant that are claimed to be untrue." State v.
Howery, 80 N.J. 563, 567 (1979). These allegations should be supported by
affidavits or other reliable statements; "[a]llegations of negligence or innocent
mistake are insufficient." Broom-Smith, 406 N.J. Super. at 240-41 (quoting
Franks, 438 U.S. at 171). A defendant must show that absent the alleged false
statements, the search warrant lacks sufficient facts to establish probable cause.
Howery, 80 N.J. at 568. Further, the allegations "must be proved by a
preponderance of the evidence." Ibid. Finally, if there remains sufficient
content in the warrant application to support a finding of probable cause when
the allegedly false material is set aside, a Franks hearing is not required. Franks,
438 U.S. at 171-72.
Here, defendant alleged the search warrant affiant falsely claimed the
reliability of a confidential informant (C.I.) who had worked with police was set
forth in the affidavit. Defendant also insisted the affiant falsely stated money
given to the C.I. for a controlled buy was "previously recorded." Judge Blaney
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carefully considered these allegations and directed the State to provide
additional documents to the court for an in camera review. The documents
inspected by the judge included: a United States Currency Seizure Report
showing that $12,958 was recovered during the search, from which one $100
bill was returned to a local police department's confidential funds; a Confidential
Fund Purchase Report, detailing the funds provided to the police; proof that the
Toms River and Brick Township police departments provided surveillance over
a controlled buy between the C.I. and defendant, after defendant became the
target of an investigation; a photograph of the funds provided during the
controlled buy; and a photograph of two pages of the Brick Township Police
Department Drug Ledger, showing the confidential funds being withdrawn for
use and $100 being placed back into the account after the execution of the search
warrant.
After reviewing these documents, Judge Blaney concluded in his nine-
page October 14, 2016 written opinion:
[b]ased on a review of the briefs, arguments, the
[a]ffidavit and search warrant, as well as the additional
documents submitted by the prosecutor, the [c]ourt
finds no basis for the defense's claim that the State
engaged in making any false statements in the
[a]ffidavit provided to [the search warrant judge.]
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The judge added, the "prosecution in this case felt compelled to not
provide certain documents [to defendant] for fear . . . [he] would be able to
determine the identity of the confidential informant. The documents that have
been provided to the [c]ourt to review in camera explain those alleged
omissions." The judge's opinion also referenced the affiant's extensive training
and experience, the affiant's contact with a concerned citizen who advised him
defendant was distributing illicit drugs from his home, and the steps taken to
coordinate a controlled buy between defendant and the C.I. Judge Blaney noted
that the affiant confirmed the C.I. exchanged recorded funds of one hundred
dollars for a quantity of heroin, and a subsequent field test showed the substance
tested positive for heroin. After his extensive review of the factual and
procedural history of this matter, Judge Blaney concluded defendant failed to
prove the State made false statements in the search warrant affidavit to obtain
the search warrant.
Based on our deferential standard of review, we are satisfied Judge Blaney
properly found defendant failed to satisfy the "substantial preliminary showing"
requirement. Accordingly, a Franks hearing was unnecessary.
A-3203-17T2
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In Point II, defendant argues the trial judge erred in finding probable cause
existed for the issuance of the search warrant and mistakenly denied his motion
to suppress. We disagree.
Ordinarily, we "must uphold a trial court's factual findings at a motion-to-
suppress hearing when they are supported by sufficient credible evidence in the
record." State v. Hathaway, 222 N.J. 453, 467 (2015) (citing State v. Elders,
192 N.J. 224, 244 (2007)). We owe no such deference, however, to the court's
interpretation of the law. Ibid. Whether a search warrant was supported by
adequate probable cause is a question of law, which we review de novo. See
State v. Handy, 206 N.J. 39, 44-45 (2011).
"Probable cause is a flexible, nontechnical concept" requiring the
balancing of "the governmental need for enforcement of the criminal law against
the citizens' constitutionally protected right of privacy." State v. Kasabucki, 52 N.J. 110, 116 (1968). Generally, probable cause is understood to mean "less
than legal evidence necessary to convict though more than mere naked
suspicion." State v. Sullivan, 169 N.J. 204, 210-11 (2001) (citation omitted).
"When determining whether probable cause exists, courts must consider the
totality of the circumstances, and they must deal with probabilities." Schneider
A-3203-17T2
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v. Simonini, 163 N.J. 336, 361 (2000) , cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1146 (2001) (citing
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230, 238 (1983)).
Information related by informants may constitute a basis for probable
cause, provided that a substantial basis for crediting that information is
presented. Sullivan, 169 N.J. at 212; State v. Smith, 155 N.J. 83, 92, cert.
denied, 525 U.S. 1033 (1998). "When examining an informant's tip . . . the
issuing court must consider the 'veracity and basis of knowledge' of the
informant as part of its 'totality' analysis." State v. Jones, 179 N.J. 377, 389
(2004) (quoting State v. Novembrino, 105 N.J. 95, 123 (1987)). If there is a
deficiency in one of those factors, it may be compensated for by a "strong
showing as to the other, or by some other indicia of reliability." State v. Zutic,
155 N.J. 103, 111 (1998). Even "if the informant's tip fails to demonstrate
sufficient veracity or basis of knowledge, a search warrant issued on the basis
of the tip may still pass muster if other facts included in a supporting [police]
affidavit justify a finding of probable cause." Jones, 179 N.J. at 390 (alteration
in original).
"[R]elevant corroborating facts may include a controlled drug buy
performed on the basis of the tip, positive test results of the drugs obtained . . .
the suspect's criminal history, and the experience of the officer who submitted
A-3203-17T2
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the supporting affidavit." Id. at 390-91. While no one corroborating fact
conclusively establishes probable cause, a successful controlled buy "'typically
will be persuasive evidence in establishing probable cause.'" State v. Keyes,
184 N.J. 541, 556 (2005) (quoting Jones, 179 N.J. at 390) (citation omitted).
Moreover, if the police have conducted a successful controlled buy, our Supreme
Court has found "even one additional circumstance might suffice, in the totality
of the circumstances, to demonstrate probable cause." Jones, 179 N.J. at 390.
Here, Judge Blaney set forth a number of facts which established probable
cause, including the C.I. positively identifying defendant as someone who was
distributing heroin, the use of the C.I. to conduct a controlled buy while under
police surveillance, and the field test results of the heroin purchased during the
controlled buy.
"[A] search executed pursuant to a warrant is presumed to be valid and []
a defendant challenging its validity has the burden to prove 'that there was no
probable cause supporting the issuance of the warrant or that the search was
otherwise unreasonable.'" Jones, 179 N.J. 377, 388 (2004) (quoting State v.
Valencia, 93 N.J. 126, 133 (1983)). "[Appellate courts] accord substantial
deference to the discretionary determination resulting in the issuance of the
[search] warrant." State v. Marshall, 123 N.J. 1, 72 (1991) superseded by statute
A-3203-17T2
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on other grounds, comment 7 on N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3 (2007). If there is doubt as
to the validity of the warrant, such doubt should "ordinarily be resolved by
sustaining the search." Kasabucki, 52 N.J. at 116.
There is ample support for Judge Blaney finding probable cause existed
for the issuance of the search warrant and that defendant failed to satisfy his
burden in proving the search warrant was improvidently issued. Accordingly,
there is no basis to disturb Judge Blaney's denial of defendant's motion to
suppress.
Defendant's remaining arguments lack sufficient merit for discussion in
this opinion. Rule 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
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