STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. RANARD K. BAYARD
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1547-17T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
RANARD K. BAYARD, a/k/a
RANARD BARARD,
Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________________
Argued November 28, 2018 - Decided January 14, 2019
Before Judges Fuentes, Accurso and Vernoia.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Camden County, Indictment No. 16-10-2918.
Margaret R. McLane, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E.
Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Joshua D. Sanders,
Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on
the brief).
Jane C. Schuster, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney
General, attorney; Jane C. Schuster, of counsel and on
the brief).
PER CURIAM
Following the denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized in a
warrantless search, defendant Ranard K. Bayard pleaded guilty to third-degree
possession of cocaine, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1), and was sentenced in
accordance with a negotiated agreement to three years' probation conditioned on
service of 180 days in the county jail, forfeiture of $2736 and imposition of
appropriate fines and penalties.1 Defendant appeals from the denial of his
motion to suppress the drugs found in his car. Finding no basis to disturb Judge
Polansky's factual findings or legal conclusions, we affirm.
At the suppression hearing, the arresting officer testified he stopped
defendant in August 2016 because the car he was driving had a cracked
windshield and tinted front windows. After defendant told the officer his license
was suspended and the officer discovered an outstanding warrant for defendant's
arrest, defendant was arrested. In the course of a search incident to that arrest,
the officer discovered $66 in small bills wrapped in a single black rubber band,
$1900 wrapped in a ball secured by two black rubber bands and $100 in loose
cash in defendant's front pants pocket. Suspicious about the amount of money
1
Pursuant to the plea agreement, the court subsequently stayed the custodial
portion of defendant's sentence during the pendency of this appeal.
A-1547-17T4
2
and the way it was bundled and not satisfied with defendant's explanation for it,
the officer asked to search the car. When defendant refused, the officer called
for a drug dog.
In the course of conducting an exterior sniff of the car, the dog indicated
she detected the odor of narcotics at the front passenger side door. A search of
the car revealed eight orange bags of cocaine between the driver's seat and the
center console.
The dog's handler testified to his training and the dog's. The officer
explained he had worked as part of the K9 unit for eighteen months prior to the
search of defendant's car. He began working with the dog, Mai, two months into
his assignment. Both attended the Voorhees K9 training program, receiving
certifications for patrol in June 2015 and narcotics in January 2016. According
to the officer, patrol training included agility work, as well as searching and
tracking. In narcotics training, the dog learned to identify the odors of different
narcotics, including marijuana, cocaine, crack cocaine base, crack, heroin and
methamphetamines.
The court admitted a "CV" for the officer and Mai, which detailed the
dog's sixteen weeks of patrol training and ten weeks of narcotics training, as
well as monthly in-service training, and noted that she and her handler had been
A-1547-17T4
3
evaluated in January 2016 by a supervising specialty K9 trainer of the New
Jersey Police K9 Association and the team deemed suitable for specialty
narcotics detection. The CV asserted Mai was reliable and consistent in
detecting the specific substances she had been trained to recognize and that in
twenty field sniffs for narcotics, the dog made twelve positive indications and
nine "[f]inds," meaning she had been correct about the presence of drugs
seventy-five percent of the time since January 2016. The court also admitted
the team's detailed training logs from the ten weeks of narcotics training.
In a detailed opinion delivered from the bench, Judge Polansky
summarized the testimony of the two officers, both of whom he found good,
credible witnesses, who answered questions on direct and cross-examination
fully and undefensively, addressed the case law relied on by the defense, and
methodically stepped through each event from the officer's reasonable suspicion
for the stop through the probable cause for defendant's arrest, the results of the
ensuing search and the officer's reasonable and articulable suspicion for ordering
the canine sniff. 2 The judge next proceeded to analyze whether the State had
2
Subsequent to the court's consideration of this motion, our Supreme Court
ruled reasonable suspicion for a canine sniff is unnecessary where, as here, the
stop was not prolonged for that purpose, State v. Dunbar, 229 N.J. 521, 540
(2017), aligning our law with the federal standard, see Rodriguez v. United
A-1547-17T4
4
sufficiently established the dog's reliability under Florida v. Harris, 568 U.S. 237, 246-47 (2013), to support probable cause to search the car under State v.
Witt, 223 N.J. 409, 450 (2015).
Judge Polansky cogently and comprehensively addressed the evidence in
the record regarding the dog's reliability, including the fourteen months of
training records, and rejected, based on that evidence and Harris, defendant's
challenge to the canine sniff. Specifically, the judge found in pertinent part:
The fact that this dog only gave a positive
indication in 12 of 20 searches coupled with the training
information does not suggest any issue that there is a
tendency of the handler to cue the dog since the dog
was even in the field not responding in 40 percent of
the searches. And as the Court in Florida v. Harris
indicated, positive indications by a dog in the field as
opposed to in the controlled training setting is not an
indication of dog unreliability since the mere fact that
drugs are not found doesn't answer the question, one, as
to whether drugs had been in the car previously,
whether someone had touched the door handle or had
touched the car who had handled drugs or that the drugs
were sufficiently hidden that despite the positive sniff
they were not discovered in the vehicle. It's very
common for drugs to be hidden in hidden compartments
when being transported in vehicles. So the fact that this
dog on three occasions in the field indicated positive,
however, no drugs were found, as recognized in Florida
States, 575 U.S. ____, ____, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 1616 (2015). Defendant was
already under arrest on an outstanding warrant when the arresting officer called
for a canine sniff of defendant's car.
A-1547-17T4
5
v. Harris, is not a good indication that this dog is not
reliable.
I also note in Florida v. Harris, unlike here, here
this dog's certification was current. In Florida v. Harris,
the dog's certification had expired prior to the time of
the search.
....
Here, the circumstances giving rise to probable
cause I do find to have been unforeseeable and
spontaneous. Officers were not looking for an excuse
to stop this vehicle. This vehicle was stopped as a result
of observed violations of motor vehicle laws.
Additionally, the reasonable articulable suspicion for
the dog sniff in the first instance did not arise until after
Mr. Bayard was placed under arrest, number one,
because he had an outstanding warrant which was not
— it existed but it was not known by the officer; and,
two, he had a suspended driver's license. So the fact
that the breakup of the money that was found and the
way it was packaged and the significant amount of
money would certainly not have been something
officers would have been aware of. That was
unforeseeable at the time.
Since I do find that the various factors including
the dog sniff rise to the level of probable cause, under
State v. Witt and State v. Alston, here officers were
permitted to conduct a search of the vehicle. That
search uncovered the drugs. Therefore, based upon for
all those reasons, the motion to suppress will be denied.
Defendant appeals, raising one issue:
BECAUSE THE STATE FAILED TO ESTABLISH
THAT THE CANINE IN THIS MATTER WAS
A-1547-17T4
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CERTIFIED BY A BONA FIDE ORGANIZATION,
THE ALERT BY THE CANINE FAILS TO
ESTABLISH PROBABLE CAUSE UNDER
FLORIDA V. HARRIS.
We reject defendant's argument because it misstates the standard
established in Harris for establishing a drug detection dog's reliability. The
United States Supreme Court in Harris held:
[E]vidence of a dog's satisfactory performance in a
certification or training program can itself provide
sufficient reason to trust his alert. If a bona fide
organization has certified a dog after testing his
reliability in a controlled setting, a court can presume
(subject to any conflicting evidence offered) that the
dog's alert provides probable cause to search. The same
is true, even in the absence of formal certification, if
the dog has recently and successfully completed a
training program that evaluated his proficiency in
locating drugs.
[Harris, 568 U.S. at 246-47 (emphasis added).]
Accepting defendant's argument that the State failed to establish the dog's
certification by a bona fide organization would not invalidate this search. The
trial court made extensive findings about the dog's reliability based on her recent
completion of "a training program that evaluated [her] proficiency in locating
drugs," id. at 247, a finding defendant does not challenge on appeal, and one
which we find well supported in the record and thus binding on appeal. See
State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 269 (2015) ("[A]n appellate tribunal must defer
A-1547-17T4
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to the factual findings of the trial court when that court has made its findings
based on the testimonial and documentary evidence presented at an evidentiary
hearing.").
Accordingly, we affirm the denial of defendant's suppression motion and
his conviction and sentence, essentially for the reasons expressed by Judge
Polansky in his thoughtful and thorough opinion from the bench on May 4, 2017,
and remand for vacation of the stay of the custodial portion of defendant's
sentence.
Affirmed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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