JOSEPH J. GORMLEY, III v. SUSAN CANNAVO GORMLEY
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1428-18T4
JOSEPH J. GORMLEY, III,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
SUSAN CANNAVO
GORMLEY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Submitted September 16, 2019 – Decided December 26, 2019
Before Judges Rothstadt, Moynihan, and Mitterhoff.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Burlington County,
Docket No. FM-03-1232-15.
Capehart & Scatchard, PA, attorneys for appellant
(Amy Charna Goldstein and Linda M. Payne, on the
briefs).
Joseph J. Gormley, III, respondent pro se.
PER CURIAM
Defendant Susan Cannavo Gormley appeals from portions of the Family
Part's June 28, 2018 final judgment of divorce (FJOD) that fixed the amount of
alimony and child support to be paid by plaintiff Joseph J. Gormley, and further
directed that defendant pay the parties' daughter's unreimbursed medical
expenses. Defendant also appeals from the trial judge's November 9, 2018 order
denying her motion for reconsideration. On appeal, defendant argues the Family
Part judge "erred in calculating alimony and child support by imputing income
to [her] and by failing to impute income to . . . plaintiff." She contends the judge
failed to consider defendant's "need for spousal support," and abused her
discretion by deviating from the Child Support Guidelines. See Child Support
Guidelines, Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, Appendix IX-A to
R. 5:6A, www.gannlaw.com (2019).
Having considered defendant's arguments in light of the record and the
applicable principles of law, we conclude the judge improperly imputed income
to defendant and not to plaintiff, did not explain her findings as to defendant's
need for support or plaintiff's ability to pay, and incorrectly deviated from the
Guidelines. For those reasons, we vacate the award of alimony and child
support, and remand the matter to the trial judge for reconsideration.
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2
I.
The salient facts as developed at the parties' trial are generally undisputed.
They are summarized as follows. The parties were married in 2000, had one
child in 2004, and in 2012 the parties separated when defendant and the child
moved in with defendant's parents. Plaintiff filed for divorce in 2015.
At the time the parties were married, defendant already suffered from
Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In 2002, the Social Security Administration (SSA) had
determined that she was disabled. For that reason, defendant was unemployed.
At the time of the trial, plaintiff had been employed full-time since 2013 in a
commission-based job and earned approximately $150,000 annually during the
two years before the trial. However, his paystub for approximately five months
of 2018 reflected that his earnings were $46,644.56 or $112,000 on an
annualized basis. However, by the time the matter was tried, plaintiff decided
to reduce his hours to begin studying psychology and researching parental
alienation. He also reduced his hours at work to prepare for trial in this matter.
Nevertheless, plaintiff contended that his reduced income was based upon his
employer's new commission formula.
A-1428-18T4
3
At the thirteen-day trial, the only expert to testify addressed custody and
parenting time issues relating to the parties' daughter not having contact with
plaintiff. The other witnesses included the parties and several fact witnesses.
After the lengthy trial, the Family Part judge granted defendant sole legal
custody of the daughter and barred any "parenting time for plaintiff until further
order of the court." As to support, the judge rejected defendant's monthly budget
of approximately $7700 and reduced it to $4300. According to the judge, many
of the defendant's expenses were fictional and her budget did not reflect the
assistance defendant was receiving from her parents while separated from
plaintiff. The judge concluded that "[l]ooking at [defendant's] budget and
attempting to make it realistic in the face of the [$7700] per month, I find that a
reasonable monthly budget is $4300."
After imputing income to defendant in the amount of $240 per week, the
judge ordered plaintiff to pay $200 in alimony weekly, deviated from the
Guidelines by ordering $90 per week for child support, and required plaintiff to
maintain medical insurance through his employer, with defendant paying all
unreimbursed medical expenses.
Defendant filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that the judge erred
in her calculation of support to be paid by plaintiff when she imputed income to
A-1428-18T4
4
defendant and failed to impute income to plaintiff. Defendant also claimed the
judge failed to calculate child support and unreimbursed health expenses
according to the Guidelines.
In response to defendant's motion, the judge recognized that she did not
give any reasons for deviating from the Guidelines and in an oral decision
clarified that she found good cause, pursuant to Rule 5:6A, to deviate. The judge
reasoned an injustice would occur if plaintiff was required to pay child support
pursuant to the Guidelines because he "is not going to see his child," and the
parents and the child "contributed equally" in the circumstances that led to
granting sole custody to defendant and denying plaintiff any parenting time. The
judge denied defendant's motion to reconsider her calculation of child support
and alimony. This appeal followed.
II.
Our review of Family Part orders is limited. We accord deference to
Family Part judges due to their "special jurisdiction and expertise in family [law]
matters." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998). Therefore, their findings
are binding on appeal so long as their determinations are "supported by
adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Id. at 411-12. Evidence derived from
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5
testimony is given great deference since the trial judge is better suited to
evaluate the credibility of the witnesses. Id. at 412.
Only when the trial judge's findings are "so manifestly unsupported by or
inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to
offend the interests of justice" is reversal warranted. Rova Farms Resort, Inc.
v. Inv'rs Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974) (quoting Fagliarone v. Twp.
of N. Bergen, 78 N.J. Super. 154, 155 (App. Div. 1963)). "This standard applies
equally to the trial court's decisions regarding alimony [and] child support . . . ."
Lombardi v. Lombardi, 447 N.J. Super. 26, 33 (App. Div. 2016) (citations
omitted).
However, a "judge's legal conclusions, and the application of those
conclusions to the facts, are subject to [this court's] plenary review."
Spangenberg v. Kolakowski, 442 N.J. Super. 529, 535 (App. Div. 2015)
(quoting Reese v. Weis, 430 N.J. Super. 552, 568 (App. Div. 2013)). "[A]ll
legal issues are reviewed de novo." Ricci v. Ricci, 448 N.J. Super. 546, 565
(App. Div. 2017).
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III.
A.
We first address the trial judge's imputation of income to defendant and
not to plaintiff in her calculation of alimony and child support. At the outset,
we agree with defendant that the trial judge mistakenly exercised her discretion
by imputing income to defendant. See Sternesky v. Salcie-Sternesky, 396 N.J.
Super. 290, 307-08 (App. Div. 2007) ("Imputation of income is left to the sound
discretion of the trial judge based on the evidence presented.").
In reaching her decision, the judge found that defendant receives $2023
monthly from social security because she is disabled due to her MS.
Nevertheless, the judge imputed income to defendant because the judge found
"no medical testimony to that effect was presented." The judge recounted the
symptoms defendant testified she suffered from, which included fatigue, bladder
issues, tremors, and trouble with concentration. The judge observed that "[n]one
of those symptoms were on display in the courtroom during the [thirteen] days
of trial." According to the judge, defendant's behavior during trial did not
support "her claim of her deficiencies and difficulties such that they would
prevent her from being employed." Furthermore, the judge found defendant's
unemployment was voluntary because "there [was] no evidence that she was
A-1428-18T4
7
ever told by any medical professional that she should" not work. The judge
determined defendant was not fully disabled through defendant's testimony that
she drives her daughter to various locations. The judge concluded defendant did
not demonstrate "the sedentary lifestyle of a disabled person," and therefore was
capable of working at least twenty hours per week. However, "[b]ecause
[defendant had] been out of the work force for many years, [defendant] would
probably start at a lower end of the wage scale." For that reason, the judge
imputed $12 per hour or $240 per week.
The judge later reiterated her ruling in her oral decision rejecting
defendant's motion for reconsideration. There the judge explained she did not
contest the defendant's disability, but that under the holding in Gilligan v.
Gilligan, 428 N.J. Super. 69 (Ch. Div. 2012), a trial court's opinion, an award of
social security disability alone was not sufficient to establish defendant's
inability to work.
We conclude that the trial judge misapplied the controlling law. We agree
that "[i]ncome may be imputed to a party who is voluntarily unemployed or
underemployed" if the party's actions are "intentional . . . without just cause,"
and that the "party asserting inability to work due to disability bears the burden
of proving the disability." Golian v. Golian, 344 N.J. Super. 337, 341 (App.
A-1428-18T4
8 Div. 2001). However, when SSA has determined that a party is disabled, a
presumption of disability is established. Id. at 341-42. When a party has been
adjudicated disabled by the SSA, that determination "constitutes a prima facie
showing that [a party] is disabled, and therefore unable to be gainfully
employed, and the burden shifts to [the opposing party] to refute that
presumption." Id. at 342-43; see also 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A) and (2)(A); 1
Diehl v. Diehl, 389 N.J. Super. 443, 451 (App. Div. 2006) ("The determination
of [a litigant's] disability is prima facie evidence of [an] inability to pursue
gainful employment.").
The evidence a party could present to rebut the presumption of disability
could include "lay testimony, expert testimony[,] or medical records, consistent
with the Rules of Evidence, as the trial court deems appropriate." Golian, 344 N.J. Super at 343. If the opposing party can rebut the presumption of disability,
1
Disability is defined by the Social Security Act as the "inability to engage in
any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable
physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which
has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12
months." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). Under 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A), "An
individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if his physical or
mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable
to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work
experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in
the national economy."
A-1428-18T4
9
the trial court may then impute income to the party receiving disability benefits.
Id. at 341-43.
The trial judge's reliance in this case on Gilligan was clearly in error. In
Gilligan, a trial court stated, contrary to the shifting burden of proof we
established in Golian, the SSA's declaration that a party was disabled was
insufficient to enable that party to establish a prima facie case of disability.
Gilligan, 428 N.J. Super. at 80-81. The court held even though a party had been
adjudicated as disabled, that party was still required to provide more evidence
to the court "than simply the SSD award letter itself to prove his or her case."
Id. at 73. However, as we specifically stated in Golian, a party's "SSA disability
status . . . result[s] in a presumption of inability to work and the burden should
be on [the opposing party] to rebut that presumption before income can be
imputed to" the party receiving SSD benefits. 344 N.J. Super. at 338 -39. To
the extent the trial court's decision in Gilligan is inconsistent with our ruling in
Golian, we disapprove of it.
Here, it was undisputed that SSA determined defendant was disabled.
Plaintiff, who had defendant examined and interviewed by his experts during
discovery, failed to adduce any evidence at trial to rebut the presumption of
defendant's disability. Under these circumstances, it was an error for the trial
A-1428-18T4
10
judge to have looked to defendant for other evidence that she was disabled or to
base her findings about defendant's disability on her observations of defendant
during the trial as the presumption of disability was never rebutted.
B.
Turning to defendant's contention about the trial judge's failure to impute
income to plaintiff, here too we disagree with the trial judge. The judge
determined after the 2018 trial that "[i]n 2017, . . . plaintiff had a gross income
of $150,000," and in 2018 "plaintiff [was] employed and . . . will have an annual
income of approximately $100,000 . . . based on the year-to-date pay stubs
submitted." The judge noted that "because [plaintiff] works on commissions, it
could go up more than that." Rather than relying upon his last few year's income,
the judge considered the family's income during the six years prior to the parties'
separation in 2012, and determined "the family earned a gross income not much
more than $92,000," after apparently attempting to average plaintiff's gross
income over those six years.2 The judge never addressed defendant's contention
that plaintiff was intentionally underemployed.
On appeal, defendant maintains plaintiff has the ability to earn up to
$150,000. She asserts that plaintiff has not been earning as much because he
2
Our calculation of that average is closer to $88,000 than $92,000.
A-1428-18T4
11
admitted to working less and diverting his efforts to studying psychology,
researching parental alienation, and representing himself during this trial and
related litigation. Defendant relies on our opinions in Elrom v. Elrom, 439 N.J.
Super. 424 (App. Div. 2015), and Platt v. Platt, 384 N.J. Super. 418 (App. Div.
2006), to argue the judge should have averaged plaintiff's earnings of those two
years prior to trial and imputed additional income to him.
Plaintiff asserts that it was only during the two years prior to trial that he
was able to earn the significant income as argued by defendant. Plaintiff also
contends that a change in the commission rate at his employment, which he
testified to at trial, warranted a finding that he is not voluntarily underemployed.
We conclude that the trial judge erred by not including plaintiff's earnings
during the years just prior to the trial when determining whether he was earning
income commensurate with his earning capacity. Trial judges must first
consider the parties marital lifestyle to determine the amount needed for support
and then consider the paying spouse's earning capacity to determine that spouse's
ability to pay. See Lombardi, 447 N.J. Super. at 37 ("'The importance of
establishing the standard of living experienced during the marriage cannot be
overstated.' It is the 'touchstone for the initial alimony award.'" (citations
omitted) (quoting Crews v. Crews, 164 N.J. 11, 16 (2000))). In their
A-1428-18T4
12
determination of whether a party has the ability to pay support, t rial judges are
required to consider, as of the trial date, the "potential earning capacity of an
individual, not his or her actual income." Caplan v. Caplan, 182 N.J. 250, 268
(2005) (quoting Halliwell v. Halliwell, 326 N.J. Super. 442, 448 (App. Div.
1999)); see also Gnall v. Gnall, 432 N.J. Super. 129, 159 (App. Div. 2013)
("Both when setting child support and in reaching a proper alimony award, a
judge must examine not only each party's income, but also his or her earning
ability."), rev'd on other grounds, 222 N.J. 414 (2015).
When there are substantial variations in the income of a party, it is not
unreasonable for a trial court to use income averaging when determining a
party's ability to pay alimony, which must include the years after a complaint is
filed and before a divorce is finalized. See Platt, 384 N.J. Super. at 426 (noting
that it was logical and reasonable to average defendant's income over a five-year
period for purposes of calculating alimony and child support where husband was
self-employed and "chose to drastically reduce his personal income"). However,
a trial court errs when it fails to consider actual income leading up to the trial
when determining whether a party has the ability to pay support. See Lynn v.
Lynn, 165 N.J. Super. 328, 341 (App. Div. 1979) (explaining that a party's
A-1428-18T4
13
"earning capacity or prospective earnings" should also be considered in addition
to the party's current income).
If a court is satisfied that a party is not earning at his or her capacity it
then can impute income if, as already noted, it finds voluntary underemployment
without just cause. Golian, 344 N.J. Super. at 341. "Inherent in a finding of
'underemployment' is the notion the obligor is intentionally failing to earn that
which he or she is capable of earning." Dorfman v. Dorfman, 315 N.J. Super.
511, 516 (App. Div. 1998).
"Imputation of income is a discretionary matter not capable of precise or
exact determination but rather requiring a trial judge to realistically appraise
capacity to earn and job availability." Storey v. Storey, 373 N.J. Super. 464,
474 (App. Div. 2004). "In making that decision, the court should consider the
employment status and earning capacity of [the party] had the family remained
intact [and] the reason for and intent behind the voluntary underemployment or
unemployment." Caplan, 182 N.J. at 268; see also Child Support Guidelines,
Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, Appendix IX-A to R. 5:6A at ¶
12(a), www.gannlaw.com (2019).
Here, the trial judge did not assess plaintiff's earning capacity or his
current earnings in her determination of plaintiff’s ability to pay support.
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Inexplicably, the judge ignored plaintiff's current earnings and relied upon six
years of income that plaintiff earned prior to the parties separating, which was
more than five years before the trial date. Again, under these circumstances, we
are constrained to remand the issue of support for the trial judge’s
reconsideration.
IV.
Next, we address the trial judge's determination of the amount of support
needed by defendant. At trial, defendant testified to her Case Information
Statement's budget and to the assistance she received from her parents while
living with them. In her decision, the trial judge found "[t]he parties lived an
average lifestyle. An average, comfortable lifestyle. Not the upper middle-class
lifestyle claim[ed] by . . . defendant." She addressed defendant's budget and
characterized it as "a work of fiction" and identified expenses she found
excessive. In addition, the judge compared the expenses to plaintiff's earnings
while the parties lived together six years earlier and concluded that "[i]f . . .
defendant was actually spending [$7700] a month during those years, it is no
wonder that the family had financial difficulties." The judge then reduced
defendant's budget to $4300 per month, without any explanation as to how she
calculated that amount.
A-1428-18T4
15
As noted, we review a trial judge's support determinations for an abuse of
discretion. In order to perform our review, we must be provided with adequate
reasons for the trial judge's determinations. "Rule 1:7-4 requires a judge to
provide findings of fact and conclusions of law on every [decision] decided by
a written order that is appealable by right. . . . The omission of critical factual
findings, . . . impedes our review and requires a remand limited to this issue."
Elrom, 439 N.J. Super. at 443 (first alteration in original) (citations omitted).
When a trial judge issues reasons for a decision, it "must state clearly [her]
factual findings and correlate them with relevant legal conclusions, so that
parties and the appellate courts [are] informed of the rationale underlying th[ose]
conclusion[s]." Avelino-Catabran v. Catabran, 445 N.J. Super. 574, 594-95
(App. Div. 2016) (second, third, and fourth alterations in original) (quoting
Monte v. Monte, 212 N.J. Super. 557, 565 (App. Div. 1986)).
On the record before us, we are again constrained to remand the matter
for an explanation as to how the trial judge determined defendant's needs were
to be fixed at $4300 per month as the judge failed to provide us with any
calculations supporting her determination.
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16
V.
Last, we consider the trial judge's deviation from the Guidelines by
ordering $90 per week for support and requiring defendant to be solely
responsible for all uncovered medical expenses for the child.3 As noted, the
judge explained on reconsideration that she deviated from the Guidelines
because plaintiff was not granted any parenting time. That reasoning was
without any support.
Rule 5:6A requires a trial judge to employ the Guidelines when
establishing child support unless "good cause is shown." When deciding the
amount of child support, a judge must apply the Guidelines for incomes up to
$187,200, and then for higher income families, apply the statutory factors under
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(a) to calculate an additional discretionary amount to be
added if warranted. See Pascale v. Pascale, 140 N.J. 583, 593-94 (1995); Caplan
v. Caplan, 364 N.J. Super. 68, 78, 84-86 (App. Div. 2003); see also Child
Support Guidelines, Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, Appendix
IX-A to R. 5:6A at ¶ 20, www.gannlaw.com (2019).
3
Under the Guidelines, "health care expenses in excess of $250 per year should"
be divided between the parties in proportion to each parent's income. Child
Support Guidelines, Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, Appendix
IX-A to R. 5:6A at ¶ 27, www.gannlaw.com (2019).
A-1428-18T4
17
"If a [judge] determines deviation from the guidelines is appropriate, [the
judge] must nevertheless calculate the guidelines-based support award and state
the specific findings justifying its deviation therefrom—specifically, why
deviation is in the best interests of the child." Avelino-Catabran, 445 N.J. Super.
at 594. "If the [G]uidelines are found inapplicable . . . the court should consider
the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23 or N.J.S.A. 9:17-53 when establishing
the child support award." Child Support Guidelines, Pressler & Verniero,
Current N.J. Court Rules, Appendix IX-A to R. 5:6A at ¶ 3, www.gannlaw.com
(2019).
A reduction or elimination of parenting time is not good cause to deviate
from the Guidelines because the Guidelines factor in the amount of time each
parent spends with the child when determining the support obligations. Further,
any injustice caused by the failure of a party's relationship with his or her child
is not remedied by a reduction in support. The injustice must be viewed from
the perspective of the child, not the supporting parent because "[i]n all cases,
the decision to deviate from the [G]uidelines shall be based on the best interests
of the child." Child Support Guidelines, Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court
Rules, Appendix IX-A to R. 5:6A at ¶ 21, www.gannlaw.com (2019); see also
Pascale, 140 N.J. at 594.
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18
The judge here did not take into consideration the best interests of the
child when she reduced support below the Guidelines because there was no
parenting time ordered. Contrary to the trial judge's determination, the
Guidelines contemplate a non-custodial parent's support obligation being
reduced if the parent spends more time than contemplated by the initial award
to reflect additional costs being assumed by the non-custodial parent during the
time spent with child. See Child Support Guidelines, Pressler & Verniero,
Current N.J. Court Rules, Appendix IX-A to R. 5:6A at ¶ 13(d), 14,
www.gannlaw.com (2019). In any event, once the judge deviated from the
Guidelines, she was required to establish the Guideline amount, apply the
statutory factors under N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23 or N.J.S.A. 9:17-53, and then explain
her reasons for deviating in writing. That did not occur here.
Since the trial judge incorrectly reduced plaintiff's support obligation
based upon his lack of any parenting time, on remand, the trial judge must
recalculate child support in accordance with the Guidelines. If the judge
deviates from the Guidelines, she must make specific findings in writing that
support a deviation and establish support in accordance with the statutory
factors.
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The order denying reconsideration is reversed. The alimony and child
support ordered in the FJOD is vacated and remanded for reconsideration.
Reversed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings
consistent with our opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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