STEPHEN SCHWEIGER v. STANDARD TILE SUPPLY CO.
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1322-18T2
STEPHEN SCHWEIGER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
STANDARD TILE SUPPLY,
CO. and LATICRETE
INTERNATIONAL, INC.,
Defendants-Respondents.
_____________________________
Argued October 8, 2019 – Decided November 6, 2019
Before Judges Yannotti and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Passaic County, Docket No. DC-013173-17.
Stephen Schweiger, appellant, argued the cause pro se.
Kevin A. Lee argued the cause for respondent Standard
Tile Supply Co. (Law Office of Abe Rappaport,
attorneys; Kevin A. Lee, on the brief).
Eric S. Schlesinger argued the cause for respondent
Laticrete International, Inc. (Golden Rothschild
Spagnola Lundell Boylan Garubo & Bell, PC,
attorneys; Punita K. Amin, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In this product liability action, plaintiff Stephen Schweiger alleges he
purchased defective, ready-to-use, pre-mixed plasma grout from defendant,
Standard Tile Supply Company (Standard Tile) that was manufactured by
defendant, Laticrete International, Inc. (Laticrete). He appeals from the October
9, 2018 order granting summary judgment to Standard Tile and Laticrete and
dismissing with prejudice his complaint, because he failed to provide an expert
report.
Plaintiff argues that no expert opinion was required to sustain his design
and manufacturing defect claims. We disagree and affirm.
I.
We take the facts from the summary judgment record, viewing them in the
light most favorable to plaintiff. Globe Motor Co. v. Igdalev, 225 N.J. 469, 479
(2016); R. 4:46-2(c). In February 2016, plaintiff purchased the plasma grout
from Standard Tile, along with tile. He intended to grout and tile three
bathrooms, including showers, a laundry room, and a mudroom in his home.
Tom Weber of Weber Custom Tile Installation, a professional with thirty years
of experience in the tile industry, installed the tile in plaintiff's home using the
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plasma grout. After about two weeks, the grout began to disintegrate and
dissolve between the tiles in each room.
On December 1, 2017, plaintiff filed a complaint in the Special Civil Part
alleging that, due to the product being "defective," the grout began to "wash
away" requiring repair of the damage caused. The complaint further alleged,
among other things, that Laticrete discontinued the product because of other
consumers experiencing the same problem, and Standard Tile removed the
product from its shelves.
According to plaintiff's complaint, Laticrete requested an estimate for the
cost to repair the damage caused by the grout. Plaintiff provided an estimate
from Weber to both Laticrete and Standard Tile but the estimate was rejected
"as too costly." In response, plaintiff contacted another "grout removal expert ,"
who was recommended by Standard Tile, but this individual declined to provide
an estimate "due to the difficulty and liability associated with said repair work."
After plaintiff failed to serve an expert report and discovery responses,
Laticrete and Standard Tile moved for summary judgment. Laticrete argued that
plaintiff could not establish the necessary elements of his design defect and
manufacturing claims. Standard argued that it did not exercise any control over
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the design, manufacture, packaging, or labeling of the grout. The trial court
found:
[p]laintiff has failed in presenting a prima facie case
against both [d]efendants in this case because absent
the testimony of an expert witness at trial, he will be
unable to establish the existence of a defect. The
plaintiff's complaint cannot survive a motion for
summary judgment if proof of a defect will not be
established at trial.
In noting there was confusion as to whether plaintiff alleged a
manufacturing or design defect theory, the judge explained:
[p]laintiff alleges that the grout disintegrated after it
was installed. Because of the complexity of the grout
formula, composition and usage, there is no question
that expert testimony is required to establish the
existence of a defect. The issue of whether the grout
product was defectively manufactured cannot be based
on common judgment and experience from which a jury
can form a valid judgment.
As to Standard Tile, the judge articulated that:
[p]laintiff must establish, pursuant to subsection (d)(2)1
above, that [Standard] knew or should have known of
1 N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-9(d)(2) provides:
A product seller shall be liable if:
(2) The product seller knew or should have known of
the defect in the product which caused the injury, death
or damage or the plaintiff can affirmatively
demonstrate that the product seller was in possession of
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the defect, or that [Standard] was in possession of facts
from which a reasonable person would conclude that
the product seller had or should have had knowledge of
the defect. Putting aside whether [plaintiff] would be
able to establish any state of knowledge by Standard
Tile, which are likely fact issues, [p]laintiff must still
prove the existence of a defect in the product to prevail.
. . . [and] there is no question that expert testimony is
required to establish the existence of a defect.
The court entered an order dismissing plaintiff's claims against Standard Tile
and Laticrete with prejudice.
II.
On appeal, plaintiff presents three arguments in challenging the October
9, 2018 order granting summary judgment to Standard Tile and Laticrete.
Plaintiff contends: (1) summary judgment should have been denied because
there were disputed issues of material fact; (2) expert testimony is not needed to
show the design and/or manufacturing defect of the grout because plaintiff
established a prima facie case of product liability under the Products Liability
Act (PLA), N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-1 to -11; and (3) the trial court erred because
plaintiff did in fact have an expert witness available to testify at trial.
facts from which a reasonable person would conclude
that the product seller had or should have had
knowledge of the alleged defect in the product which
caused the injury, death or damage . . . .
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In his reply brief, plaintiff also contends that: (1) Laticrete's introduction
of the economic loss doctrine is inapplicable here; (2) plaintiff was not properly
served with Form A(2) Interrogatories in accordance with Rule 4:17-3; and (3)
summary judgment was prematurely granted prior to the completion of
discovery.
In reviewing a summary judgment order, we use a de novo standard of
review and apply the same standard employed by the trial court. Davis v.
Brickman Landscaping, Ltd., 219 N.J. 395, 405 (2014). Accordingly, we
determine whether the moving party has demonstrated that there were no
genuine disputes as to material facts and, if so, whether the facts, viewed in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party, entitle the moving party to a
judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 405-06; Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of
Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995); R. 4:46-2(c).
The PLA recognizes three claims: design defect, manufacturing defect,
and failure to warn. N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-2; Roberts v. Rich Foods, Inc., 139 N.J.
365, 375 (1995); Dziewiecki v. Bakula, 361 N.J. Super. 90, 97 (App. Div. 2003).
Here, plaintiff has not asserted a failure to warn claim. Accordingly, we analyze
his claims of design defect and manufacturing defect.
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To prove a design defect under the PLA, a plaintiff must establish that the
product was "designed in a defective manner." N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-2(c).
Moreover, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the product "was not reasonably fit,
suitable or safe for its intended purpose." Dewey v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,
121 N.J. 69, 95 (1990) (quoting N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-2). Accordingly, a plaintiff
must prove either that the product's risk outweighs its utility or that the product
could have been designed in an alternative manner so as to minimize or eliminate
the risk of harm. Lewis v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 155 N.J. 544, 569 (1998).
A manufacturing defect is a "deviat[ion] from the design specifications,
formulae, or performance standards of the manufacturer or from otherwise
identical units manufactured to the same manufacturing specifications or
formulae . . . ." N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-2. Under both the design defect and
manufacturing theories, plaintiff must prove "that the product was defective,
that the defect existed when the product left the manufacturer's control, and that
the defect proximately caused injuries to the plaintiff, a reasonably foreseeable
or intended user." Myrlak v. Port Auth., 157 N.J. 84, 97 (1999).
Plaintiff did not specify in his complaint whether the alleged defect was
one in design or manufacturing. On appeal, plaintiff contends that the product
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was defectively designed, and the trial court improperly utilized language
relating to a manufacturing defect as a basis for granting summary judgment.
Regardless of which type of defect plaintiff claims the product had, he
was required to present expert testimony as to whether the plasma grout was
defective. Suter v. San Angelo Foundry & Mach. Co., 81 N.J. 150, 174 (1979)
("Though the nature of the proof to demonstrate that the product was defective
may differ, the ultimate jury test is the same. Suitability and safety are
implicated whether the defect in the product is due to an imperfection in the
material or improper design.").
While often relied upon, "expert testimony is not invariably required" for
any of the methods used to prove defect. Macri v. Ames McDonough Co., 211 N.J. Super. 636, 642 (App. Div. 1986). Instead, "the trial court should
determine, based on all the evidence presented, whether the knowledge and
experience of the jurors, unaided by expert testimony, provides a sufficient basis
to determine the factual issue . . . ." Id. at 643. Expert testimony is necessary
when "the matter to be dealt with is so esoteric that jurors of common judgment
and experience cannot form a valid judgment as to whether the conduct of the
party was reasonable." Butler v. Acme Markets, Inc., 89 N.J. 270, 283 (1982).
In those situations, experts are needed to help the fact-finder understand "the
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mechanical intricacies of the instrumentality." Jimenez v. GNOC, Corp., 286 N.J. Super. 533, 546 (App. Div. 1996). Here, we are persuaded that plaintiff
was required to present expert testimony to support his claims against Standard
Tile and Laticrete, and therefore, dismissal of the complaint on summary
judgment was appropriate.
Plaintiff also argues that Laticrete sent an inspector to his home to inspect
the damage caused by the plasma grout. The inspector acknowledged the grout
was "defective" to plaintiff and that other users of the grout experienced the
same problem as plaintiff. With respect to Standard Tile, plaintiff was told that
other customers had similar issues with the plasma grout. In an October 17,
2016 email sent from Standard Tile to plaintiff, he was advised: "Plasma grout
is not supposed to be used on shower floors and you shouldn't have been sold it
for that application. I apologize for that." Plaintiff argues that these
communications create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the plasma
grout was defective. We disagree.
The res ipsa loquitur doctrine is not available to product liability plaintiffs.
Myrlak, 157 N.J. at 90. And, while discontinuation of the plasma grout may
evidence remedial conduct by Laticrete, it does not dispense with the need for
expert testimony because it is not self-evident that the plasma grout was
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defectively designed. The trial judge aptly found that due to the "complexity of
the grout formula, composition and usage," expert testimony was required to
prove the existence of a defect.
Plaintiff next argues that in any event, Weber was available to provide
expert testimony on the day of trial. After reviewing the "streamlined" website
instructions for proceeding with a case in the Special Civil Part, plaintiff claims
he was prepared to try the case by producing his wife and general contractor as
fact witnesses and Weber as an expert witness. Plaintiff also asserts he had:
documentary evidence, including notes, following the Laticrete inspection; a
pail of the plasma grout with usage labels; correspondence from defendants; and
website pages showing Laticrete discontinued the product and multiple
contractors across the country experienced similar problems with the plasma
grout. We see no merit to plaintiff's arguments.
The instructions for how to prepare for trial in the Special Civil Part do
not dispense with the statutory criteria a plaintiff must prove under the PLA, the
obligation to answer discovery requests, or the need for expert testimony in a
case such as this one. Thus, summary judgment was appropriately granted to
Standard Tile and Laticrete.
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III.
In his reply brief, plaintiff argues that defendants did not properly serve
"original" Form A(2) Interrogatories upon him as required by Rule 4:17-3. He
argues that because this action does not satisfy any exception set forth in Rule
6:4-3(a) or (b),2 it is governed by Rule 4:17.
Rule 4:17-3 requires "[t]he party serving the interrogatories . . . [to]
furnish the answering party with the original thereof." Form A(2)
Interrogatories are specifically tailored towards products liability actions. Rule
4:17-1(b)(1) limits interrogatories to those prescribed by Form A of Appendix
II, plus ten supplemental questions, without subparts, without seeking leave of
court.
Rule 4:17-1(b)(2) provides for "Automatic Service of Uniform
Interrogatories," and states: "The plaintiff in such an action [subject to uniform
interrogatories] shall be deemed to have been served with uniform
interrogatories simultaneously with service of defendant's answer to the
2
Except as otherwise provided by Rule 6:4-3(b), interrogatories may be served
pursuant to the applicable provisions of Rule 4:17 in all actions except forcible
entry and detainer actions, summary landlord and tenant actions for the recovery
of premises, and actions commenced or pending in the Small Claims Section.
The [forty]-day and [sixty]-day periods prescribed by Rule 4:17-2 and Rule
4:17-4, respectively, are each reduced to [thirty] days in Special Civil Part
actions.
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complaint and shall serve answers to the interrogatories within [thirty] days after
service of the answer to the complaint."
In accordance with Rule 4:17-1(b)(2), plaintiff was deemed served with
Form A(2) Interrogatories upon the filing of defendants' answers to the
complaint. Plaintiff was required to provide certified answers thereto within
thirty days thereafter. Defendants properly served the interrogatories and
plaintiff was required to produce answers and an expert report.
One of the purposes of interrogatories is "to require one's adversary to
provide disclosure as to positions being taken in the litigation . . . ." Vitti v.
Brown, 359 N.J. Super. 40, 46-47 (Law Div. 2003). "The discovery rules 'were
designed to eliminate, as far as possible, concealment and surprise in the trial of
lawsuits to the end that judgments therein be rested upon the real merits of the
causes and not upon the skill and maneuvering of counsel.'" Wymbs v. Twp. of
Wayne, 163 N.J. 523, 543 (2000) (quoting Evtush v. Hudson Bus Transp. Co.,
7 N.J. 167, 173 (1951)).
We conclude that the remaining arguments—to the extent we have not
addressed them—lack sufficient merit to warrant any further discussion in a
written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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