STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. LUIS H. ELIAS-VELASCO
Annotate this CaseRECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5299-15T3
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
LUIS H. ELIAS-VELASCO,
a/k/a LUIS H. VELASCO,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
Submitted October 31, 2018 – Decided December 14, 2018
Before Judges Koblitz, Currier and Mayer.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 14-12-1832.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Gilbert G. Miller, Designated Counsel, on
the brief).
Dennis Calo, Acting Bergen County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent (Jenny X. Zhang, Special
Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor,
of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Luis H. Elias-Velasco appeals from a May 27, 2016 judgment
of conviction for third-degree endangering the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A.
2C:24-4(a). Although indicted and tried on two counts of second-degree sexual
assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b) (counts one and two); one count of third-degree
aggravated sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(a)(1) (count three); and one count
of second-degree endangering the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a) (count
four), the jury convicted defendant only of count four as amended to a lesser-
included third-degree charge. Defendant argues the State's presentation of an
English transcript of his videotaped Spanish statement, absent testimony from
the translator as to its accuracy, violated his Sixth Amendment rights, and the
jury was improperly instructed with respect to the transcript. He also argues the
prosecutor's comments in summation deprived him of a fair trial. After
reviewing the record in light of the contentions advanced on appeal, we affirm.
Defendant was asked by a friend, D.G. (Danielle), to watch her two
children, H.T. (Hannah) and K.T. (Kyle), for the night while she went to the
hospital to give birth. 1 At the time, Hannah was eleven years old and Kyle was
fourteen. Defendant and his wife, D.N. (Donna) had previously lived with
1
We use initials and pseudonyms to protect the privacy interests of the parties.
R. 1:38-3(c)(12).
A-5299-15T3
2
Danielle and the children for approximately five years, beginning when Hannah
and Kyle were toddlers. After moving into their own apartment, defendant and
his wife maintained their friendship with Danielle and continued to periodically
visit and babysit the children.
In early August 2012, Hannah and Kyle spent the night at defendant's
home, a one-room apartment with a bed and a pull-out couch. Hannah and Kyle
slept in the bed while defendant and his wife shared the couch. The next day,
the children left to meet their mother at the hospital. Over the course of the next
two years, Hannah reported to several people -- including her best friend, Sandy;
her mother; a hospital employee; and a home therapist -- that defendant sexually
abused her while she stayed at his apartment that night.
According to Hannah, before 8:00 a.m., as defendant was getting ready to
go to work, he climbed onto the bed, pulled down Hannah's pajama pants and
put his mouth and his hands on her vagina and backside, in non-penetrative skin-
to-skin contact. Hannah testified Kyle was in the bed at the time and Donna was
on the couch nearby, but both slept through the incident. According to Hannah,
the assault lasted about ten minutes, after which defendant left for work .
Nearly two years later, Hannah told her therapist about the incident; the
therapist reported the allegations to the Division of Child Protection and
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Permanency, which referred the matter to the police. In August 2014, Hannah
and her mother spoke to Cliffside Park police detective George Santiago about
the incident. The police went to defendant's apartment and told his wife they
wanted to speak with him. Shortly thereafter, defendant voluntarily went to the
Cliffside Park police station.
Defendant, a native Spanish speaker, was read his Miranda2 rights by
Detective George Santiago, who is fluent in Spanish, and was provided a
Spanish-language Miranda form. Defendant signed the form and agreed to
speak with the police. The interview was videotaped and conducted entirely in
Spanish. Defendant denied Hannah's allegations, but when asked by Santiago
whether it was possible, if defendant was very drunk, that he may have done
something and not remembered it, defendant stated, "is possible, . . . one
sometimes a little drunk, I don't know, one doesn't remember." At the end of
the interview, defendant was placed under arrest.
I. The Statement
At the Miranda hearing, the State presented an English-language transcript
of the interview prepared by a certified translator from the prosecutor's office.
Defense counsel was provided a copy of the transcript the day before the
2
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
A-5299-15T3
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hearing. Defense counsel, who appeared to be fluent in Spanish, told the court
she reviewed the transcript, and had "some proposed changes," which she
provided to the assistant prosecutor.
The parties and the court followed along with the transcript while the
video of the statement played. Defense counsel and the prosecutor went page
by page, line by line, suggesting their respective edits of the transcript. Each
party consented to the other's edits. With respect to proposed redactions, the
prosecutor and defense counsel agreed to discuss redactions after the hearing
and come to an agreement before trial. At the close of the hearing, the judge
ruled the statement was admissible.
On another day, the judge heard argument regarding defendant's motion
to redact certain portions of defendant's statement. In clarifying which portions
defendant wanted to redact, defense counsel referred to page and line citations
from the transcript. Defense counsel expressed her lack of concern about any
other portion of the transcript. After hearing argument from both parties, the
judge ruled the challenged portions of the statement admissible, but that a
limiting instruction would be required to "instruct the jury that it is their function
to determine if the statements were actually made by the defendant" and "if they
A-5299-15T3
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are credible." The judge instructed counsel "to work together to come up with
a limiting instruction for the [c]ourt."
II. The Trial
The State presented five witnesses at trial: Hannah's mother, Danielle;
Hannah; Kyle; Hannah's best friend, Sandy; and Detective Santiago. Defendant
called Donna and two character witnesses. He elected not to testify.
Sandy testified that Hannah told her on the afternoon of August 3, 2012,
that "something happened" and "somebody touched her" while she stayed at
defendant's house the night before, but Hannah did not give specific information
or identify defendant. Hannah's mother testified that Hannah told her on or
around August 4, 2012, that "the man had touched her" in her "intimate part,"
while she stayed at defendant's home, but Danielle elected not to contact the
police, and instead, told Hannah to stay away from defendant and his wife.
Donna testified that on the morning of the incident, she and defendant
woke up together just before 7:00 a.m., and she helped him get ready for work
as the children slept. Donna stated that the children slept through the night, and
were asleep through the time defendant left for work. Donna also testified that,
about two weeks before trial, the police brought her to the station and asked her
six specific questions. On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Donna
A-5299-15T3
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whether one of the questions was if she "[saw] or [heard] anything" on the night
of the incident. Donna confirmed that was one of the questions. Donna
confirmed that she did not tell the police about checking on the children in the
middle of the night, or certain other details about helping defendant get ready in
the morning, to which she had testified on direct.
The video of defendant's statement was played for the jury during
Detective Santiago's testimony. The video was presented on a split-screen, with
the transcript scrolling on one side of the screen as the video played; each juror
was also provided a hard copy of the transcript to follow along as the video
played. The translator who prepared the English transcript was not called to
testify as to its accuracy.
Defendant argues on appeal:
POINT I: THE JURY'S USE OF THE ENGLISH-
LANGUAGE TRANSCRIBED TRANSLATION OF
DEFENDANT'S VIDEOTAPED SPANISH-
LANGUAGE STATEMENT TO POLICE, AS A
DETECTIVE UNSCROLLED THE TRANSCRIPT
ON HALF OF A SPLIT SCREEN AT A PACE
PURPORTEDLY SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE
UNFOLDING DIALOGUE OF THE VIDEOTAPED
STATEMENT PLAYING ON THE OTHER HALF OF
THE SCREEN, WITHOUT THE TRANSLATOR
APPEARING TO TESTIFY THAT THE
TRANSLATION ON THE TRANSCRIPT WAS
AUTHENTIC AND ACCURATE, VIOLATED THE
SIXTH AMENDMENT'S PROHIBITION AGAINST
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TESTIMONIAL HEARSAY AND THE HEARSAY
PROSCRIPTION OF THE NEW JERSEY RULES OF
EVIDENCE. (Not raised below)
POINT II: THE COURT'S INSTRUCTIONS
REGARDING THE JURY'S EVALUATION OF
[DEFENDANT'S] VIDEOTAPED STATEMENT
WERE PLAINLY ERRONEOUS, AS THEY
DEPRIVED HIM OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL
RIGHT TO AN IMPARTIAL JURY AND A FAIR
TRIAL. (Not raised below)
POINT III: THE PROSECUTOR ENGAGED IN
MULTIPLE INSTANCES OF MISCONDUCT ON
SUMMATION WHICH INDIVIDUALLY AND
CUMULATIVELY DEPRIVED DEFENDANT OF A
FAIR TRIAL.
III. English Transcript of Defendant's Statement
Defense Points I and II were not raised in the trial court and are therefore
reviewed for plain error. R. 2:10-2. Plain error is one that is "clearly capable
of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10-2. Such an error must be "sufficient to
raise a reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the jury to a result it
otherwise might not have reached." State v. Chavies, 345 N.J. Super. 254, 265
(App. Div. 2001) (quoting State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 336 (1971)).
Before the video was played, the judge explained to the jurors the process
by which the transcript would be displayed along with the video, and told the
jury they had "the option of reading and watching on the screen or reading the
A-5299-15T3
8
transcript . . . ." Defense counsel did not object. The judge offered no other
instruction to the jurors at that time.
At one point, a juror asked what "IA" meant, as it appeared on the
transcript. The question was then posed to Detective Santiago, who testified:
"Inaudible, occasionally the acoustics in the room don't always allow for clear
sound to be picked up. So if the transcriber can't figure out what it is, they don't
guess they just put down inaudible."
The transcript was marked for identification, but was not admitted into
evidence because the State objected. Defendant argues the use of the transcript
at trial, absent any testimony from the transcriber as to its accuracy, violated the
Sixth Amendment's prohibition on testimonial hearsay, and the New Jersey
evidence rules. Defendant further asserts the court improperly instructed the
jury with respect to his statement. Neither argument was raised in the trial court.
According to defendant, the transcript was prepared in anticipation of, and
for the purpose of, litigation, and therefore does not fall under any business
record exception to the hearsay rule. Defendant contends the fact that the
transcript was never formally submitted into evidence is irrelevant; the jurors
were provided no other means of translating defendant's videotaped statement,
A-5299-15T3
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therefore, the translation constituted substantive evidence, not simply a visual
aid.
"Mistakes at trial are subject to the invited-error doctrine." State v. A.R.,
213 N.J. 542, 561 (2013). "Under that settled principle of law, trial errors that
'were induced, encouraged or acquiesced in or consented to by defense counsel
ordinarily are not a basis for reversal on appeal . . . .'" Ibid. (quoting State v.
Corsaro, 107 N.J. 339, 345 (1987)).
Appellate courts may consider an induced or invited error on appeal if that
error "cut mortally into the substantive rights of the defendant." State v. Harper,
128 N.J. Super. 270, 277 (App. Div. 1974). In such cases, the court may decline
to apply the invited error doctrine when doing so would "cause a fundamental
miscarriage of justice." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.C. III, 201 N.J. 328, 342 (2010) (quoting Brett v. Great Am. Recreation, 144 N.J. 479, 508
(1996)).
Here, defense counsel actively participated in the creation of the
transcript, referred to the transcript in her motions and her closing argument,
and insisted the jury not watch portions of the videotaped statement without the
accompanying transcript. Indeed, defense counsel told the jury during
summation to "focus . . . on that statement because you'll have it. And, you can
A-5299-15T3
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read parts of it or all of it." When the jury requested to view certain video clips
of the statement during deliberations, defense counsel insisted, "you can't just
play the clips without the transcript."
Given defendant's participation in perfecting the English transcript and
active involvement in urging the jury have access to the transcript, we find no
error in its use.
IV. Jury Charge
Defendant also claims the court had an obligation to instruct the jury "as
to how the jury should deal with the interrelation between the English language
on the transcript and Spanish language of the videotaped statement which was
actually in evidence." Defendant further asserts the court should have instructed
jurors "not to use any [personal] knowledge of Spanish which they might have
to interpret the Spanish on the videotape," as such knowledge constitutes an
improper outside influence on the jury.
The judge asked defense counsel for input regarding "the instruction on
defendant's statement." Defense counsel stated, "I took a stab . . . at drafting
something that I thought somewhat applies but I didn't find in the model [jury]
charges . . . if I could just make some copies and just give these to the State."
Defense counsel then provided the prosecutor and the court with a copy of her
A-5299-15T3
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proposed jury instructions. Defense counsel explained where to place her
recommended wording within the overall charge. The prosecutor responded, "I
have no objection to the language." Defense counsel and the prosecutor then
conferred about the final charge with respect to the statement, with defense
counsel stating "[t]hat's fine" to the final proposed charge.
After closing arguments, the trial judge provided the following
instructions with respect to defendant's statement:
Now, I want to address with you the statement by the
defendant.
There is for your consideration in this case, a recorded
statement made by the defendant. In considering how
much weight, if any, you should place on this statement
or portions thereof, you should take into consideration
all of the facts and circumstances regarding both the
taking of the statement and the answers that were given
to the questions that were asked as well as the other
evidence relating to this case.
If after consideration of all of these factors, you
determine that the statement is not credible, then you
must completely disregard that statement. If you find
that part or all of the statement is credible, then you may
give whatever weight that you think is appropriate to
that portion or portions of the statement that you find
truthful an[d] credible.
As I mentioned, there is, for your consideration in this
case, a recorded statement made by the defendant. It is
marked S-15 in evidence and you will have a copy of it
when you are in the jury room. I instruct you in that
A-5299-15T3
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case that there are also, and I've already told you this
once before, there are certain portions of the recorded
statement that are redacted -- they've not been provided
to you.
You may only consider those portions of the statement
which have been admitted into evidence and must not
speculate as to the contents of the omission or the
reason or reasons for the omissions.
After the judge finished giving the jury these instructions, the prosecutor
reminded the judge that the jury would not have a copy of defendant's statement
with them in the jury room. The judge then gave the following instruction:
All right, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, there's just
one modification to my instruction. When I -- when I
referred to [defendant's] statement, I indicated that you
would have that in the jury room.
That is the one thing you will not have in the jury room.
If you wish to view that statement, you will come back
out into the courtroom -- that's only if you wish to,
obviously. And, you will consider all of the evidence
collectively.
But, if you do wish to view the statement, you'll have
to come back out to court and then obviously a
transcript can be provided to you if -- if that's how you
wish to view it. Or, you can just view as Counsel has
been doing where it's a half screen -- the interview and
then the translation.
Before deliberations began, the trial judge asked the parties "to view all
the evidence to make sure that the evidence and the verdict sheet [were] in
A-5299-15T3
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order," and asked both counsel, "[c]an you state for the record . . . whether the
evidence and verdict sheet are in order?" Defense counsel stated, "Yes, Judge.
I did review the evidence. It is in order. I did, also, review the verdict sheet
and some of the jury instructions." Defense counsel offered no objections or
suggested changes or additions to the jury instructions.
During deliberations, the jury requested to view the videotape of
defendant's statement again with the transcript. Defense counsel offered no
objection. The jurors were shown the video and provided copies of the transcript
to follow along. Afterwards, one of the jurors appears to have asked whether
the jury could take the transcript into the jury room, to which the judge
responded, "[y]ou cannot." The judge gave the following instruction:
Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, you requested a
playback of the audio statement of the defendant. And
that recorded testimony has been played for you. In
your deliberations you are instructed to consider all of
the evidence and not give undue weight to the
testimony you've heard being played back. You are to
consider all of the evidence.
After deliberating for a few hours, the jury again requested to re-watch
the portions of defendant's statement the prosecutor had played during her
summation. Defense counsel proposed showing the jury a segment of the video
containing all four "clips" used by the prosecutor, rather than playing the clips
A-5299-15T3
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alone without the intervening content. Defense counsel argued it "make[s] more
sense to play them continuously because you can't just play the clips without the
transcript . . . ."
The jurors were then played the entire segment of defendant's statement
containing the four clips, and were again provided the transcript to follow along.
Afterwards, the judge instructed the jury again that they "must consider all of
the testimony collectively."
The jury did not reach a verdict on the first day, so deliberations continued
the following day, when another judge stood in for the trial judge, who was
unavailable. The jury requested "to see the transcript of [defendant]'s testimony,
video, again for clarification to help us decide?" Defense counsel informed the
new judge that the reason the transcript was not in evidence was because the
State would not stipulate to its accuracy.
The jury was played the portion of defendant's statement corresponding to
pages eighteen through twenty-seven of the transcript. After the video was
played, the judge reminded the jury "to consider all the evidence presented, and
don't give undue weight to any specific testimony that you've heard. Consi der
everything in the context."
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When a defendant does not object to a jury charge at trial, the charge is
reviewed under the plain error doctrine. State v. Noble, 398 N.J. Super. 574,
593 (App. Div. 2008); see also R. 1:7-2; R. 2:10-2. In the context of a jury
charge, plain error is "[l]egal impropriety in the charge prejudicially affecting
the substantial rights of the defendant sufficiently grievous to justify notice by
the reviewing court and to convince the court that of itself the error possessed a
clear capacity to bring about an unjust result." Noble, 398 N.J. Super. at 593
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Brown, 190 N.J. 144, 160 (2007)).
"[E]rroneous [jury] instructions are almost invariably regarded as
prejudicial. Such errors are 'poor candidates for rehabilitation under the
harmless error philosophy.'" State v. Vick, 117 N.J. 288, 289 (1989) (quoting
State v. Crisantos (Arriagas), 102 N.J. 265, 273 (1986)). In reviewing a
challenged jury instruction, the appellate court "must read the charge 'as a whole
[to determine] whether there was' plain error." Noble, 398 N.J. Super. at 594
(quoting State v. Torres, 183 N.J. 554, 564 (2005)).
Defense counsel actively participated in the drafting of the jury charge
regarding defendant's statement. She was instructed by the court to submit a
proposed instruction and she did so. Defense counsel's active participation in
crafting the transcript and the jury instructions precludes reversal, based on the
A-5299-15T3
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invited error doctrine. As we stated in A.R., "[t]his case is not one . . . in which
defense counsel merely failed to object to the course selected by the trial judge."
A.R., 213 N.J. at 561 (applying invited error doctrine); cf. State v. Bailey, 231 N.J. 474, 490 (2018) (declining to apply invited error for jury charge where
defendant failed to object to use of the model jury instruction).
Application of the invited error doctrine in this context would not cause a
fundamental injustice. Defendant does not argue the transcript was inaccurate.
The jury was instructed to consider the full context of defendant's statement and
was repeatedly instructed not to give the statement undue weight in relation to
other evidence.
V. Prosecutorial Misconduct
"Prosecutors in criminal cases are expected to make vigorous and forceful
closing arguments to juries." State v. Timmendequas, 161 N.J. 515, 587 (1999).
In reviewing the challenged portion(s) of a prosecutor's closing argument,
appellate courts must "consider the 'fair import' of the State's summation in its
entirety." State v. Jackson, 211 N.J. 394, 409 (2012) (quoting State v.
Wakefield, 190 N.J. 397, 457 (2007)). "A finding of prosecutorial misconduct
does not end a reviewing court's inquiry because, in order to justify reversal, the
misconduct must have been 'so egregious that it deprived the defendant of a fair
A-5299-15T3
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trial.'" State v. Smith, 167 N.J. 158, 181 (2001) (quoting State v. Frost, 158 N.J.
76, 83 (1999)).
Three factors guide the [reviewing] [c]ourt's
assessment of the impact of improper prosecutorial
remarks: "(1) whether defense counsel made timely
and proper objections to the improper remarks; (2)
whether the remarks were withdrawn promptly; and (3)
whether the court ordered the remarks stricken from the
record and instructed the jury to disregard them."
[Jackson, 211 N.J. at 409 (quoting Smith, 167 N.J. at
182).]
In summation, the prosecutor began by addressing the undisputed facts –
that Hannah and Kyle spent the night at defendant's apartment in early August
2012; that defendant and his wife were good family friends of Danielle and the
children prior to the incident; and that defendant and his wife had both stated
that they loved the children as their own. When addressing the testimony of the
witnesses, the prosecutor made several comments with which defendant takes
issue, most of which defendant objected to at the time. In discussing Donna's
testimony, the prosecutor told the jury:
What I find unacceptable -- what I find insulting, is that
she will come here and testify that she remembers
waking up and checking the children, that she
remembers what time it was, getting the clothes for him
-- all this stuff, but two weeks ago, that she never told
the police that at all.
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. . . She went to the police department. She answered
the questions. She was told that she didn't have to and
she did.
And, in those questions about what happened on August
2nd, 2012, never mentioned it at all. So, how do two
weeks later, you come here and come up with a story -
- literally invented from thin air, that we are supposed
to rely on.
Defense counsel objected, and the court overruled the objection.
The prosecutor continued, opining that Donna's failure to report certain
details to the police did not merely constitute inconsistency in her testimony,
but rather, was indicative of "deceit. Deceit is someone who comes and lies to
you. That's the lie that is unacceptable."
Moving on, the prosecutor addressed Donna's trial testimony that Danielle
would occasionally leave the children with defendant and Donna from Friday
through Sunday, despite initially stating she would pick them up on Saturday.
The prosecutor made the following comments, over defendant's objections:
[PROSECUTOR]: And, the third thing that I wanted to
point out that I recall from [Donna]'s testimony -- and
what I found, I don't know maybe just personally
offensive, was that --
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Judge.
THE COURT: Counsel -- personally offensive, please
rephrase.
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[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. What I submit that I would
think is offensive is that she comes and talks so poorly
about [Danielle]. [Danielle], who is the child's mother,
who is not a witness to anything, who has never said a
bad word about her at all, who has never called the
police on her husband, who has -- who she has known
intimately, by her own words, who she has lived with,
and who she has known, who she knew when she lived
with the children's father, who she knew how this father
left them to go to another country, that she knew that
she worked cleaning on her hands -- on her hands and
knees cleaning toilets and all you can think of --
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Judge. There's no
testimony to that effect.
[PROSECUTOR]: That was in the witness' testimony.
THE COURT: The testimony is that [Danielle] cleaned
homes -- cleaned houses. Please proceed.
[PROSECUTOR]: That was the testimony by [Donna]
-- that she knew that to be true. And, if that's what she
knows to be true, that the only thing that she can come
here to tell -- to add on is that, oh, to try to disparage
[Danielle] as a mother somehow. Because, somehow
that would help. I didn't understand. But, it is offensive
that you can go that far. Because there is no evidence
at all that these children were not taken care of or not
provided for.
The prosecutor then addressed Danielle's actions in failing to call the
police when Hannah purportedly disclosed the abuse in 2012. Defense counsel
had argued that Danielle's failure to report the incident to police was evidence
A-5299-15T3
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that in fact, Hannah never made the disclosure to her in 2012. Countering that
claim, the prosecutor argued, again over defendant's objections:
[PROSECUTOR]: I don't know how you feel about
that. But, I -- I can't help it -- you know, it's like, how
do you not call the police. Your daughter tells you this
-- a man touched her. She tells you it's definitely in her
private parts. And, you sit there and you cry and you
let your daughter cry and you tell her to stay away.
And, you just -- you feel that that's protecting her.
I don't know how you feel about it, but I feel like I could
never do that.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Judge. How
[c]ounsel would feel --
[THE COURT]: Counsel, I'm going to ask that we
allow [c]ounsel to complete her closing statement.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor. But, it's
inappropriate for [c]ounsel to say what she would feel
-- what she would do.
THE COURT: Counsel, continue. Overruled.
[PROSECUTOR]: But, I have a law degree. I have a
job. I have extended friends and family. I have a loud
voice. I have the ability to do more I would hope. But,
if I was in [Danielle]'s position, could I do any better?
I don't know.
Finally, the prosecutor argued against the defense counsel's use of the term
"young woman" to describe Hannah, who was fourteen at the time of trial. She
described Hannah's demeanor while testifying:
A-5299-15T3
21
[Y]ou saw her on that stand. It's when she slumped
down and she put her head down as she couldn't look
you in the eye. That's humiliation. It's when she was
grabbing those tissues and fighting slowly to tell you
what happened, frame by frame. That's being degraded
-- struggling up on that stand to get through it without
breaking down.
That's the maturity of the [fourteen] year old now.
That's not the maturity that she had when she was
[eleven]. But, you saw the [eleven] year old up there
telling you how in, literally minutes, this defendant
climbed around and climbed through up on that bed.
Defense counsel did not object. The prosecutor then made several more
comments indicating the jury should view Hannah as an eleven year old,
including: "[Eleven] year old [Hannah] can't say vagina. [Eleven] year old
[Hannah] says girl private parts"; and "it was [eleven] year old [Hannah] up
there on that stand, looking down . . . , explaining where else or how else he
touched her . . . with his mouth. What [eleven] year old knows anything about
a man's mouth touching a vagina?"
Defendant argues that the prosecutor's "improper and prejudicial" remarks
during summation "individually and cumulatively" deprived him of a fair trial.
Defendant claims the prosecutor: (1) imposed her personal opinions on the jury;
(2) disparaged a defense witness; (3) made comments not supported by the
evidence; and (4) inflamed the passion of the jury.
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All persons accused of crimes are guaranteed the right to a fair trial. U.S.
Const. amend. VI; N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 10. When a defendant alleges
prosecutorial misconduct, we conduct a two-part analysis. Wakefield, 190 N.J.
at 446. First, we must determine "whether the prosecutor committed
misconduct." Ibid.; see also Smith, 167 N.J. at 181. Second, we "must decide
whether the prosecutor's misconduct constitutes grounds for a new trial." Smith,
167 N.J. at 181. "In determining whether the prosecutor's comments were
sufficiently egregious to deny defendant a fair trial, we consider the tenor of the
trial and the responsiveness of counsel and the court to the improprieties when
they occurred." Timmendequas, 161 N.J. at 575.
Prosecutors are afforded "considerable leeway in closing arguments so
long as their comments are reasonably related to the scope of the evidence
presented." Timmendequas, 161 N.J. at 587-88 (finding prosecutor's graphic
description of the murder to be a "proper reconstruction" based on the evidence).
"Nevertheless, prosecutors also have the overriding obligation to see that justice
is fairly done." State v. Gregg, 278 N.J. Super. 182, 185, 187-88, 190 (App.
Div. 1994) (reversing conviction for aggravated manslaughter, despite "more
than sufficient" evidence to sustain the conviction, due to prosecutor's
prejudicial statements in summation).
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"Prosecutors may not make inaccurate factual or legal assertions during
summation . . . ." State v. Rodriguez, 365 N.J. Super. 38, 48 (App. Div. 2003)
(finding misconduct when prosecutor referred to the victim as "an athletic young
pretty mother of two children," which was not part of the trial testimony); see
also Frost, 158 N.J. at 80-81, 84–85 (finding misconduct when prosecutor stated
that "buy money" allegedly used in drug transaction was not presented at trial
because it was "confiscated" and therefore inadmissible; statement was "not only
inaccurate, [but] misleading"). Nor may prosecutors make comments "solely to
inflame the jury and elicit passion." State v. Williams, 113 N.J. 393, 448, 457
(1988) (reversing murder conviction where prosecutor's guilt phase opening
statement extolled the virtues of the victim and described her as "[filled with]
such joy, such hope, such promise").
Furthermore, "[a] prosecutor is not permitted to cast unjustified
aspersions" on the defense, or defense counsel's motives. State v. Lockett, 249 N.J. Super. 428, 432, 433-34 (App. Div. 1991) (reversing conviction where
prosecutor stated defense counsel's strategy was to distract the jury from the
evidence); see also Gregg, 278 N.J. Super. at 189, 191 (requiring new trial where
prosecutor referred to defendant as "disgusting, a ninny, a buffoon, nasty, and
violent, and using a whole slang dictionary's worth of demeaning
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colloquialisms"). Lastly, a prosecutor may not "express his [or her] personal
opinion on the veracity of any witness." State v. Rivera, 437 N.J. Super. 434,
463, 465 (App. Div. 2014) (reversing conviction where prosecutor's statement
that "defendant is lying to you" was not supported by any evidence of
contradiction, and prosecutor improperly opined that "the reality is [the State's
witness] is not lying").
In sum, "prosecutors should confine their summations to a review of, and
an argument on, the evidence, and not indulge in improper expressions of
personal or official opinion as to the guilt of the defendant, or [otherwise
engage] in collateral improprieties of any type, lest they imperil otherwise sound
convictions." Frost, 158 N.J. at 88 (alteration in original) (quoting State v.
Thornton, 38 N.J. 380, 400 (1962)).
Here, the prosecutor improperly inserted her personal opinion into the
case – describing what she found "insulting," what she found "unacceptable,"
and what she found "personally offensive." See Jenkins, 299 N.J. Super. at 70.
The judge corrected this expression of personal opinion once, but not every time
it occurred. The prosecutor also injected herself inappropriately with respect to
Danielle's failure to contact the police in 2012, telling the jurors that even the
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25
prosecutor herself, with all of her education, power, and resources, might not
have done "any better" than Danielle.
The prosecutor's reference to Danielle cleaning toilets "on her hands and
knees" was also an over-dramatization of the testimony that Danielle cleaned
houses, and the judge corrected the prosecutor.
Many of the allegedly inappropriate comments were responses to the
defense summation. See State v. Johnson, 287 N.J. Super. 247, 266 (App. Div.
1996) (noting that "[a] prosecutor may respond to an issue or argument raised
by defense counsel" because his or her "response to an issue injected b y
opposing counsel cannot be considered a foray beyond the evidence adduced at
trial"); see also State v. McGuire, 419 N.J. Super. 88, 145 (App. Div. 2011)
(finding that "[a] prosecutor's otherwise prejudicial arguments may be deemed
harmless if made in response to defense arguments"). The question is whether
the prosecutor's inappropriate comments were "sufficiently egregious to deny
defendant a fair trial." Rodriguez, 365 N.J. Super. at 48. In this case, the jury
deliberated extensively, asking to review defendant's statement multiple times.
A reviewing court must look at the closing as a whole, not just isolated
remarks. State v. Whittaker, 402 N.J. Super. 495, 513-14 (App. Div. 2008);
State v. Atwater, 400 N.J. Super. 319, 335 (App. Div. 2008); see also State v.
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Engel, 249 N.J. Super. 336, 379 (App. Div. 1991) (explaining that the reviewing
court should take into consideration tenor of trial, conduct of counsel, comments
of defense, and conduct of court). Here, although the prosecutor stepped over
the line in her summation, taken as a whole it did not deprive defendant of a fair
trial, especially given the defense summation.
The errors alleged by defendant did not prejudice defendant, cut mortally
into his substantive rights, or lead the jury to an outcome it may otherwise not
have reached. See Macon, 57 N.J.at 335-36 (discussing the standard for
harmless error).
Affirmed.
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