STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. DARON J. SIMMS
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APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4423-16T3
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DARON J. SIMMS,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________
Submitted October 22, 2018 – Decided December 28, 2018
Before Judges Sabatino and Sumners.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Monmouth County, Indictment Nos. 14-11-
1987 and 16-03-0486.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Stephen W. Kirsch, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, of counsel and on the briefs).
Christopher J. Gramiccioni, Monmouth County
Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Carey J. Huff,
Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the briefs).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Daron J. Simms was indicted for first-degree armed robbery,
N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1, and fourth-degree possession of a weapon for an unlawful
purpose, an imitation firearm, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(e). The weapon charge was
dismissed by the State prior to trial.
Tried by a jury, defendant was found guilty of armed robbery. He
subsequently pled guilty to possession of a controlled dangerous substance,
cocaine, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1), arising from a separate indictment, in
consideration for a three-year prison term to run concurrent with the armed
robbery offense. He was later sentenced to an aggregate prison term of twelve
years subject to the No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2.
On appeal, he argues:
POINT I
THE TRIAL JUDGE IMPROPERLY BARRED THE
DEFENSE FROM CROSS-EXAMINING THE
VICTIM REGARDING WHETHER HE WAS
MOTIVATED TO TESTIFY IN A PARTICULAR
WAY IN ORDER TO OVERCOME HIS STATUS AS
AN UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANT AND
RECEIVE A U-VISA, AS A CRIME VICTIM, TO
ALLOW HIM TO STAY IN THIS COUNTRY
LEGALLY; WITNESS BIAS IS ALWAYS A
RELEVANT TOPIC.
A-4423-16T3
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POINT II
THE JUDGE COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR
IN REFUSING TO GIVE A REQUESTED JURY
INSTRUCTION ON THE EFFECT THAT VIEWING
MULTIPLE PHOTOGRAPHS OF A SUSPECT
MIGHT HAVE ON A LATER IDENTIFICATION.
We affirm because we conclude that Judge Leslie-Ann M. Justus did not abuse
her discretion in barring defendant's request to solicit testimony from the
robbery victim, regarding the victim's undocumented immigrant status, and did
not err in denying defendant's request to instruct the jury on multiple - viewings
identification of defendant.
I
Prior to trial, Judge Justus conducted a Rule 104 hearing to determine if
defense counsel could attack the credibility of V.L.,1 the robbery victim, by
questioning him about his illegal entry into our country, his status as an
undocumented immigrant, and whether the State had promised him it would help
him obtain a U-visa2 in consideration for his testimony against defendant.
1
We use initials to protect the privacy of the crime victim.
2
The U-visa is special visa under federal law, which allows non-citizen victims
of violent crimes to remain in the United States as lawful temporary residents if
they assist in the prosecution of certain enumerated criminal offenses. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(15)(U)(i)(III).
A-4423-16T3
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V.L., about twenty-four years old at the time of his testimony, stated that
since he entered this country illegally when he was sixteen years-old, his status
has remained "undocumented." He testified that he was not promised anything
in exchange for his trial testimony, and was unaware that he could obtain legal
immigrant status in exchange for his testimony. In response to the question if
he knew what a U-visa was, V.L. remarked, "To tell you the truth, no."
Finding V.L. credible, the judge found that there was no factual basis to
allow the jury to hear testimony concerning any promise to help V.L. obtain a
U-visa due to his cooperation in testifying at trial against defendant. The judge
reasoned:
I find having had an opportunity to see and hear . . .
[V.L.,] . . . I find that he frankly did not know what in
the world we were talking about, what we were getting
at in terms of this whole immigration status, . . . in terms
of law enforcement having promised him anything with
respect to his immigration status.
. . . [O]n the one hand, . . . the alleged victim
understands that . . . he is here illegally, but then on the
other hand, he believes that certain aspects of his being
here is okay. He referenced his passport and other
documentation and that he has some other document
from the Mexican consulate.
I asked him specifically and I credit his testimony that
the police officers never discussed his immigration
status. So[,] if they never discussed his immigration
status, how could they possibly promise him anything
A-4423-16T3
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with respect to his immigration status with respect to
testifying as an alleged victim in this case.
. . . I credit his testimony that he does not know what a
U-[v]isa is.
Applying N.J.R.E. 403, the judge found "there [to be] no probative value
. . . of disclosing the immigration statues of [V.L.] to the jury. It could have
. . . prejudice[d] the jurors against [V.L.] based on bias and preconceived ideas
about illegal immigrants." Therefore, she denied "the defense's request to ask
[V.L.] anything whatsoever about his immigration status . . . ."
The trial revealed the following facts. On a July 2014 night, about ten
minutes before closing, V.L. was alone cleaning up a pizzeria in Neptune when
a man wearing a ski mask with openings for his nose and eyes entered and
pointed a gun at his head demanding money from the cash register. When V.L.
pointed up at the store's security cameras and warned the assailant that the police
were watching, the assailant left the store. According to V.L., who had worked
at the pizzeria for "two to three years," he recognized the assailant as a regular
customer based on his height, thin build, and voice. The assailant would
patronize the store once or twice a day; in the morning, he usually ordered a
breakfast sandwich.
A-4423-16T3
5
The police later arrived in response to V.L.'s 911 call. Due to V.L.'s
limited English, he was only able to tell the police that the assailant was a regular
customer, describing him as a young, thin black male, wearing dark clothing and
a black "cloth"3 covering his face, and carrying a yellow bag. V.L., however,
did not know his name. Police obtained a recording of the robbery from the
shop's surveillance cameras, which was played to the jury. V.L. also stated that
the assailant was in the shop earlier that day, but the police were unable to view
surveillance footage from earlier that day because the recording did not go back
that far.
Two days after the attempted robbery, V.L. took a photo with his cell
phone of a man he believed was a friend of the assailant because they had often
come into the pizzeria together. He then showed it to Neptune Police Sergeant
Kevin O'Donnell, the investigating police officer, who recognized the man. A
couple of days later, V.L. identified the assailant in photos on the Facebook
3
At that time, V.L. did not know the English word for ski mask. Consequently,
the police were confused as to whether V.L. indicated the assailant was wearing
a bandana, stocking, or something else.
A-4423-16T3
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pages of the assailant's friend and patrons of the pizzeria, and then showed them
to the police 4
In early August, Sergeant O'Donnell saw defendant at the Neptune
Municipal Courthouse. Defendant was questioned and, after waiving his
Miranda5 rights, he gave a formal statement about his knowledge of the pizzeria
robbery. Defendant first claimed he was in Virginia at the time of the robbery.
He also stated that he had never been in the pizzeria or knew where it was.
However, this assertion conflicted with his statement to Sergeant O'Donnell in
April 2014, in connection with an investigation into his report that he was on his
way to the pizzeria prior to being a crime victim. Defendant was subsequently
arrested, and charged with armed robbery of V.L. and possession of an imitation
weapon for an unlawful purpose.
At the conclusion of the testimony, defendant requested to include the
following provision of the model jury charge on identification:
4
In a pretrial ruling by a different judge, it was determined that the State could
present testimony regarding V.L.'s identification of defendant through photos
on Facebook, and his showing of the photos to the police. However, V.L.'s
identification of defendant in a law enforcement-conducted photo array was
found to be inadmissible because it was conducted without an interpreter and,
thus, unreliable.
5
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
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(3) Multiple Viewings: When a witness views the same
person in more than one identification procedure, it can
be difficult to know whether a later identification
comes from the witness's memory of the actual, original
event or of an earlier identification procedure. As a
result, if a witness views an innocent suspect in
multiple identification procedures, the risk of mistaken
identification is increased. You may consider whether
the witness viewed the suspect multiple times during
the identification process and, if so, whether that
affected the reliability of the identification.
[Model Jury Charge (Criminal) Identification: In-Court
and Out-Of-Court Identification (rev. Sept. 4, 2012).]
Judge Justus rejected this charge request because law enforcement was
not involved with V.L.'s Facebook photos identification, and instead decided to
amend the identification model charge to provide that V.L. identified defendant
as his assailant based on his dealings with him as a patron of the pizzeria and
"observing" him in Facebook pictures. 6
6
In denying defendant's motion for new trial in which he argued, among other
things, that the multiple viewings charge was required for V.L.'s Facebook
identification testimony, the judge reasoned:
This [c]ourt finds that these three pictures were
properly identified and authenticated by the victim who
found the pictures of [d]efendant on Facebook by
looking at the Facebook pages of a friend of his and the
Facebook pages of the patrons of the deli.
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II
In Point I, defendant argues that the trial judge's pretrial evidentiary ruling
denied him the right to confront his accuser under the Sixth Amendment and his
due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment and our state constitution.
We are unpersuaded.
A judge's decision to admit or exclude evidence is "'entitled to deference
absent a showing of an abuse of discretion, i.e., [that] there has been a clear error
of judgment.'" Griffin v. City of E. Orange, 225 N.J. 400, 413 (2016) (alteration
in original) (quoting State v. Brown, 170 N.J. 138, 147 (2001)). "Although a
trial court retains broad discretion in determining the admissibility of evidence,
that discretion is abused when relevant evidence offered by the defense and
necessary for a fair trial is kept from the jury." State v. Cope, 224 N.J. 530,
554-55 (2016). "Thus, we will reverse an evidentiary ruling only if it 'was so
The victim was then able to identify [d]efendant's
picture and he took them to the police. Det. Webb went
on the same website and was able to obtain these
pictures and other pictures as well. Even if these
pictures were improperly admitted into evidence, which
this [c]ourt has already denied such a finding, their
admission was incapable of producing an unjust result.
. . . A reasonable jury could have found [V.L.] to be a
credible witness.
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wide [of] the mark that a manifest denial of justice resulted.'" Griffin, 225 N.J.
Super. at 413 (quoting Green v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co., 160 N.J. 480, 492 (1999)).
The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and Article
I, Paragraph 10 of our state Constitution guarantees an accused in a criminal
case the right to confront adverse witnesses. State v. Guenther, 181 N.J. 129,
147 (2004). "A defendant's right to confrontation is exercised through cross-
examination, which is recognized as the most effective means of testing the
State's evidence and ensuring its reliability." Ibid. (citations omitted). The
Confrontation Clause was not, however, "intended to sweep aside all evidence
rules regulating the manner in which a witness is impeached with regard to
general credibility." Id. at 150 (citing Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 321,
(1974)) (Stewart, J., concurring).
Defendant no longer contends, as he did before the trial judge, that he was
entitled to attack V.L.'s credibility merely because V.L. violated the law by
illegally entering this country. Defendant now maintains the judge erred in
accepting V.L.'s assertion that he knew nothing about a U-visa and that he did
not agree to testify because the State promised to help him obtain a U-visa. This
prevented him from attacking V.L.'s credibility by probing V.L.'s potential bias
due to at trial.
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Our Supreme Court has recently rendered rulings that guide us. In State
v. Scott, 229 N.J. 469, 481 (2017), the Court addressed the extent to which a
jury can hear testimony attacking a witness's credibility, holding:
Rule 607 permits, "for the purpose of impairing or
supporting the credibility of a witness, any party
including the party calling the witness [to] examine the
witness and introduce extrinsic evidence relevant to the
issue of credibility," unless an exception within that
rule applies or either Rule 405 or 608 renders the
evidence inadmissible.
Those Rules preclude the use of specific instances of
conduct to attack the credibility of a witness. N.J.R.E.
405 provides that "[s]pecific instances of conduct not
the subject of a conviction of a crime shall be
inadmissible," and N.J.R.E. 608 indicates that "a trait
of character cannot be proved by specific instances of
conduct" unless the prior act was a "false accusation
against any person of a crime similar to the crime with
which defendant is charged." Otherwise, relevant
evidence may also be excluded on the ground that "its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk
of . . . undue prejudice." N.J.R.E. 403.
Concerns of prejudice regarding a jury's knowledge of a party's
immigration status were also emphasized by the Court in State v. Sanchez-
Medina, 231 N.J. 452 (2018). There, the Court ruled that under certain situations
"proof of a person's immigration status can be admissible. If the prosecution,
for example, promised a witness favorable immigration treatment in exchange
for truthful testimony, a jury would be entitled to assess the witness's credibility
A-4423-16T3
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in light of that promise." Id. at 463. Citing federal and state courts, as well as
this court's decision in Serrano v. Underground Utilities Corp., 407 N.J. Super.
253, 274, (App. Div. 2009) (restricting discovery relating to a party's
immigration status because it is very likely to trigger negative sentiments in the
minds of some jurors.), which addressed the relevancy and prejudicial effect of
immigration status, the Court held:
A defendant's immigration status is likewise not
admissible under other rules of evidence. It is not proof
of character or reputation that can be admitted under
Rules 404 or 608. . . . Nor is a person's immigration
status admissible as a prior bad act under Rule 404(b).
To be admissible, such evidence must be "relevant to a
material issue," and its probative value "must not be
outweighed by its apparent prejudice." State v. Cofield,
127 N.J. 328, 338, 605 (1992) (factors one and four of
multi-factor test). Proof of a defendant's immigration
status fails on both counts.
Applying these principles, we conclude the judge did not abuse her
discretion in denying defendant the ability to question V.L. at trial regarding the
existence of an alleged agreement with the State that it would assist him in
getting a U-visa in consideration for his trial testimony. Given the highly
prejudicial effect of informing the jury that V.L. was an undocumented
immigrant, it was appropriate for the judge to evaluate the credibility of the
alleged agreement to make sure that a baseless assertion by the defense would
A-4423-16T3
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not infect the jury's fair consideration of the evidence. As Sanchez-Medina
indicates, it is within the trial judge's province to determine if evidence of
immigration status is probative and has an undue prejudicial effect.
Judge Justus had the opportunity to hear V.L. testify that he was unaware
of the U-visa program and that his testimony was not influenced by an agreement
with the State. Considering defendant presented no evidence to the contrary, we
accept the judge's credibility assessment without reservation.
Defendant's reliance on State v. Marroccelli, 448 N.J. Super. 349 (App.
Div. 2017), to contend that it was up to the jury to make the credibility
assessment of V.L.'s claim that he was unaware of U-visas, instead of Judge
Justus, is misplaced. There, we ruled that the trial judge erred in barring
evidence that went to the ultimate issue of fact as to who was driving a vehicle
and responsible for causing the victim's death, which was clearly capable of
producing an unjust result. Id. at 371. In this case, V.L.'s immigration status
was not an ultimate issue of fact. Moreover, as Sanchez-Medina recognized, it
is up to the trial judge to decide in her discretion whether evidence of
immigration status is admissible under Rule 403.
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Thus, defendant's request to question V.L. about obtaining a U-visa was
properly denied because the judge reasonably concluded the inquiry had no
probative value to a relevant fact and was unduly prejudicial to the State's case.
III
In Point II, defendant argues that the trial judge erred in denying his
request to include the concept of multiple viewings in the jury charge on
identification. We conclude there was no error.
It is well-settled that "[c]lear and correct jury instructions are essential for
a fair trial." State v. Randolph, 441 N.J. Super. 533, 558 (App. Div. 2015)
(quoting State v. Brown, 138 N.J. 481, 522 (1994)). A court should tailor a
model jury charge to the facts of the case. See State v. Concepcion, 111 N.J.
373, 379 (1988). "'[E]rroneous instructions on material points are presumed to'
possess the capacity to unfairly prejudice the defendant." State v. Baum, 224 N.J. 147, 159 (2016) (quoting State v. Bunch, 180 N.J. 534, 541-42 (2004)).
However, "[n]o party is entitled to have the jury charged in his or her own words;
all that is necessary is that the charge as a whole be accurate." State v. Jordan,
147 N.J. 409, 422 (1997).
Thus, when the trial judge does not give a jury a charge requested by
defendant, we must determine if the omission of the charge was not harmless
A-4423-16T3
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error. See State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 337-38 (1971). We determine "whether
an error is harmless depend[ing] upon some degree of possibility that it led to
an unjust verdict." State v. Burton, 309 N.J. Super. 280, 289 (App. Div. 1998).
"If the possibility of an unjust result is sufficient to raise in our minds a
reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might
not have reached, a new trial is required." State v. Walden, 370 N.J. Super. 549,
562 (App. Div. 2004).
We are satisfied that the charges given were adequately tailored to address
V.L.'s identification of defendant as his assailant. V.L.’s viewings of defendant
on Facebook were not what the “multiple viewings” provision of the
identification process contemplated in the model jury charge, as defendant
contends. The provision is meant to avoid the "risk of 'mugshot exposure' and
'mugshot commitment[,]'" when law enforcement shows a photo array to a
witness of a crime. See State v. Henderson, 208 N.J. 208, 255 (2011). "Mugshot
exposure is when a witness initially views a set of photos and makes no
identification, but then selects someone – who had been depicted in the earlier
photos – at a later identification procedure." Ibid. "Mugshot commitment
occurs when a witness identifies a photo that is then included in a later lineup
procedure." Id. at 256. Neither applies in this case, as V.L., on his own without
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police involvement, identified defendant's photo in separate Facebook posts
after he had substantial contact with defendant prior to the robbery. Besides,
based upon our review of the judge's instructions, the jury was given the proper
guidance to assess V.L.'s identification. There was no prejudice to defendant on
the charge provided.
Affirmed.
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