KARL HALLIGAN v. JOHN O'CONNOR
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0819-17T1
KARL HALLIGAN,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JOHN O'CONNOR,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
HARRY HODKINSON and
H&H REAL ESTATE
INVESTMENTS, LLC,
Defendants-Respondents.
Argued August 29, 2018 – Decided October 5, 2018
Before Judges Alvarez and Gooden Brown.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Hudson County, Docket No. L-2559-16.
Andrew R. Turner argued the cause for appellant
(Turner Law Firm, LLC, attorneys; Andrew R. Turner,
of counsel and on the brief).
Steven Menaker argued the cause for respondent Karl
Halligan (Chasan Lamparello Mallon & Cappuzzo, PC,
attorneys; Steven Menaker, of counsel and on the
brief).
Gwyneth K. Murray-Nolan argued the cause for
respondent H&H Real Estate Investments, LLC
(Weiner Law Group, LLP, attorneys; Gwyneth K.
Murray-Nolan, of counsel and on the brief).
Harry Hodkinson, respondent, argued the cause pro se.
PER CURIAM
Under Rule 2:2-4, leave to appeal was granted to John O'Connor of an
interlocutory order finding counsel for O'Connor and the business entities
named as defendants had a non-waivable conflict which required them to
withdraw from the litigation. Leave to appeal from interlocutory orders should
be granted only in the "interest of justice." R. 2:2-4. We conclude that in this
case, the interest of justice is served by Judge Jeffrey R. Jablonski's decision
and thus affirm for the reasons that follow.
Plaintiff Karl Halligan and defendants O'Connor and Harry Hodkinson
owned and operated two businesses: Park Avenue Bar & Grill, LLC (Park
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Avenue), and defendant H&H Real Estate Investments, LLC (H&H).1 Halligan
was the managing member of both companies.
On April 9, 2012, Halligan filed a complaint seeking equitable and
compensatory relief for payment of his salary against the individuals. On May
30, 2012, O'Connor and Hodkinson, represented by Andrew R. Turner, Esquire,
filed an answer and counterclaim seeking to dissociate Halligan.
After a multi-day trial, the court on March 18, 2014, issued a modified
judgment disassociating Halligan. O'Connor and Hodkinson succeeded to the
management of both companies. In November 2014, O'Connor and Hodkinson
moved to vacate part of the March 18 order that required H&H and Park Avenue
to make payments to Halligan because neither company was party to the lawsuit.
On March 20, 2015, the trial court granted O'Connor and Hodkinson's motion to
vacate, permitted Halligan to amend his complaint to add the two companies as
defendants, and on April 6, 2015, issued a conforming order.
1
Park Avenue is a tavern and bar in Union City, while H&H is a real estate
company that owned the building from which Park Avenue operated.
A-0819-17T1
3
On August 25, 2015, Halligan filed an amended complaint against H&H. 2
H&H retained Gwyneth K. Murray-Nolan, Esquire, while Turner continued to
represent O'Connor and Hodkinson. The property owned by H&H was sold for
$1.1 million. The net sale proceeds of $845,151.56 were deposited into Murray-
Nolan's trust account, where they remain.
In July 2017, Murray-Nolan moved for the payment of her counsel fees
and submitted a certification declaring that O'Connor and Hodkinson retained
her to represent H&H, and that she had their approval. Hodkinson's
accompanying certification, prepared by Murray-Nolan, stated that he executed
her retainer agreement, was satisfied with her firm's representation, and
requested her bill be paid. However, Hodkinson did not sign the certification—
it was signed by his former wife pursuant to a limited Power of Attorney granted
to her in the parties' divorce proceeding. As part of an amended dual final
judgment of divorce, the family court ordered that:
the net sale proceeds from the sale of the commercial
building totaling $842,869.91 shall remain in escrow
and subject to the pending litigation. Plaintiff shall
have a limited Power of Attorney over the Defendant
enabling her to sign any and all necessary documents in
the event the Defendant fails to cooperate with the
2
Park Avenue filed for Chapter 11 reorganization. On December 9, 2014, the
proceeding was converted into a Chapter 7 liquidation and its assets were sold
in May 2015.
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4
litigation including accepting settlement offers
recommended by counsel in that matter.
On July 26, 2017, Hodkinson sent the judge an e-mail certifying that:
O'Connor and I have not been in agreement for some
time and we have not spoken or communicated in close
to a year . . . . Effectively the members (O'Connor and
I) have not been working together and we are in fact in
direct conflict with each other and our own interests.
....
I understand legal papers have been recently filed with
the court last week and I want to make clear to the court
that I never saw or approved my certification submitted
by . . . Murray Nolan in my name. In fact, I have stated
in several e-mails and conversations to Murray Nolan
that she does not represent me or the company dating
back well over a year . . . .
I never signed any retainer agreement with Murray
Nolan and as managing member of the LLC she has
excluded me from many of the proceedings. The
retainer agreement was falsified by my ex wife and I
have pointed this out to Murray Nolan on a number of
occasions.
....
I do not approve of ANY payment of fees to Murray
Nolan or any costs to . . . O'Connor.
On July 31, 2017, Hodkinson forwarded this e-mail to the court:
I informed Murray Nolan in March 2016 and
continually up to the sale of the property in July 2016
that she did not represent me. This was made crystal
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clear to her and is reflected in her invoice notes and my
emails . . . . With respect to Andrew Turner although
he has acted for the most part honestly and honorably,
he was aware like Murray Nolan of the serious conflict
that existed. Murray Nolan notes in her billing invoice
(as early as August of last year and before we appeared
in front of [Your Honor]) several conversations
between Andrew Turner and herself about this conflict
of interest especially after O'Connor asked for me to be
removed from H&H[.] So I respectfully submit that
Andrew Turner and Murray Nolan cannot stay in the
case with two clients so diametrically opposed. . . .
O'Connor also wanted me removed from the company
and discussed this with both counsel behind my back
and the notes of these conversations are detailed in
Murray Nolan invoicing.
On August 2, 2017, Halligan's counsel moved to disqualify both Murray-
Nolan and Turner. On the same day, Hodkinson sent letters to both attorneys
discharging them.
To Turner, Hodkinson wrote:
The fact of the matter . . . is I note from Murray Nolan's
invoices that you were aware of conflict as early as
[A]ugust of last year, when O'Connor surreptitiously
tried to have me removed as managing partner, she
notes you had many hours of calls discussing how you
could remain as counsel and that you came to an
arrangement. This does not strike me as ethical or in
mine or the company's best interests. You never made
me aware of these calls or [O'Connor's] subterfuge and
pretty much kept me in the dark for the last year[.]
Consider yourself terminated effective immediately.
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At the August 18, 2017 disqualification hearing, Hodkinson testified.
After hearing argument, the court concluded that both Turner and Murray-Nolan
were disqualified because of conflicts of interest. In explaining his reasoning,
the judge said:
[ ] Hodkinson has indicated both in his e-mails,
as well as his sworn testimony today, that both [ ]. -- he
has discharged both [ ] Turner as his private counsel,
and also [ ] Murray-Nolan as counsel for H&H.
....
Further, the plaintiff argues that there is a conflict
between [ ] Hodkinson and corporate and personal
counsel, and that the discharge of both attorneys by [ ]
Hodkinson requires the disqualification of both
attorneys from representation.
....
RPC, Rule of Professional Conduct, 1.7,
Subsection A, Subsection 1, prohibits the
representation of clients with adverse interests.
That precept prohibits, with the mandatory
"shall," the representation of a client that . . . involves
a concurrent conflict of interest.
A concurrent conflict of interest exists under the
RPCs if the representation of one client will be directly
adverse to another.
. . . [B]ased upon the submissions provided . . .
from [ ] Hodkinson, there is a clear conflict between the
A-0819-17T1
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interest that must be expressed by [ ] Hodkinson and
advanced by [ ] O'Connor . . . .
[R]ecent submissions by [ ] Hodkinson . . . reveal[ ]
both the existence of an actual conflict, and the realistic
possibility of additional conflict as the matter proceeds.
The conflict that exists certainly outweighs the
mutuality of interest that is possessed.
....
[ ] Turner, unfortunately, cannot present a united
front based on the allegations that have been made
against him personally and against [ ] O'Connor.
. . . [A]n actual and [unwaivable] conflict of
interest exists between these parties that would prohibit
[ ] Turner from advancing the position of one client,
while also not prejudicing the other.
Without a waiver of this most basic and obvious
conflict, . . . Turner's representation, as to either party,
must be precluded as well.
[ ] Turner has been discharged by his client,
therefore under RPC 1.16(a)3, again employing the
mandatory language, ["a lawyer s]hall withdraw from
representation of a client if the lawyer is discharged [."]
....
. . . [C] ounsel is required to completely withdraw
from the representation of each client.
....
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The application of the plaintiff is granted, and
both personal counsel and counsel for the LLC or H&H
is discharged.
....
If you wish to represent yourself, [ ] Hodkinson,
personally, you may [ ] do so.
[ ] O'Connor, as well as you. Your attorney has
been discharged as a result of this opinion.
The judge also explained to the parties that corporations and LLCs must be
represented by counsel in litigation. We deny Turner's appeal on behalf of
O'Connor as to both his and Murray-Nolan's disqualification, relying on Judge
Jablonski's analysis with additional brief comments.
O'Connor contends that neither counsel should have been discharged, and
that O'Connor and Hodkinson were improperly compelled to continue in a self-
represented capacity. O'Connor further argues that the trial court improperly
deprived him of the right to counsel of his choice and directed him and
Hodkinson to proceed as self-represented litigants. The latter point is not
supported by the record. We will not address it further. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
We review a trial judge's factfinding deferentially, so long as it is
supported by the competent, relevant, and reasonably credible evidence in the
record. Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974). We
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review questions of law de novo. Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of
Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995). In this case, we fault neither the judge's
factfinding nor his conclusions of law.
An adversary may seek to disqualify an opposing attorney because of a
conflict of interest. The adversary bears the burden of demonstrating that the
disqualification is justified. City of Atlantic City v. Trupos, 201 N.J. 447, 462-
63 (2010). In this case, Halligan has met that burden.
RPC 1.7(a)(1) provides that an attorney "shall not represent a client if the
representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest. A concurrent conflict
of interest exists if . . . the representation of one client will be directly adverse
to another client."
In a series of e-mails, Hodkinson made it abundantly clear that his
interests were adverse to O'Connor's. He disagreed with O'Connor's decisions
regarding H&H, objected to the sale of the H&H property, opposed Murray-
Nolan's fee application, opposed O'Connor's application for expenses, and knew
that O'Connor discussed removing him from H&H with both counsel. See RPC
1.7(a)(1).
Concurrent representation of multiple parties alleged to be on the same
side here is not possible. In Hill v. N.J. Dep't of Corrections, 342 N.J. Super.
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273 (App. Div. 2001), we addressed the question of whether one attorney could
represent an employer and several employees who arguably shared interests in
a lawsuit because they were defending claims made against them. We said:
"joint representation of multiple parties whose interests are potentially div erse
is permissible only if 'there is a substantial identity of interests between them in
terms of defending the claims that have been brought against all defendants. The
elements of mutuality must preponderate over the elements of incompatibility.'"
Id. at 309 (citing Petition for Review of Opinion 552, 102 N.J. 194, 204 (1986)).
There is no identity of interests between Hodkinson and O'Connor.
In Wolpaw v. General Accident Insurance Co., 272 N.J. Super. 41 (App.
Div. 1994), an insurance company assigned one attorney to represent the
homeowner, her sister, and the sister's eleven-year-old son, who had accidently
injured a playmate with an air rifle. 272 N.J. Super. at 45. Holding the
defendants were entitled to separate counsel, we found that "[t]he three insureds
had the common interests of minimizing the amount of [an injured neighbor's]
judgment and maximizing the percentage of fault attributable to the other
defendants. However, their interests in maximizing the percentage of the other
insureds' fault and minimizing their own were clearly in conflict." Ibid.
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Although Hodkinson and O'Connor share an interest in minimizing
Halligan's portion of the escrowed funds, between them their interests are
wholly adverse because each seeks a greater percentage of the proceeds.
Hodkinson alleged O'Connor was trying to remove him from H&H. They were
not on friendly terms, and had not communicated for more than a year. The trial
court properly found "there is a clear conflict between the interest that must be
expressed by [ ] Hodkinson and advanced by [ ] O'Connor . . . . The [actual]
conflict that exists certainly outweighs the mutuality of interest that is
possessed."
When a conflict develops, the attorney must withdraw from the
representation of both parties. See McDaniel v. Man Wai Lee, 419 N.J. Super.
482, 497 (App. Div. 2011) (finding that "if a future possibility arises, albeit
remote, when [the jointly represented parties'] interests become adverse, counsel
is required to completely withdraw from the representation of each client.");
DeBolt v. Parker, 234 N.J. Super. 471, 484 (Law Div. 1988) (finding that
"[w]hen an attorney represents potentially and foreseeably adverse interests,
such as the driver and passenger here, and the adversity becomes actual, counsel
must withdraw from any representation of both parties") (emphasis in original).
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Independent of his conflict with O'Connor, Hodkinson's conflict with his
attorneys alone required disqualification. RPC 1.7(a)(2) states that a concurrent
conflict of interest exists if "there is a significant risk that the representation of
one or more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer's responsibilities to
another client, a former client, or a third person or by a personal interest of the
lawyer."
Hodkinson communicated to Murray-Nolan that she did not represent him
or his interests, and complained that she sent documents to the court in his name
without his review or approval. The record suggests that Murray-Nolan and
Turner had at least the appearance of favoring O'Connor above Hodkinson,
placing one client's interest above the other. See RPC 1.7(a)(2). "A lawyer
should not be permitted to put himself in a position where, even unconsciously
he will be tempted to 'soft pedal' his zeal in furthering the interests of one client
in order to avoid an obvious clash with those of another." Estate Theatres, Inc.
v. Columbia Pictures Indus., Inc., 345 F. Supp. 93, 99 (S.D.N.Y. 1972). Where
Hodkinson had no working relationship with either attorney, and they in turn
continued to pursue matters at O'Connor's instruction, counsel was in a position
that requires removal.
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Furthermore, RPC 1.16(a)(3) requires that a lawyer "shall withdraw from
the representation of a client if the lawyer is discharged." "The client's right to
hire and fire an attorney is integral to the client-lawyer relationship." Cohen v.
Radio-Elec. Officers Union, 146 N.J. 140, 157 (1996) (citing In re Estate of Poli,
134 N.J. Super. 222, 226-27 (App. Div. 1975)). "A client may always discharge
a lawyer, regardless of cause and regardless of any agreement between them. A
client is not forced to entrust matters to an unwanted lawyer." Ibid. (citing the
Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers § 44, cmt. b (Proposed Final Draft
No. 1 1996)).
On August 1, 2017, Hodkinson sent Murray-Nolan a letter stating she "no
longer represent[s] the company H&H . . . effective immediately." Similarly,
on August 2, 2017, Hodkinson sent Turner a letter stating "[c]onsider yourself
terminated effective immediately." Upon receipt of Hodkinson's letters, both
attorneys had to withdraw. See Cohen, 146 N.J. at 157. The record supported
the judge's findings of facts, and he correctly applied the law to the facts before
him.
Affirmed.
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