STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. FREDERICO BRUNO
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APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0435-15T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
FREDERICO BRUNO, a/k/a
FREDRICOT BRUNO,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________
Argued November 14, 2017 – Decided November 29, 2017
Before Judges Fisher, Fasciale and Sumners.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Hudson County, Indictment No.
13-02-0400.
Stephen P. Hunter, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, argued the cause for appellant
(Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney;
Mr. Hunter, of counsel and on the brief).
Kerry J. Salkin, Assistant Prosecutor, argued
the cause for respondent (Esther Suarez,
Hudson County Prosecutor, attorney; Ms.
Salkin, of counsel and on the brief).
Appellant filed a pro se supplemental brief.
PER CURIAM
After a two-week jury trial involving the death of a three-
month-old child and a brutal attack of two adult victims, defendant
appeals from his convictions for aggravated manslaughter, felony
murder, burglary, attempted murder, aggravated assault, weapons
offenses, witness tampering, injured victim endangerment, and
child endangerment. We affirm.
Defendant dated an individual (the girlfriend) and they had
a child (the child). The girlfriend, the child, and a friend (the
friend) lived together in an apartment. Defendant broke into the
apartment, brandished a meat cleaver, and slashed the friend's
face and arms. Defendant then brandished a knife and forced the
girlfriend into a bedroom, where he tried to remove the child from
her arms. She blacked out, and defendant resumed beating the
friend and stabbing her with the knife.
A recording from a surveillance camera showed the girlfriend
falling out of the bedroom window and hitting the ground. A
witness testified that she saw defendant standing over the
girlfriend hitting her on the ground with a metal chair. When the
police arrived, they found the girlfriend and the child on the
ground. The child died in the emergency room.
A grand jury indicted defendant with first-degree murder (the
child),
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1) and (a)(2) (Count One); first-
degree felony murder (the child),
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(3) (Count
2 A-0435-15T1
Two); second-degree burglary,
N.J.S.A. 2C:18-2 (Count Three);
first-degree attempted murder (the girlfriend and the friend),
N.J.S.A. 2C:5-1 and
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3 (Counts Four and Five);
second-degree aggravated assault (the girlfriend and the friend),
N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(b)(1) (Counts Six and Seven); fourth-degree
unlawful possession of a weapon,
N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d) (Counts
Eight, Ten and Twelve); third-degree possession of a weapon for
an unlawful purpose,
N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(d) (Counts Nine, Eleven and
Thirteen); second-degree witness tampering,
N.J.S.A. 2C:28-5(a)
(Count Fourteen); third-degree endangering an injured victim,
N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2 (Counts Fifteen, Sixteen and Seventeen);
second-degree endangering the welfare of a child,
N.J.S.A. 2C:24-
4(a) (Count Eighteen); and fourth-degree obstructing the
administration of justice,
N.J.S.A. 2C:29-1 (Count Nineteen).
On Count One, the jury found defendant guilty of first-degree
aggravated manslaughter of the child. The jury then found him
guilty on Counts Two through Eighteen. The judge imposed an
aggregate prison term of 113 years with seventy-six and one-half
years without parole eligibility.1
1
The judge merged Counts One and Three into Two and sentenced
defendant to fifty years in prison subject to the No Early Release
Act (NERA),
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. The judge merged Counts Six, Ten,
Eleven, Twelve, and Thirteen into Count Four and imposed a prison
term of twenty years subject to NERA, consecutive to Counts Two
3 A-0435-15T1
On appeal, defendant argues:
POINT I
THE REQUESTED SPECIFIC UNANIMITY INSTRUCTION
SHOULD HAVE BEEN GIVEN BECAUSE THE STATE'S
ALTERNATIVE TH[E]ORIES WERE NOT CONCEPTUALLY
SIMILAR, BUT RATHER WERE CONTRADICTORY,
RELYING ON DIFFERENT ACTS AND DIFFERENT
EVIDENCE, THUS REASONABLY GIVING RISE TO THE
DANGER OF A FRAGMENTED VERDICT. U.S. Const.
[a]mend. XIV; N.J. Const. [a]rt. I, ¶ 9.
POINT II
IT IS CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT THAT A
FELONY MURDER CONVICTION LEADS TO A GREATER
SENTENCE THAN AGGRAVATED MANSLAUGHTER BECAUSE
IT IS GROSSLY DISPROPORTIONATE AND IT SERVES
NO LEGITIMATE PENOLOGICAL OBJECTIVE TO PUNISH
A NEGLIGENT HOMICIDE MORE SEVERELY THAN A
RECKLESS HOMICIDE. U.S. Const. [a]mend VIII;
N.J. Const. [a]rt. I, ¶ 12 (Not Raised Below).
POINT III
THE JUDGE FAILED TO ADDRESS THE REAL-TIME
CONSEQUENCES OF THIS SENTENCE, WHICH ARE THE
MOST SEVERE POSSIBLE UNDER THE LAW: LIFE
and Fifteen. The judge merged Counts Seven, Eight, and Nine into
Count Five and imposed a twenty-year prison term subject to NERA,
consecutive to Counts Two, Four, Five, Fourteen, Fifteen, and
Sixteen. On Count Fourteen, the judge sentenced defendant to
seven years in prison, consecutive to Counts Two, Four, Fifteen,
and Sixteen. (On Count Fourteen, the judgment of conviction (JOC)
and sentencing transcript conflict. The JOC refers to Count
Fourteen as Count Seven, and fails to include Count Eighteen as a
consecutive sentence. In the sentencing transcript, the judge
properly referred to defendant's conviction on Count Fourteen, and
he included Count Eighteen as part of the consecutive sentence.)
On Count Fifteen, defendant received a five-year prison term,
consecutive to Count Two. On Count Seventeen, the judge imposed
a four-year prison term, consecutive to Counts Two, Four, Five,
Fourteen, Fifteen, and Sixteen. And on Count Eighteen, the judge
imposed a ten-year prison term, concurrent to Counts Two, Four,
Five, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, and Seventeen.
4 A-0435-15T1
IMPRISONMENT WITHOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF
PAROLE; THE OVERALL SENTENCE WAS EXCESSIVE.
U.S. Const. [a]mend. VIII; N.J. Const. [a]rt.
I, ¶¶ 1, 12.
In defendant's pro se supplemental brief, he raises one additional
argument, which we have renumbered:
POINT [IV]
THE COURT ERRED FOR NOT EXCLUDING JUROR
[NUMBER EIGHT] . . . AFTER SHE OBSERVED THE
DEFENDANT HANDCUFFED[,] WHICH VIOLATED
DEFENDANT[']S SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO A FAIR
TRIAL.
We reject defendant's assertion that a special unanimity
instruction was required in this case. To be sure, a jury verdict
must be unanimous to convict a defendant of a crime. State v.
Parker,
124 N.J. 628, 633 (1991), cert. denied,
503 U.S. 939,
112 S. Ct. 1483,
117 L. Ed. 2d 625 (1992); see also R. 1:8-9. "[T]he
unanimous jury requirement impresses on the trier of fact the
necessity of reaching a subjective state of certitude on the facts
in issue." Parker, supra,
124 N.J. at 633 (quoting United States
v. Gipson,
553 F.2d 453, 457 (5th Cir. 1977)).
The consensus of a jury requires "substantial agreement as
to just what a defendant did." State v. Frisby,
174 N.J. 583, 596
(2002) (quoting Gipson, supra, 553 F.2d at 457). In most
instances, a general unanimity instruction will suffice without
any special additional instructions. Id. at 597. Such a special
instruction may only be necessary in situations where:
5 A-0435-15T1
(1) a single crime could be proven by
different theories supported by different
evidence, and there is a reasonable likelihood
that all jurors will not unanimously agree
that the defendant's guilt was proven by the
same theory; (2) the underlying facts are very
complex; (3) the allegations of one count are
either contradictory or marginally related to
each other; (4) the indictment and proof at
trial varies; or (5) there is strong evidence
of jury confusion.
[State v. Cagno,
211 N.J. 488, 517 (2012)
(citing Frisby, supra,
174 N.J. at 597), cert.
denied,
568 U.S. 1104,
133 S. Ct. 877,
184 L. Ed. 2d 687 (2013).]
As the Court explained in Parker, when a series of alleged criminal
acts committed by a defendant involves acts that are "conceptually
similar," no special jury instruction on unanimity is required to
segregate those acts. Parker, supra,
124 N.J. at 639.
Defendant argues the trial judge erred by denying his request
for specific unanimity instructions to the jury. He contends that
the State presented two theories for the murder of the child:
defendant physically forced the girlfriend out of the window while
she was holding the child; or his actions inside the apartment
made her fear for her own life and the child's life, and therefore
she jumped out of the window while holding the child. Defendant
maintains that these theories are dissimilar factually thereby
warranting the specific instruction.
6 A-0435-15T1
The judge rejected defendant's request for the specific
unanimity jury charge by considering the State's theories and the
applicable law. In rejecting the request and applying Parker, the
judge found that
[t]he State's theory . . . as to why [the
girlfriend] and [the child] went out [of] the
window has consistently been focused on the
conduct of the defendant in the apartment.
Specifically, that it was defendant's direct
physical conduct based on his assault of [the
girlfriend] and the [friend] which caused [the
girlfriend] to go out [of] the window.
Here, defendant is alleged to have been in the
process of assaulting [the girlfriend] when
she exited the apartment window with [the
child] in her arms. Both of the State's
theories rely on its evidence that [the
child's] death was a result of defendant's
assault in the apartment.
. . . .
The State's two theories . . . are based on
defendant's conduct within the apartment.
Although jurors may disagree as to how [the
girlfriend] went out [of] the window, all the
jurors would still be unanimous in that [the
girlfriend] exited the window as a direct
consequence of defendant's conduct[,] which
must be established beyond a reasonable doubt.
Therefore, I do not find that a special
interrogatory is required, and that I will
instruct the jurors that they may find the
defendant guilty provided [that] the State
proves causation beyond a reasonable doubt.
Specifically, the jury will be instructed that
[it] may find either that [the girlfriend]
went out of the window as a result of the
physical contact of [defendant] or as a result
7 A-0435-15T1
of her exiting to escape the assault that was
occurring.
Thus, as the judge correctly found, under either theory,
defendant's physical conduct toward the girlfriend forced her out
of the window. Similar to the Court's decision in Parker,
"[b]ecause the acts alleged were conceptually similar, there was
no reason to give a specific unanimity charge." Parker, supra,
124 N.J. at 639. "[T]here was no genuine possibility of jury
confusion about its responsibility" to unanimously find
defendant's conduct inside the apartment caused the girlfriend to
exit the window. Id. at 642.
Defendant contends for the first time that his prison sentence
for felony murder amounts to cruel and unusual punishment.
Defendant equates felony murder with a crime of negligent homicide.
Defendant argues therefore that his sentence for felony murder is
grossly disproportionate and serves no legitimate penological
objective.
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(b)(1) requires the imposition of a minimum
period of thirty years of parole ineligibility for a felony murder
conviction. We have previously held that this minimum sentence
does not violate the Federal or State constitutions. State v.
Johnson,
206 N.J. Super. 341, 349 (App. Div. 1985), certif. denied,
104 N.J. 382 (1986).
8 A-0435-15T1
It is firmly settled that the broad power to
declare what shall constitute criminal conduct
and to fix both the maximum and minimum terms
of imprisonment for such conduct has been
committed by the people of this State to the
legislative, rather than to the judicial
branch of government. State v. Hampton, 61
N.J. 250, 273 (1972). See also State v. Smith,
58 N.J. 202, 211 (1971). The fact that our
Legislature has provided a more severe
punishment for criminal acts than the courts
approve is no grounds for judicial
interference, unless a constitutional or other
prohibition against such punishment has been
violated. In making this determination, our
Supreme Court in State v. Hampton, supra,
expressed the view that "courts consider
whether the nature of the criticized
punishment is such as to shock the general
conscience and to violate principles of
fundamental fairness; whether comparison
shows the punishment to be grossly
disproportionate to the offense, and whether
the punishment goes beyond what is necessary
to accomplish any legitimate penal aim." 61
N.J. at 273-[]74. Thus, "[a]bsent such a
showing[,] the judiciary must respect the
legislative will." Id. at 274.
[Johnson, supra, 206 N.J. Super. at 343
(second alteration in original).]
Felony murder is an absolute liability crime because a
defendant need not have contemplated or intended the victim's
death. State v. Martin,
119 N.J. 2, 20 (1990); see also State v.
McClain,
263 N.J. Super. 488, 491 (App. Div.), certif. denied,
134 N.J. 477 (1993); State v. Darby,
200 N.J. Super. 327, 331 (App.
Div. 1984), certif. denied,
101 N.J. 226 (1985). The only mental
state required for felony murder is the specific mental culpability
9 A-0435-15T1
required to commit one of the particular underlying felonies
specified in
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(3). See Darby, supra,
200 N.J.
Super. at 331. Thus, any comparison to the sentences imposed for
a felony murder conviction and what defendant has labeled as
"negligent homicide" is misplaced.
We reject defendant's contention that the judge failed to
address the "real-time" consequences of the No Early Release Act
(NERA),
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, component to his sentence. Defendant
argues that his sentence is otherwise excessive. We conclude that
defendant's sentencing arguments are "without sufficient merit to
warrant discussion in a written opinion." R. 2:11-3(e)(2). We
add the following brief remarks.
Our review of sentencing determinations is limited. State
v. Roth,
95 N.J. 334, 364-65 (1984). We will not ordinarily
disturb a sentence imposed which does not shock the judicial
conscience. State v. O'Donnell,
117 N.J. 210, 215-16 (1989). In
sentencing, the judge "first must identify any relevant
aggravating and mitigating factors set forth in
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-
1(a) and (b) that apply to the case." State v. Case,
220 N.J. 49,
64 (2014). The judge must then "determine which factors are
supported by a preponderance of [the] evidence, balance the
relevant factors, and explain how [he or she] arrives at the
appropriate sentence." O'Donnell, supra,
117 N.J. at 215. We are
10 A-0435-15T1
"bound to affirm a sentence, even if [we] would have arrived at a
different result, as long as the trial court properly identifie[d]
and balance[d] aggravating and mitigating factors that [were]
supported by competent credible evidence in the record." Ibid.
In reviewing a sentence subject to NERA, "we must . . . be
mindful of the real-time consequences of NERA and the role that
it customarily plays in the fashioning of an appropriate sentence."
State v. Marinez,
370 N.J. Super. 49, 58 (App. Div.), certif.
denied,
182 N.J. 142 (2004). In order to do that, the reviewing
court must "consider the judge's evaluation of the aggravating and
mitigating factors in that light." Ibid. During defendant's
sentencing, the judge gave a detailed analysis of the aggravating
and mitigating factors, how they applied to each count, and the
facts that supported his decision.
Consequently, there is no reason to second-guess the trial
court's application of the sentencing factors, nor any reason to
conclude that the sentence "shocks the judicial conscience." Roth,
supra,
95 N.J. at 364; see also State v. Bieniek,
200 N.J. 601,
612 (2010) (reiterating that appellate courts must accord
deference to trial judges in sentencing decisions).
Finally, defendant argues the judge erred by failing to remove
juror number eight, who inadvertently saw defendant enter a room
11 A-0435-15T1
in handcuffs. Defendant contends that he therefore received an
unfair trial.
Under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution
and Article I, paragraph 10 of the New Jersey Constitution "the
right of a defendant to be tried by an impartial jury is of
exceptional significance." State v. Williams,
93 N.J. 39, 60
(1983). The securing and preservation of an impartial jury goes
to the very essence of a fair trial. See Sheppard v. Maxwell,
384 U.S. 333, 362-63,
86 S. Ct. 1507, 1522,
16 L. Ed. 2d 600, 620
(1966). It is well established "that a defendant is entitled to
a jury that is free of outside influences and will decide the case
according to the evidence and arguments presented in court in the
course of the criminal trial itself." Williams, supra,
93 N.J.
at 60.
Where it appears that outside influences may have influenced
jurors, "the trial judge must take action to assure that the jurors
have not become prejudiced as a result of facts which 'could have
a tendency to influence the jury in arriving at its verdict in a
manner inconsistent with the legal proofs and the court's charge.'"
State v. Bisaccia,
319 N.J. Super. 1, 12 (App. Div. 1999) (quoting
State v. Scherzer,
301 N.J. Super. 363, 486 (App. Div.), certif.
denied,
151 N.J. 466 (1997)). The test is not whether the
irregularity actually influenced the jurors but "whether it had
12 A-0435-15T1
the capacity of doing so." Panko v. Flintkote Co.,
7 N.J. 55, 61
(1951). "[W]here . . . there is the possibility of actual juror
taint or exposure to extraneous influences (including jury
misconduct and comments made to jurors by outside sources), the
judge must voir dire that juror and, in appropriate circumstances,
the remaining jurors." Bisaccia, supra,
319 N.J. Super. at 13
(citation omitted). In Scherzer, supra,
301 N.J. Super. at 487-
88 (citation omitted), we summarized the trial judge's obligation
stating:
The thrust of the New Jersey and federal cases
on mid-trial allegations of jury misconduct
is that the trial judge must make a probing
inquiry into the possible prejudice caused by
any jury irregularity, relying on his or her
own objective evaluation of the potential for
prejudice rather than on the jurors'
subjective evaluation of their own
impartiality. Although the trial judge has
discretion in the way to investigate
allegations of jury misconduct, an adequate
inquiry on the record is necessary for the
purposes of appellate review.
The record reveals that the judge engaged in proper inquiries when
faced with apparent juror taint, and in his sound discretion
determined that there was not any prejudice. Taking into account
"[a] decision on the potential bias of a prospective juror is
addressed to the sound discretion of the trial judge," State v.
Carroll,
256 N.J. Super. 575, 599 (App. Div.), certif. denied,
130 N.J. 18 (1992); see also State v. Singletary,
80 N.J. 55, 62-63
13 A-0435-15T1
(1979), the judge did not abuse his discretion by allowing the
trial to proceed without removing the juror.
After considering the record, oral argument, and the briefs,
we conclude that defendant's remaining arguments are "without
sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion." R.
2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
14 A-0435-15T1
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