DAMJANOVICH v WESTERN FIRE INS CO
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VO. 52-209 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 1983 PETAR B. DAMJANOVICH, Plaintiff and Appellant, WESTERN FIRE INSURANCE CO&'lPANY, Defendant and Respondent. Appeal from: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial. District, In and for the County of Yellowstone Honorable William J. Speare, ,Tudae presidinu Counsel of Record. For Appellant: Lee Overfelt arqued, Billings, Montana Stephens and Cole, Billinus, Montana For Respondent : Anderson, Brown, Gerbase, Cebull & Jones, Billinqs, Plontana Steve Harman argued, Billinqs, Montana Submitted: Decided: JUN 3 0 ~iled: ~ ~ d d March 24, 1 9 8 3 June 30, 1983 Mr. Justice John C. Court. Sheehy delivered the Opinion of the Petar B. Damjanovich was involved in a collision with a parked car. Because the owner of the parked car was uninsured, Damjanovich brought suit against his insurance company to recover uninsured motorist benefits under his insurance policy. District, Yellowstone A jury in County, the Thirteenth found that Judicial Damjanovich's negligence was greater than that of the owner of the parked vehicle. defendant The District Court insurance Damjanovich appeals. company entered based on judgment the jury for the verdict. We reverse and remand for a new trial. On October 4, 1978, Jack Light was traveling eastbound on 1-94, a part of the interstate system, toward Ballentine, Montana, in his 1974 Ford Galaxy. Between 5:15 and 5:30 p.m., his car suddenly stopped running and he coasted to the right side of the highway. Light left the car, then returned with a mechanic who determined the problem to be bad points. They decided to leave the vehicle parked on the highway overnight with plans to return the next day to repair the car. two The interstate highway in this case is one composed of paved strips, one each for eastbound traffic separated by a medium strip. and westbound Each westbound and eastbound strip is divided into two main lanes for traffic. On the righthand side of one's direction of travel, a parking or emergency lane is also provided, separated from the right driving lane by a solid painted line. Damjanovich was driving his automobile eastbound on the interstate highway at approximately 3:00 a.m. on October 5, 1978, when his car collided with the parked Light vehicle. There are several disputes in the evidence. The defendant claimed that the Light vehicle was parked entirely within the emergency highway. lane on the righthand side of the Damjanovich claims that a portion of the Light vehicle protruded into the main traveled portion of traffic lane in which he was driving eastbound. the Damjanovich testified that as he approached the parked vehicle, which he did not see, he was blinded by oncoming lights and thus drifted into the emergency lane where the collision with the parked vehicle occurred. as to whether he had accident. There was dispute in the evidence claimed such events following the It appears uncontradicted in the evidence that the parked vehicle had been left unlighted and without warnings posted around it of its presence in the emergency lane. At trial, the District Court instructed the jury in effect that it is negligence as a matter of law under Montana statutes to drive a motor vehicle in the emergency lane. Damjanovich contended that such an instruction should be tempered with an instruction on the emergency rule. The issue presented to this Court by Damjanovich is whether the District Court erred in instructing the jury on negligence per se without also instructing it on the doctrine of sudden emergency. With respect to the operation of his car by Damjanovich, the court gave the jury the following instructions: INSTRUCTION NO. 16 "You are instructed that interstate highway no. 94 is a controlled-access highway. A statute in the State of Montana, section 61-8-331 (2) (a) and (c), MCA, states, in pertinent part, as follows: (2) On any controlled access highway facility, it is unlawful for any person to: 'I' or "I " (a) drive a vehicle over, upon or across any curb, central dividing section, or other separation or dividing lines; " I " (c) drive any vehicle except in the proper lane, in the proper direction, and to the right of the central dividing curb, separation, section or ' line;I ' INSTRUCTION NO. 17 "If you find from the evidence that the plaintiff, Petar Damjanovich conducted himself in violation of the law just read to you, you are instructed that such conduct was negligence as a matter of law. "However, in this action, a violation of law is of no consequence unless it was a proximate cause of an injury found by you to be suffered by the plaintiff." Counsel for Damjanovich objected to instructions no. 16 and 17 upon the grounds that they imposed an absolute duty upon all operators of motor vehicles on limited access highways to stay strictly within their lanes of travel and that in the absence of a sudden peril instruction it was tantamount to a direct instruction to the jury to find Petar Damjanovich guilty of negligence. In connection with his objection to instruction no. 16 and Damjanovich's counsel offered instructions respecting sudden emergency, all of which were by the court denied. Damjanovich's argument on appeal is that the lights of an oncoming car blinded him and placed him in peril and that he so testified. Therefore, he contends he was entitled to sudden peril instructions which would mitigate the mandatory effect of instructions 16 and 17. The defendant insurance company on the other hand contends that under Eslinger v. Ringsby Truck Lines, Inc. (1981), Damjanovich Mont was . not , 636 P.2d 254, 38 St.Rep. entitled to the sudden 1863, emergency instructions because the evidence was not sufficient to support a finding that the claimed emergency actually or apparently existed. The defendant contends that it was questionable whether an emergency actually or apparently existed; that Damjanovich had no other witnesses to testify to the alleged emergency; that he did not mention the alleged emergency immediately until several days after the accident; and that there was no physical evidence of evasive action taken by Damjanovich. Ordinarily, it is the duty of this Court to regard the evidence in the District Court trial in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. Since, however, the sudden emergency issue was not submitted by instructions to the jury, we are not . l *~ - - 1 -- * the - Lk ~ l w s ,, , , ~ J b f& We do not regard this case as one in which a sudden emergency supra. instruction should have been given. Eslinger , Rather we find that the objections of Damjanovich to se the negligence per - instructions applying to him should have been regarded by the District Court. Under the facts of this case, Damjanovich was driving on or over at least a portion of the emergency lane when his vehicle collided with the parked vehicle. When the jury applied instructions no. 16 and 17 to that fact, it was mandated by the District Court to find (1) such driving was negligent as a matter of law, and (2) such driving was a proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries. No room was given to the jury under those instructions to determine if driving in the emergency lane by Damjanovich was something a person using ordinary care in the circumstances might have been & doing. The instructions were severely limited. If Damjanovich was in the emergency lane, and the collision resulted from that, then Damjanovich was negligent as a matter of law. In effect, Damjanovich was instructed out of court, based on the fact that the collision occurred in the emergency lane without any consideration given to whether a reasonably prudent person in the same circumstances might also have been driving in the emergency lane. This is the first occasion for this Court to consider the effect of a motorist driving over and into that portion of an interstate highway known generally as the emergency lane. Certainly the statute given to the jury in this case with respect to a motorists' duty, section 61-8-331 (2), MCA, is imprecise. The statute does not, by its terms, cover the case of a motorist entering over or upon the emergency lane of interstate highways in this state. The thrust of the statute is to forbid the crossing-over by vehicles into the driving lanes reserved for opposite-direction traffic. We hold that the language of the statutes set out in instruction No. 16, supra, does not apply to vehicles which may occasionally be driven over or into the emergency lane of an interstate highway. To rule otherwise would be contra to our common experience in the use of interstate highways. Drivers frequently veer to the right over and upon the emergency lane to avoid snow or slush being thrown by overtaking traffic; to avoid blocking the traffic lanes when circumstances require a vehicle to proceed more slowly than the normal speed of traffic in those lanes (see Section 61-8-321(2), MCA), or to bring a vehicle to a stop to stretch or change drivers. Surely none of these examples should be considered violations of Section 61-8-331, MCA and, thus, negligence as a matter of law. No state statute that we can find, including Section 61-8-331, MCA, forbids the use of emergency lanes by drivers with specificity. Application of Section 61-8-331, MCA to Damjanovich, in this case, negates, in effect, the continuing negligence of Jack Light who left his unlighted car in the dark on the highway. Ashley v. Safeway Stores, Inc., (1935) 100 Mont. 312, 47 P.2d 53; Section 61-9-214, MCA. In our view, this cause should have been submitted to the lury with respect to the operation of the vehicle by Damjanovich under the ordinary rules relating to negligence. A proper instruction, suitable for this case, would have stated in substance: You are instructed that a person who drives a motor vehicle into or upon the emergency lane of the interstate highway when a reasonably prudent person using ordinary care would not do so, is negligent. Conversely, if a person drives a motor vehicle into or upon the emergency lane of an interstate highway and a reasonably prudent person would ordinarily have done the same under the circumstances of the situation, then you may not find the person negligent because of such driving. Because of the instructional error, we reverse the District Court judgment and remand for a new trial. We concur: Justices iqr. C h i e f J u s t i c e P r a n k I . H a s w e l l , d i s s e n t i n g : The m a j o r i t y f i n d t h a t J u r y I n s t r u c t i o n Nos. 1 6 and 1 7 r e q u l r e t h e j u r y t o f i n d t h a t Damjanovich was n e g l i g e n t a s a matter of law f o r driving i n t h e e m e r g e n c y l a n e and s u c h d r i v i n g was t h e p r o x i m a t e c a u s e o f h i s i n j u r i e s . In effect, t h e m a j o r i t y c o n c l u d e t h a t Damjanovich was i n s t r u c t e d o u t o f c o u r t b a s e d on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o l l i s i o n o c c u r r e d i n t h e emergency l a n e w i t h o u t any c o n s i d e r a t i o n g i v e n t o whether a reasonably prudent person i n t h e same c i r c u m s t a n c e s m i g h t a l s o h a v e been d r i v i n g i n t h e e m e r g e n c y l a n e . The m a j o r i t y c o n c l u d e by h o l d i n g t h a t d r i v i n g i n t h e e m e r g e n c y l a n e i s not unlawful; hence, r e v e r s e and remand t h e case f o r a new t r i a l b e c a u s e t h e j u r y was i n s t r u c t e d t h a t s u c h a c t i o n i s unlawful. (1) i t i s u n l a w f u l t o d r i v e i n I would a f f i r m b e c a u s e t h e e m e r g e n c y l a n e u n d e r t h e f a c t s o f t h i s c a s e , and ( 2 ) t h e j u r y was p r o p e r l y i n s t r u c t e d . The f a c t s o f t h i s a c c i d e n t m u s t b e n o t e d t o p l a c e t h e case in context. D e f e n d a n t was d r i v i n g l a n e and r e a r - e n d e d Driving in i n t h e emergency a parked c a r . the n e g l i g e n c e p e r se. emergency However, lane is unlawful--thus, l i a b i l i t y w i l l attach only i f s u c h u n l a w f u l a c t i s t h e p r o x i m a t e c a u s e o f some i n j u r y . I n s t r u c t i o n No. MCA. 1 6 is s e c t i o n 6 1 - 8 - 3 3 1 ( 2 ) ( a ) and ( c ) , T h e s e s t a t u t o r y s e c t i o n s p r e s c r i b e t h a t on a c o n t r o l l e d a c c e s s highway, no driver shall cross any curb, central dividing section or other dividing l i n e . It further provides that v e h i c l e s must be driven in t h e proper p r o p e r d i r e c t i o n and t o t h e r i g h t o f line. A l s o , s e c t i o n 61-1-206, MCA, lane, in the the central dividing d e f i n e s a roadway a s a n y p o r t i o n o f a highway u s e d f o r v e h i c u l a r t r a v e l e x c l u d i n g t h e s h o u l d e r o r t h e berm. The p l a i n meaning of the above s t a t u t o r y s e c t i o n s mandates t h a t one must d r i v e o n l y i n t h e proper l a n e of travel and p r o p e r l a n e of t r a v e l . the is - t h e not emergency l a n e Damjanovich's a c t i o n s were unlawful and t h e j u r y d e t e r m i n e d t h e y w e r e t h e p r o x i m a t e c a u s e o f h i s i n ju r i e s . D a m j a n o v i c h ' s a c t i o n s c o u l d b e e x c u s e d by t h e s u d d e n emergency d o c t r i n e . However, instructions. The findings must doctrine case, that Eslinger be requisite court refused opinion made established before a is g i v e n . instruction these t h e lower Under sudden the the certain emergency facts of f i n d i n g s c o u l d n o t be made. this It is v e r y q u e s t i o n a b l e t h a t a n emergency a c t u a l l y o r a p p a r e n t l y existed. A p p e l l a n t h a s no o t h e r w i t n e s s e s t o t e s t i f y t o t h e a l l e g e d emergency. e v i d e n c e of testimony is t h e only The a p p e l l a n t ' s the potential disaster. Second, a p p e l l a n t d i d n o t mention t h e a l l e g e d emergency u n t i l s e v e r a l d a y s a f t e r the accident. Third, t h e r e was no physical e v a s i v e a c t i o n t a k e n by t h e a p p e l l a n t . Finally, t e s t i m o n y t h a t t h e a p p e l l a n t was a w a r e of t h u s , he should have a n t i c i p a t e d it. evidence of t h e r e was t h e parked c a r ; The e v i d e n c e i s s i m p l y i n s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p o r t a f i n d i n g t h a t a n emergency e x i s t e d . Furthermore, the jury was r e s p e c t t o Damjanovich's case. properly instructed with F i r s t o f a l l , t h e j u r y was i n s t r u c t e d t h a t i f Damjanovich's a c t i o n s were n e g l i g e n c e p e r s e , s u c h n e g l i g e n c e was o f no c o n s e q u e n c e u n l e s s i t was the p r o x i m a t e c a u s e o f some i n j u r y . The j u r y f o u n d t h e n e g l i - g e n c e and t h e r e q u i s i t e p r o x i m a t e c a u s e . was presented, and the jury was Second, e v i d e n c e instructed on possible statutory weighed violations Light by the evidence, and Damjanovich. a p p l i e d t h e law a n d , t r i n e of comparative n e g l i g e n c e , gence of Damjanovich was The under jury t h e doc- concluded t h a t t h e n e g l i - far greater t h a n t h a t of Light. This Court should n o t d i s t u r b t h a t f i n d i n g . I would, however, are certain situations emergency lane and agree with the majority t h a t there t h a t would under such require driving circumstances i n the such action would n o t c o n s t i t u t e n e g l i g e n c e p e r se. For e x a m p l e , d r i v e r s must o f t e n swerve t o t h e r i g h t o r d r i v e a t e m p o r a r i l y d i s abled vehicle impediment. in the However, emergency this lane case to avoid is not one traffic of these emergency s i t u a t i o n s . For the foregoing reasons I would affirm the j u ~ y v e r d i c t and t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t ' s judgment e n t e r e d t h e r e o n . 3A&8.$4$4 Chief J u s t i c e Mr. J u s t i c e L . C. G u l b r a n d s o n : I c o n c u r i n t h e f o r e g o i n g d i s s e n t o f Mr.]Chief I Haswell. ~ y ' sice t ,/' Justice
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