STATE v KYLE

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No. 80-104 I N THE SUPREME C U T O THE STATE O MONTANA O R F F 1980 STATE O M N A A F O T N , P l a i n t i f f and Respondent, VS M I K E K. . KYLE, Defendant and A p p e l l a n t . Appeal from: D i s t r i c t Court of t h e Third J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t , I n and f o r t h e County o f P o w e l l , Honorable R o b e r t Boyd, Judge p r e s i d i n g . Counsel o f Record: For Appellant: Byron W. Boggs, Anaconda, Montana For Respondent : Hon. Mike G r e e l y , A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , H e l e n a , Montana Ted L. Mizner, County A t t o r n e y , Deer Lodge, Montana S u b m i t t e d on b r i e f s : May 27, Decided: 1980 JUL 2 8 7980 J u s t i c e John Conway H a r r i s o n d e l i v e r e d t h e Opinion of t h e Court. Mr. A p p e l l a n t Kyle a p p e a l s from h i s c o n v i c t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t , T h i r d J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t , Powell County, of t h e c h a r g e o f f e l o n y e s c a p e i n v i o l a t i o n of s e c t i o n 45-7306 ( 3 ) ( b ) , MCA. The c a s e w a s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t on a n a g r e e d s t a t e m e n t of f a c t s . On October 1 8 , 1978, t h e D i s - t r i c t C o u r t , Cascade County, s e n t e n c e d a p p e l l a n t Kyle t o seven y e a r s i n t h e Montana S t a t e P r i s o n f o r c r i m i n a l m i s c h i e f and e i g h t y e a r s f o r b u r g l a r y . be s e r v e d c o n c u r r e n t l y . The s e n t e n c e s w e r e t o On F e b r u a r y 27, 1979, Kyle was t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e S t a t e P r i s o n t o t h e Swan R i v e r Youth F o r e s t Camp. Kyle l e f t t h e Youth Camp w i t h o u t a u t h o r i z a t i o n on August 23, 1979. On November 2 , 1979, Kyle t u r n e d him- s e l f o v e r t o F l o r i d a a u t h o r i t i e s f o r r e t u r n t o Montana. Based on t h e s e f a c t s , Kyle was found g u i l t y of f e l o n y e s c a p e under s e c t i o n 45-7-306(3) ( b ) , MCA, and was s e n t e n c e d t o t h r e e years i n t h e S t a t e Prison. The s e n t e n c e was t o r u n c o n s e c u t i v e l y w i t h any o t h e r unserved s e n t e n c e s . The s o l e i s s u e f o r r e v i e w i s whether K y l e ' s d e p a r t u r e from t h e Youth Camp i s a f e l o n y e s c a p e under s e c t i o n 45-7306 ( 3 ) ( b ) , MCA. Appellant argues a s h i s s o l e defense t h a t the r e c e n t c a s e of S t a t e v . W h i t e s h i e l d ( 1 9 8 0 ) , P.2d 189, 37 St.Rep. - Mont. 89, c o n t r o l s h e r e . , 605 I n t h a t case, we h e l d t h a t a d e p a r t u r e from a work f u r l o u g h i s n o t a n e s c a p e from t h e S t a t e P r i s o n . W e hold h e r e t h a t t h e Whiteshield r a t i o n a l e does n o t a p p l y . I n W h i t e s h i e l d t h i s C o u r t c i t e d t h r e e r e a s o n s why a n e s c a p e of a p r i s o n e r on f u r l o u g h d o e s n o t c o n s t i t u t e a f e l o n y e s c a p e . F i r s t , we n o t e d t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t s i n Whites h i e l d e a c h e s c a p e d w h i l e t h e y had freedom t o move a b o u t t h e c i t i e s where t h e y were on f u r l o u g h . Second, w e examined t h e f u r l o u g h s t a t u t e and found i t i n a d e q u a t e when r e a d w i t h t h e escape s t a t u t e t o demonstrate a l e g i s l a t i v e i n t e n t t h a t e s c a p e w h i l e on f u r l o u g h j u s t i f i e s a f e l o n y punishment. And t h i r d , w e emphasized t h e Commission Comment accompanying t h e escape s t a t u t e . A p p e l l a n t ' s case i s d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from W h i t e s h i e l d w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t of e a c h of t h e t h r e e r e a s o n s a p p l i e d by t h i s Court. F i r s t , p e r s o n s i n c a r c e r a t e d a t t h e Swan R i v e r Youth F o r e s t Camp a r e n o t f r e e t o move a b o u t i n t h e same manner a s a p e r s o n on f u r l o u g h . D e t e n t i o n a t t h e Swan R i v e r f a c i l i t y i s s i m i l a r t o a minimum s e c u r i t y s t a t u s a t t h e main prison. I n f a c t , a l l o f t h e r e s i d e n t s of t h e Swan R i v e r f a c i l i t y have come t h e r e from t h e p r i s o n t h r o u g h a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n process. A s t r i c t e r c r i t e r i a f o r furlough e l i g i - b i l i t y a l o n g w i t h t h e n e c e s s i t y of a p p r o v a l from t h e Board o f Pardons d e m o n s t r a t e s a l e s s e r r i s k f a c t o r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i n m a t e s on f u r l o u g h . P e r s o n s a s s i g n e d t o Swan R i v e r Youth F o r e s t Camp a r e s t i l l v e r y much i n p r i s o n and s u b j e c t t o its authority. Second, s e c t i o n 45-7-306 ( 3 ) ( b ) ( i ) MCA, c o n t e m p l a t e s , e s c a p e from t h e Swan R i v e r f a c i l i t y . That section provides: "A p e r s o n c o n v i c t e d of t h e o f f e n s e of e s c a p e s h a l l be: " ( b ) imprisoned i n t h e s t a t e p r i s o n f o r a term n o t t o exceed 1 0 y e a r s i f he: " ( i ) s c a p e s from a s t a t e p r i s o n , c o u n t y j a i l , e or city jail . . ." The t e r m " a s t a t e p r i s o n " i s n o t d e f i n e d i n t h e C r i m i n a l Code. However, t h e l e g i s l a t u r e ' s u s e of t h e m o d i f i e r " a " r a t h e r t h a n " t h e " i n d i c a t e s t h a t it d i d n o t i n t e n d t h a t t h e t e r m be r e a d e x c l u s i v e l y . To p a r a p h r a s e t h i s C o u r t ' s l a n - guage i n W h i t e s h i e l d , i t f l i e s i n t h e f a c e of common s e n s e t o s a y t h a t Swan R i v e r i s n o t a " p r i s o n . " Only f e l o n s a r e committed t o Swan R i v e r and o n l y t h r o u g h t h e Montana S t a t e Prison. F i n a l l y , t h e p u r p o s e s e x p r e s s e d i n t h e Commission Comment accompanying t h e e s c a p e s t a t u t e s u p p o r t t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t e s c a p e from t h e Swan R i v e r Youth F o r e s t Camp i s a felony escape. The f i r s t p a r a g r a p h of t h e Commission Com- ment r e a d s : "[This s e c t i o n ] c l a s s i f i e s escapes according t o t h e r i s k t h e y c r e a t e . Punishment i s more s e v e r e f o r t h e o f f e n s e when committed by t h e u s e of o r t h r e a t of f o r c e , p h y s i c a l v i o l e n c e , weapon o r s i m u l a t e d weapon. The g r a d i n g of t h e o f f e n s e by r e l y i n g on t h e p r i s o n e r ' s u s e of f o r c e i s a c t u a l l y a r e t u r n t o t h e common law, s i n c e e a r l y common l a w c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d between e s c a p e s w i t h and w i t h o u t u s e of f o r c e . The g r a d i n g scheme i m p l i c i t i n t h e o l d code by which punishment i s p r o v i d e d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t y p e o f c o n f i n e m e n t , i s n o t e n t i r e l y aban[Now s e c t i o n 45-7doned i n s e c t i o n 94-7-306. 306, MCA.] For example, u s e of f o r c e i n escapi n g from a n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l d e t e n t i o n c a l l s f o r a lesser punishment t h a n e s c a p e from t h e p r i s o n o r county o r c i t y j a i l . Further, an escape w i t h o u t u s e of f o r c e from a n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l d e t e n t i o n a s p r o v i d e d i n s u b s e c t i o n 3 ( e ) removes t h e o f f e n s e from t h e f e l o n y c a t e g o r y a l t o g e t h e r . " The above comment draws a c l e a r d i s t i n c t i o n between i n s t i t u t i o n a l and n o n c u s t o d i a l o r n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l d e t e n t i o n by i t s u s e of t h e l a t t e r t e r m s . There i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e Swan R i v e r Youth F o r e s t Camp i s a d e t e n t i o n f a c i l i t y , s t a f f e d by p e r s o n s c h a r g e d a t l e a s t i n p a r t w i t h t h e t a s k o f p r e v e n t i n g e s c a p e from t h e f a c i l i t y . Certainly the r i s k c r e a t e d by a n e s c a p e from Swan R i v e r i s much g r e a t e r t h a n the risk created by the escape of an individual who is on furlough. Consistent with the legislative purpose of classi- fying escapes in accordance with the risks they create, we find the District Court properly deemed appellant's escape to be of felony proportions. The judgment of the District Court is affirmed. We concur: Chief Justlce Mr. Justice John C. Sheehy dissenting: This case is controlled by State v. Whiteshield (1980), , - Mont . - 605 P.2d 189, 37 St.Rep. 89. The majority in this case is backtracking from the position we took in Whiteshield to the effect that whether escape is a felony or a misdemeanor depends upon the degree of risk which the escape creates. This was obviously the intent of the commission that drew up the statute and it was also our intent in handing down the decision in Whiteshield. To be clear about it, Swan River Youth Forest Camp is not a state prison. It is true that only felons are committed to the camp, but it is also true that only felons are placed on furlough, and in Whiteshield, that single factor was not enough for us to decide that an escape from a furlough was a felony. Under sections 41-5-523(2) (b) and 41-5-523(3), MCA, a delinquent youth between sixteen and twenty-one years of age may not be committed or transferred to a penal institution or other facility used for the execution of sentence of able persons convicted of crimes unless there is first a determination made as to whether the youth should be assigned to the Youth Forest Camp. Contrary to what is said in the majority opinion, the Youth Forest Camp is not a prison, but is rather a place where a work program is established by the camp superintendent and the Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (section 53-30-205, MCA) to rehabilitate the youthful offender. The very purpose of the legislature in establishing a Youth Forest Camp was to avoid imprisonment of youthful offenders in the state prison. While Youth Forest Camp residents are not free to move about like persons on furlough, this should not be a point of emphasis in our decision. Our escape statute places less emphasis on the type of confinement than on the type of risk created by the escape. I would reverse the District Court.

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