Loni Marie Rutland v. State of Mississippi
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2008-CT-01544-SCT
LONI MARIE RUTLAND
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
08/24/2007
HON. FORREST A. JOHNSON, JR.
FRANKLIN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
WILLIAM ANDY SUMRALL
THOMAS P. WELCH, JR.
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: JEFFREY A. KLINGFUSS
RONNIE LEE HARPER
CRIMINAL - FELONY
AFFIRMED - 03/17/2011
EN BANC.
CARLSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
Loni Marie Rutland was convicted of felony child abuse in a jury trial in the Circuit
Court of Franklin County. Rutland was sentenced to twenty years in the custody of the
Mississippi Department of Corrections, with ten years suspended and ten years to serve. The
trial court denied Rutland’s post-trial motions, and she appealed her conviction. The Court
of Appeals affirmed Rutland’s conviction and sentence. Rutland filed a petition for writ of
certiorari with this Court, and we granted the petition. Having now considered the issues
before us, we affirm the Court of Appeals’ judgment.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT
¶2.
While in Rutland’s care, Rutland’s seventeen-month-old daughter, A.T.,1 suffered
several injuries, including a fractured skull and a broken leg. Rutland and A.T. lived with
Rutland’s sister, but they also stayed two-to-three nights a week with Rutland’s boyfriend,
Andrew Jones, who lived with his parents in Franklin County.
¶3.
According to Rutland and Jones, on August 1, 2006, A.T. fell off a three-foot plastic
slide and landed on her head. Later that night, Rutland noticed bruising under A.T.’s eyes.
She took A.T. to a local clinic the next morning. A.T. was diagnosed with a sinus infection
and prescribed antihistamine. Rutland testified that when they returned home, A.T. was
disoriented from the medicine, tripped over a puppy, and struck her head on an end table.
Rutland and Jones took A.T. to the hospital, where A.T. saw Dr. Kevin Hubbard. A CT scan
was taken of A.T.’s head. Rutland and Jones testified that they were told the CT scan results
were blurry, but from what the doctor could tell, the results were normal. Dr. Hubbard
instructed Rutland to give A.T. Tylenol for pain and to follow up with her doctor the next
day. Rutland testified that she did not read the instructions on the discharge papers and did
not go to a follow-up appointment with her doctor.
¶4.
On August 27, 2006, A.T. was again taken to the hospital after she woke up crying
and could not walk on her left leg. Rutland testified she had noticed the day before that
1
In order to protect the identity of the minor child, we have substituted initials in
place of the child’s name.
2
A.T.’s left ankle was swollen. Rutland attempted to treat the swelling at home with ice
packs. An X-ray showed three breaks in A.T.’s left leg and dislocation of her left-ankle joint.
A.T. was seen again by Dr. Hubbard. Rutland explained the breaks by telling Dr. Hubbard
that A.T. would sometimes put her legs through the slats in her crib. Rutland also testified
that A.T. had fallen several times while running in the yard at the house of Rutland’s sister
and that A.T. possibly had injured her leg then. Dr. Hubbard inquired about a large bruise
on A.T.’s forehead. Rutland explained that A.T. would sometimes hit her head against the
crib. Rutland also stated that A.T. had fallen into the side of an end table.
¶5.
Unsatisfied with Rutland’s explanations of the injuries, Dr. Hubbard requested a
consultation with social services. Rutland became defensive when questioned by social
workers and told them that she took care of her child “twenty-four/seven” and that she did
not injure A.T.
¶6.
After the consultation, A.T. was taken to the University of Mississippi Medical Center
(UMMC), where Dr. Kevin Keaton performed a full-body CT scan. The scan revealed
fractures on both sides of A.T.’s skull in addition to the fractures to her left leg and the
dislocation of her ankle. Surgery was performed on her leg and ankle the next morning. It
was determined that the fractures had occurred recently. The Mississippi Department of
Human Services sent a sheriff’s deputy to inspect Rutland’s home. Photographs were taken
of the end table and crib. The sides of the crib where A.T. slept were lined with blankets and
pillows.
3
¶7.
Rutland was indicted on two counts of felony child abuse.2 Count I addressed the
facial and head injuries, and Count II addressed the injury to A.T.’s leg. This case ultimately
went to trial before a jury in the Circuit Court of Franklin County, Judge Forrest A. Johnson,
Jr., presiding. At the close of the State’s case-in-chief, Judge Johnson denied Rutland’s
motion for a directed verdict; however, at the close of Rutland’s case-in-chief, Judge Johnson
found that insufficient evidence had been presented regarding the cause of A.T’s facial and
head injuries and therefore granted a directed verdict in favor of Rutland as to Count I. Judge
Johnson denied Rutland’s motion for a directed verdict as to Count II, and the jury
subsequently found Rutland guilty of felonious child abuse as charged in Count II.3
¶8.
During deliberations, the jury sent a note to the trial judge with the following
question: “Is negligence the same thing as abuse?” The trial court responded by sending a
handwritten note to the jury that it “. . . must rely on the Court’s instructions on the law
already given to you.
Please continue your deliberations.”
The jury had received
2
Rutland was indicted under Mississippi Code Section 97-5-39(2)(a) (Rev. 2006),
which states:
Any person who shall intentionally (I) burn any child, (ii) torture any child or,
(iii) except in self-defense or in order to prevent bodily harm to a third party,
whip, strike or otherwise abuse or mutilate any child in such a manner as to
cause serious bodily harm shall be guilty of felony child abuse of a child and,
upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment in the custody of the
Department of Corrections for life or such lesser term of imprisonment as the
court may determine, but not less than ten (10) years . . . .
3
The facts up to this point are essentially a recitation of the facts as stated in the Court
of Appeals’ opinion. Rutland v. State, ___ So. 3d ___, 2010 WL 522689, **1-2, ¶¶3-8
(Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 16, 2010). However, additional facts from the record also have been
added.
4
instructions on the elements of felony child abuse and the term “serious bodily harm.” 4 After
receiving the trial court’s response, the jury continued deliberating for approximately half
an hour and then returned a guilty verdict.
¶9.
Some time after the jury’s verdict, Rutland’s boyfriend, Andrew Jones, while at a
local gas station, saw an individual who had served as a juror in Rutland’s trial. The juror
told Jones that he and another juror had been confused about the definition of “neglect,” so
they had looked up the definition and had determined that “abuse” and “neglect” meant the
same thing.5 According to Jones, this individual told him that the two jurors then had
determined that Rutland was guilty of child abuse. After Jones became aware of this
information, he told Rutland’s friend, Bridget Thompson, who subsequently called Rutland’s
attorney and informed him of the juror’s purported statement.
¶10.
Rutland filed a Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict (JNOV), Or in the
Alternative, for a New Trial, claiming, inter alia, that the jurors had failed to follow the jury
instructions given by the trial court, because certain jurors had used dictionary definitions
during their deliberations; therefore, according to Rutland, at the very least, a new trial was
warranted in the interests of justice. The State conceded that “one of the jurors did look up
4
Submitted Jury Instruction C-11 (given by the trial court as Jury Instruction #11)
informed the jury, inter alia, “that the term serious bodily harm, as used in other instructions
of the court [i.e., the elements instruction] means bodily injury which creates a substantial
risk of death, or permanent or temporary disfigurement, or impairment of any function of
any bodily organ . . . .” Rutland was not indicted for child neglect, and the jury did not
receive any instructions on child neglect.
5
Rutland’s post-trial motion states that the juror looked up only the definition of
neglect. In her petition for writ of certiorari, however, Rutland asserts that the juror looked
up two definitions: neglect and abuse.
5
the definitions of the words ‘neglect’ and ‘abuse’ and brought these definitions into the jury
room;” however, according to the State, Rutland was not prejudiced by the misconduct. As
to this issue, the trial court found that Rutland was not prejudiced by the juror’s misconduct.
In the end, the trial court entered an order thoroughly addressing the issues raised by Rutland
in her motion for JNOV and motion for a new trial, and denied these post-trial motions.
PROCEEDINGS IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
¶11.
Before the Court of Appeals, Rutland presented the following issues: (1) the trial court
erred in denying her motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict; (2) the verdict was
against the overwhelming weight of the evidence; and (3) the trial court erred when it failed
to grant a new trial due to juror misconduct. Rutland, 2010 WL 522689, at *1, ¶2. After
thoroughly discussing the issues, the Court of Appeals found no error and affirmed Rutland’s
conviction and sentence. Id.
DISCUSSION
¶12.
In Rutland’s petition for writ of certiorari, she argues the following two issues: (1)
the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the trial court’s denial of judgment notwithstanding
the verdict because an essential element of the crime of felony child abuse was not proven;
and (2) the Court of Appeals erred in finding that a juror’s act of misconduct was not
prejudicial.
¶13.
Even though Rutland submits two issues for us to consider today, under Mississippi
Rule of Appellate Procedure 17(h), we have the authority to limit the question for review
upon our grant of certiorari. Walton v. State, 998 So. 2d 971, 975 (Miss. 2008). With this
6
in mind, although we will address briefly Rutland’s first issue, our main focus today will be
on the second issue. Likewise, we restate the issues for the sake of today’s discussion.
I.
¶14.
WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING
RUTLAND’S
MOTION
FOR
JUDGMENT
NOTW ITHSTANDING THE VERDICT, OR IN THE
ALTERNATIVE, FOR A NEW TRIAL.
Like the defendant in Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 843 (Miss. 2005), Rutland, in her
petition for writ of certiorari, combines her arguments regarding the legal sufficiency of the
evidence and the overwhelming weight of the evidence. As set out in Issue Number 1 in her
petition for writ of certiorari, Rutland titles this issue “Denial of JNOV-Essential Element
Not Proven.” Rutland then states, inter alia:
The COA ruled that the trial court did not err in denying Petitioner’s motion
for new trial based on a verdict against the overwhelming weight of the
evidence. In Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836 (¶16) (Miss. 2005), the Court
reaffirmed that “the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Bush, 895 So. 2d at 843 (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 315
(1979)).
...
[T]he COA erred in not reversing and rendering, or at the very least, reversing
and remanding for a new trial.
¶15.
Without belaboring the point, Bush offers guidance to the practitioner in
distinguishing between an argument challenging the legal sufficiency of the evidence in
seeking the grant of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, as opposed to an argument
challenging the overwhelming weight of the evidence in seeking the grant of a new trial.
Bush, 895 So. 2d at 842-45. Thus, giving Rutland the benefit of the doubt, we assume,
arguendo, that Rutland, as she did before the Court of Appeals, again is challenging both the
7
legal sufficiency of the evidence and the overwhelming weight of the evidence. We quickly
dispatch this issue by stating that the record before us and the applicable law undergird the
Court of Appeals’ decision as to these issues. The Court of Appeals thoroughly addressed
these issues and set out the evidence in the record which supported its findings that the
evidence was legally sufficient to sustain the guilty verdict and that the guilty verdict was not
so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that the court, on appeal, would be
sanctioning an unconscionable injustice by allowing the guilty verdict to stand. We thus
adopt the reasoning of the Court of Appeals on these issues. Rutland, 2010 WL 522689, at
**2-4, ¶¶9-20.
¶16.
Finding this issue to have no merit, we now address what we deem to be the critical
issue before us.
II.
¶17.
WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO
GRANT A NEW TRIAL BASED ON JUROR MISCONDUCT.
The Court of Appeals thoroughly addressed this issue and found no merit in Rutland’s
assertions. Rutland, 2010 WL 522689, at **4-5, ¶¶21-26. While we agree with the Court
of Appeals’ analysis and its disposition, we take this opportunity to revisit the issue of
alleged juror misconduct which surfaces post-trial, and to expand the Court of Appeals’
discussion on this issue.
¶18.
The standard of review for the grant or denial of a motion for new trial is abuse of
discretion. Irby v. State, 49 So. 3d 94, 103 (Miss. 2010) (citing Miller v. State, 980 So. 2d
927, 929 (Miss. 2008)). Uniform Circuit and County Court Rule 10.05 sets out grounds on
which the trial court may grant a new trial. For the sake of today’s discussion, these grounds
8
include, inter alia, “[i]f required in the interests of justice,” and “[i]f the jury has received
any evidence, papers or documents, not authorized by the court . . . .” URCCC 10.05(1), (4).
¶19.
Rutland argues that, because of the juror’s conclusion that “abuse” and “neglect”
meant the same thing, she was essentially convicted of neglect, a crime for which she was
not indicted. The State argues that the juror’s use of the definition(s) was not prejudicial and
did not amount to reversible error.
A.
¶20.
Mississippi Rule of Evidence 606(b)
Rutland focuses much of her argument on the assertion that, during deliberations, the
jury – through the use of improper extraneous information – determined that neglect and
abuse had the same meaning, and, therefore, Rutland was guilty of abuse. Rutland’s
argument is based on a juror’s statement, which is deemed improper for consideration under
our Rules of Evidence. Mississippi Rule of Evidence 606(b) governs inquiries into the
validity of verdicts and states:
Upon an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not
testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the course of the jury’s
deliberations or to the effect of anything upon that or any other juror’s mind
or emotions as influencing assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment
or concerning the juror’s mental processes in connection therewith, except that
a juror may testify on the question whether extraneous prejudicial information
was improperly brought to the jury’s attention or whether any outside
influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror. Nor may a juror’s
affidavit or evidence of any statement by the juror concerning a matter about
which the juror would be precluded from testifying be received for these
purposes.
(Emphasis added.) The purpose of Rule 606(b) is to protect jurors from fear of being
interrogated about their actions or mental processes and to allow the jury to deliberate freely.
9
Gleeton v. State, 716 So. 2d 1083, 1087 (Miss. 1998), overruled on other grounds by Miss.
Transp. Comm’n v. McLemore, 863 So. 2d 31, 39, 42-43 (Miss. 2003).
¶21.
Under Rule 606(b), jurors may not testify as to how extraneous information affected
the verdict. James v. State, 912 So. 2d 940, 951 (Miss. 2005) (“[I]t would be inappropriate,
and in violation of M.R.E. 606(b), for any juror to be questioned with regard to whether or
not the extraneous information actually altered his verdict.”); Perkins v. Dauterive, 882 So.
2d 773, 781 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004) (citing Gladney v. Clarksdale Beverage Co., 625 So. 2d
407, 414, 419 (Miss. 1993)) (“A juror may only testify as to extraneous information or
outside influence introduced by other jurors or other sources, and may not testify as to how
that information or influence affected the verdict.”). Under the plain language of Rule
606(b), a juror’s statement concerning the effect that extraneous information had on the
verdict also is inadmissible.
¶22.
Rutland bases her argument on the assertion that the jury improperly used the
definition of neglect to reconcile the supposed differences between abuse and neglect. This
argument is based on a juror’s statement that “he and another juror were confused about the
definition of the word ‘neglect’ so they looked up the word in a dictionary and concluded that
the words ‘neglect’ and ‘abuse’ meant the same thing, so they determined that the Defendant
was guilty of child abuse.” (Emphasis added.) The juror’s statement relates to how
extraneous information affected the jury’s verdict. Thus, the juror’s statement is improper
under our Rules of Evidence. Rutland may not base her argument for a new trial on a
statement that is prohibited by our Rules.
B.
Prejudice
10
¶23.
In addition to improperly basing much of her argument on the juror’s statement,
Rutland also fails to demonstrate how she was prejudiced by the juror’s impropriety. See
Brister v. State, 86 Miss. 461, 463, 38 So. 678, 678 (1905) (The jury’s verdict will not be
disturbed unless it appears that prejudice resulted from the juror’s misconduct.).
¶24.
When the trial court is presented with an allegation of juror misconduct, the court
must determine what communication was made and what it contained. Gladney, 625 So. 2d
at 419. Once this determination is made, the trial court must decide whether it is reasonably
possible that the improper communication altered the jury’s verdict.
Id.
The party
contending the misconduct must make an adequate showing to overcome the presumption
of jury impartiality. Gatewood v. Sampson, 812 So. 2d 212, 217 (Miss. 2002).
¶25.
In today’s case, the trial court was made aware of the perceived impropriety through
Rutland’s motion for a new trial. The State, in its response, conceded that a juror had looked
up the definitions of the words abuse and neglect, but argued that this did not prejudice the
jury’s verdict. In its order denying Rutland’s post-trial motions, the trial court found, among
other things, that, while it was improper for the juror to bring extraneous information into the
jury room, the impropriety did not prejudice the verdict.
¶26.
Of significant import, Judge Johnson stated in his order:
The court has carefully considered the motion, the presentations at the hearing,
and the authorities submitted by each side. Cases must be decided by juries
upon the evidence presented in court and without extraneous evidence,
investigations or improper influences or information. However, it must surely
be recognized that jurors do not deliberate and decide cases in a vacuum.
Twelve citizens of various backgrounds, educations and life experiences
consult with one another about the case and ultimately render their individual
and collective verdict based upon the evidence received and the instructions
on the law from the court.
11
The court finds that standard dictionary definitions for the words “neglect” and
“abuse” are not the type of improper extraneous information that have been
found to invalidate jury verdicts in our case law. There is nothing inherently
prejudicial in the definitions or as applied to this case. The dictionary
definition of the two words is clearly something within the collective
intelligence and common knowledge of any jury.
There is a very strong legal presumption that jurors follow the law, as they are
instructed by the court. To engage in speculation otherwise, without a sound
basis, would be contrary to the foundations of our jury system.
¶27.
The trial court’s finding that Rutland was not prejudiced by the juror’s use of the
dictionary definition is in accord with our precedent. In Collins v. State, 701 So. 2d 791, 796
(Miss. 1997), this Court held that a defendant was denied a fair trial when the trial court had
provided the jury with a law dictionary. In Collins, we found that, because the trial court had
provided the external source, there was a presumption of prejudice. Id. We went further,
however, to find that this presumption does not arise when the external source is someone
other than the trial judge, stating that:
Because the extraneous influence was introduced into the jury’s deliberations
by the court and not by accident or some outside party, we hold that a
presumption is raised that prejudice flows from the injection of such
extraneous influence. The action of a trial judge in giving instructions to a
jury or sending evidence to a jury for consideration is substantially and
qualitatively distinct from the jury’s improper use of law books discovered in
the jury room or an extraneous influence injected by an outside party and
requires a more stringent standard.
Id. (internal citations omitted).
¶28.
In today’s case, because the definitions were not provided by the trial court, there is
no presumed prejudice. Rutland must demonstrate how the jury’s verdict was prejudiced by
the external influence.
12
¶29.
In Wilcher v. State, 863 So. 2d 719, 773 (Miss. 2004), this Court held that it was not
reversible error for a jury to have access to a standard dictionary. In Wilcher, the defendant
asserted that he was denied a fair trial and based his claim on the unsworn statement of a
juror who stated that the jury was given a dictionary during deliberations. Id. at 770. This
Court distinguished the facts of Wilcher from Collins, finding that: (1) the dictionary was
not provided by the trial court; (2) there is a difference between a standard dictionary and a
law dictionary, the former being “less likely to improperly instruct a jury on the laws of the
State of Mississippi”; and (3) because the only evidence of an external influence was the
unsworn statement of a single juror, the record did not clearly establish that the jury was in
fact given a dictionary or by whom the dictionary was given. Id. at 772.
¶30.
Similar to Wilcher, in today’s case, the dictionary definition was not given to the jury
by the trial court. Further, there is no evidence in the record of what type of dictionary the
juror used to obtain the definition. Rutland claims that the juror used a dictionary from home
to look up the definition, which tends to support a conclusion that a standard dictionary was
used. Also, Rutland’s claim is not supported by affidavit. The only evidence in this case of
the external influence is a juror’s statement made after the trial to Rutland’s boyfriend at a
gas station. Rutland’s boyfriend then told Rutland’s friend about the juror’s use of the
definition. The friend, in turn, notified Rutland’s attorney, who subsequently filed a motion
for a new trial based on this unsworn statement that had passed through multiple sources.
¶31.
The State did concede in its response to Rutland’s motion that a juror had looked up
the definitions of the subject words and had brought the definitions to the jury room. This
concession, however, is not enough to establish prejudice. Without providing more than the
13
statement contained in her motion – most of which is inadmissible under Rule 606(b) –
Rutland cannot demonstrate that she was prejudiced by the juror’s use of the definitions. The
only part of the juror’s statement that is permissible under Rule 606(b) is the fact that he and
another juror looked up the definitions of the words abuse and neglect.
¶32.
Moreover, Rutland presents no evidence of what type of dictionary was used or what
the actual definitions were. We do not know if the definitions which were looked up are
similar to our statutory definitions. Arguably, the definitions could be similar to our statutory
definitions of abuse and neglect. Several courts in other jurisdictions have held that when
extraneous definitions do not differ from jury instructions, or when there is no showing that
extraneous material differs from the law, the jury’s exposure to the material does not result
in reversible error. See State v. Melton, 692 P.2d 45, 49 (N.M. Ct. App. 1984) (jurors’
consideration of dictionary definitions which did not vary from the usual ordinary meaning
of those words, or from the meaning contained in the trial court’s instructions did not
prejudice the defendant); State v. Tinius, 527 N.W.2d 414, 417 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994)
(definition did not conflict with legal concepts and was compatible with common meaning
of word); Dawson v. Hummer, 649 N.E.2d 653, 665 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) (finding no
reversible error because there was no way of determining which dictionary was used by the
jury; thus, there was no way of determining whether the dictionary definition differed from
the legal definition); Stagecoach Transp., Inc. v. Shuttle, Inc., 741 N.E.2d 862, 869 (Mass.
App. Ct. 2001) (finding no reversible error because “the material did not differ in great
respect from the actual law”).
14
¶33.
Considering that much of the evidence Rutland presented to support her claim of juror
misconduct is inadmissible under Rule 606(b), Rutland has failed to demonstrate how she
was prejudiced by the juror’s impropriety. Without showing more, Rutland cannot show
prejudice. Collins, 701 So. 2d at 795. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Rutland’s motion for a new trial. Gladney, 625 So. 2d at 415 (“This
Court’s authority to reverse a trial court’s ruling on a motion for new trial is limited to those
instances when the trial court abuses that discretion.”).
¶34.
We thus find this issue to be without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶35.
Having adopted the reasoning of the Court of Appeals concerning two of the three
issues raised on direct appeal, and having addressed what we deem to be the critical issue of
alleged juror misconduct, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals, which affirmed
Loni Marie Rutland’s Franklin County Circuit Court judgment of conviction and sentence
for felony child abuse.
¶36. COUNT II:
CONVICTION OF FELONIOUS CHILD ABUSE AND
SENTENCE OF TWENTY (20) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, WITH TEN (10) YEARS SUSPENDED AND
TEN (10) YEARS TO SERVE, WITH CONDITIONS, AFFIRMED.
WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, LAMAR AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR.
KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
DICKINSON, P.J.; CHANDLER, J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART. CHANDLER,
J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED IN PART BY
DICKINSON, P.J., AND KITCHENS, J. KING, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
KITCHENS, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
15
¶37.
When the jury room is infiltrated by influences or information not authorized by the
court, and such things in any way bear upon the issues being tried, however inconsequential
the intrusion may seem, it is as if some foreign substance has found its way into delicate
machinery, or, allegorically speaking, a pea has been placed under the mattress of a princess.
¶38.
Under our system of justice, every person charged with a crime is entitled to a fair trial
before an impartial jury of his or her peers. Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26; U.S. Const. amend. VI.
During deliberations, the jury should consider only the evidence developed at trial. Collins
v. State, 701 So. 2d 791, 794 (Miss. 1997). “A jury’s verdict must be based upon the
evidence and not affected by extraneous influences.” Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45, 57
(Miss. 1985). This Court has held that, where an extraneous influence is introduced into the
jury’s deliberation by accident or from some outside source, the extraneous influence must
be shown to be prejudicial before a new trial is warranted. Collins, 701 So. 2d at 796.
¶39.
Notwithstanding our requirement that some prejudicial effect of the unauthorized
material be proven as a prerequisite to a new trial, we have promulgated a rule that, in almost
every scenario imaginable, precludes the development of such proof. The principal objective
that likely generated Mississippi Rule of Evidence 606(b) – to insulate and protect jurors
from post-trial inquiries about their deliberations – is laudable. However, if the jurors
themselves are not permitted to relate what did or did not influence their decisions, how is
the prejudicial effect of an extraneous influence to be determined? The answer is that, in
almost all such cases, a prejudicial effect may be impossible to identify or to quantify. Thus,
in my judgment, there is a strong case to be made for presuming that such unauthorized
influences in the jury room always are prejudicial, or for eliminating altogether the
16
requirement of proof of a prejudicial effect. The matter at hand provides a compelling
example of why we should not require a litigant to prove the unprovable in order to seek
relief when unauthorized matter has invaded a jury room. The parties have agreed that an
extraneous influence did enter this jury room. There is no way to assess its impact. At the
same time, we cannot reliably divine that it had no impact.
¶40.
Certainly, extraneous information or material in a jury room is a knife that can cut
either way, depending upon its nature, character, and, sometimes, its source. It is not difficult
to imagine – or, in the case of more seasoned members of the trial bar, to recall – instances
in which unauthorized intrusions into the jury room created considerable anguish for the
prosecution. In the next such case, the party seeking relief may be the State. Neither the
prosecution nor the defense should be saddled with the burden of proving prejudice as a
prerequisite to a meaningful remedy. In the end, the thing that must be protected unfailingly
is the efficacy of the process itself; the jury room must be sacrosanct, so that the litigants, the
lawyers, and the public at large may have as much confidence as can be built into the system
that juries reach their decisions on the basis of nothing other than the evidence and the law,
both of which have come to the jurors with the knowledge and approval of the presiding
judge.
¶41.
In this case, the trial judge gave a preliminary instruction that informed the jurors that
they “[were] not permitted to . . . make any independent investigation.” Further, the trial
court explained to the jury that “[a]fter both sides finally rest, [the court] will review the
instructions of law with the attorneys and then they will be read to you.”
17
¶42.
Following the first day of trial, one of the jurors did make an independent
investigation by researching the meaning of the words neglect and abuse in what is described
in the majority opinion as a standard dictionary. The juror then recorded those definitions
onto a sheet of paper and carried the paper into the jury room on the following day, without
the knowledge or approval of the judge. On the second day of trial, after receiving the jury
instructions and deliberating for fifty minutes, the jurors sent out the following question: “Is
negligence the same thing as abuse?” The trial court, quite correctly, sent the jury a note
with the following response: “You must rely on the Court’s instructions on the law already
given to you. Please continue your deliberations.” The jury resumed its deliberations for
approximately half an hour, then returned a guilty verdict.
¶43.
As evidenced by the jury’s note to the trial judge asking whether negligence was the
same thing as abuse, it is clear that the jurors were concerned about the meanings of those
words. Even though I would not require Rutland, or any other litigant in such circumstances,
to prove prejudice, it is clear to me that a juror’s improper introduction of dictionary
definitions of the words neglect and abuse into the jury’s deliberations substantially
prejudiced Rutland.
¶44.
Rutland was indicted under Mississippi Code Section 97-5-39(2)(a), which provides,
in part:
Any person who shall intentionally (i) burn any child, (ii) torture any child or,
(iii) except in self-defense or in order to prevent bodily harm to a third party,
whip, strike, or otherwise abuse or mutilate any child in such a manner as to
cause serious bodily harm, shall be guilty of felonious abuse of a child . . . .
18
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-5-39(2)(a) (Rev. 2006) (emphasis added). She was not indicted under
the portion of Mississippi Code Section 97-5-39, which provides that:
Except as otherwise provided in this section, any parent, guardian or other
person who willfully commits any act or omits the performance of any duty,
which act or omission contributes to or tends to contribute to the neglect or
delinquency of any child . . . shall be guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-5-39(1)(a) (Rev. 2006) (emphasis added).
¶45.
Further, while neglect and abuse may have similar meanings in the dictionary utilized
by the juror, the legal distinctions found in Mississippi Code Section 97-5-39 are the
difference between less than one year in prison and life in prison. The juror’s non-legal,
dictionary definitions of abuse and neglect, brought into jury deliberations from an outside
source, were grossly out of place in a venue that our government of laws, especially the
judicial branch, from the inception of our nation, has gone to extraordinary lengths to keep
inviolably free of improper influences. It bears reiteration that the prosecution, the defense,
and a very astute trial judge all agreed that these outside definitions should never have
entered the jury room. That the definitions may have been more or less accurate, or even
consistent with applicable law, is not the point. Obviously, the point is that they did not
come from the solitary, authorized giver of the law in this case, the trial judge himself. This
defilement of the process irreparably contaminated the verdict of the jury.
¶46.
Rutland argued that the use of these definitions was prejudicial to her case because
the jury could have relied on the definition of neglect, a misdemeanor, but still have
convicted her of felony abuse if the jury had determined that neglect and abuse had the same
meaning. Rutland was not charged with, nor was she indicted for, child neglect. The jury
19
was not instructed regarding the misdemeanor of child neglect. Clearly, one of the jurors
unilaterally and wrongfully introduced the concept of neglect into the jury deliberations
following private, independent, and unauthorized research. The juror’s research dealt with
a concept that was introduced into the trial by neither the court nor the parties. We cannot
rule out that the jury, which had sought but failed to receive definitions of these terms from
the court, determined on the basis of information provided by one of their number that
neglect was tantamount to abuse, and that if they believed there had been neglect they could
appropriately find the defendant guilty of abuse. However, there are at least two problems
with that analysis. First, Rutland was not charged with neglect. Second, the definitions of
both neglect and abuse were obtained from an extraneous, clandestine source and not from
the court. The only way to repair the morass of mischief caused by this juror’s disregard of
the court’s clear instructions not to engage in independent investigation of the case is to
afford Rutland a new trial, free of extraneous influences.
¶47.
I would reverse this case and remand it to the trial court for a new trial.
DICKINSON, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION. CHANDLER, J., JOINS THIS
OPINION IN PART.
CHANDLER, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶48.
I respectfully dissent, and I concur in part with the dissent of Justice Kitchens. While
I am unwilling to go as far as Justice Kitchens, who would hold that every extraneous
influence in the jury room, no matter how insignificant, requires a new trial, I would find that
the extraneous information in this case prejudiced Rutland. The parties and the trial court
were forbidden by Mississippi Rule of Evidence 606(b) from delving into the effect that the
20
extraneous information had upon the jury’s verdict. But notwithstanding the lack of
subjective evidence of prejudice, I believe a reasonable person would find it prejudicial for
a juror to bring dictionary definitions of abuse and neglect into the jury room in a child-abuse
case. Therefore, I would reverse and remand for a new trial.
DICKINSON, P.J., AND KITCHENS, J., JOIN THIS OPINION IN PART.
21
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