Richard Earl Birkhead v. State of Mississippi
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2007-KA-00666-SCT
RICHARD EARL BIRKHEAD
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
03/08/2007
HON. MARGARET CAREY-MCCRAY
WASHINGTON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
OFFICE OF INDIGENT APPEALS
BY: LESLIE S. LEE
JUSTIN TAYLOR COOK
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: STEPHANIE BRELAND WOOD
JOYCE CHILES
CRIMINAL - FELONY
AFFIRMED - 02/17/2011
03/05/2009
EN BANC.
RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
Richard Earl Birkhead’s motion for rehearing is denied. The previous majority
opinion of this Court is withdrawn and this opinion is substituted therefor.
¶2.
On November 21, 2003, Birkhead was indicted for the capital murder of Walter Lanier
while engaged in a robbery.1 A four-day jury trial was conducted in the Circuit Court of
1
Birkhead filed a pretrial motion for a mental evaluation at the Mississippi State
Hospital at Whitfield, which was granted. A neuropsychologist opined that Birkhead was
mildly mentally retarded. The Mississippi State Hospital staff disagreed with that diagnosis
Washington County. After the State rested, Birkhead moved for directed verdict, which the
trial court denied. Birkhead did not testify and offered no witnesses. The jury found
Birkhead guilty of capital murder. Birkhead then renewed his motion for directed verdict,
or in the alternative, sought a new trial. The trial court denied his motion. Birkhead was
sentenced as a habitual offender and was ordered to serve life without parole in the
Mississippi Department of Corrections. Birkhead appeals from this judgment.
¶3.
Birkhead presents the following issues for appeal:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Whether the trial court erred when it determined the defense had not
established a prima facie case of discrimination in the State’s selection
of jury members and use of peremptory strikes.
Whether the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the death
certificate into evidence when it showed a purported time of injury.
Whether Birkhead’s constitutional right to confrontation was violated
by the admission of the victim’s death certificate into evidence.
Whether the trial court erred in not dismissing a sleeping juror.
Whether the trial court erred in not declaring a mistrial after a witness’s
comment regarding Birkhead’s exercise of his right to remain silent.
Whether the trial court erred in giving Jury Instruction CR-12 regarding
attorney’s notes.
Whether there was cumulative error which deprived Birkhead of his
right to a fundamentally fair trial.
FACTS
¶4.
On July 12, 2003, eighty-one-year-old Walter Lanier left Hamburg, Arkansas,
between 3:00 and 4:00 p.m., to go to a gaming boat (casino) in Greenville, Mississippi.
and determined that Birkhead was not mentally retarded. The trial court, citing Atkins v.
Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S. Ct. 2242, 153 L. Ed. 2d 335 (2002), granted Birkhead’s
motion to preclude the State from seeking the death penalty. The trial court’s order granting
the motion to preclude the death penalty is not at issue in this appeal.
2
Surveillance tapes from the Jubilee Casino show the victim, Lanier, entering the casino at
9:00 p.m. on July 12, 2003, and exiting the same casino on July 13, 2003, at 2:17 a.m.
¶5.
The State’s first witness was Lanier’s daughter. She testified that “[a]fter my mom
passed away, . . . I don’t think [Lanier] liked staying in the house very much. A lot of times
he would just sit in the car and drink his beer, smoke a cigarette, and listen to the radio. He
did that a lot.” Inter alia, she further testified that Lanier had smoked Montclair-brand
cigarettes and generally drank Budweiser beer.
¶6.
Officer Jeffery Parsons, who was a patrolman with the Washington County Sheriff’s
Office, testified he heard on his scanner that there was a disturbance as the nightclub was
closing at the Jubilee Casino. While Officer Parsons was driving through the parking lot of
the casino, he noticed a gray Cadillac with a white male seated in the front seat and an
African-American male seated in the back seat, which raised his suspicion. Momentarily,
Officer Parsons was flagged down by an unknown female, who directed him back to the
same Cadillac.
¶7.
When Officer Parsons returned to the Cadillac, he saw the defendant exit the rear
passenger door and walk rapidly toward the casino. Officer Parsons radioed an officer of the
Greenville Police Department who was also in the parking lot, and advised that the defendant
should be detained. Officer Parsons then exited his patrol car, pursuing and maintaining
visual contact with the defendant. Officer Parsons testified the lighting was good and that
no other people were walking in that area of the parking lot.
¶8.
Officer Parsons trailed the defendant until he saw Officer Rod Shannon detain him.
About five to six steps from where the defendant was detained, Officer Parsons found a
3
knife. Officer Parsons did not touch the knife, but instead notified a supervising officer.
Officer Parsons confirmed that the defendant was the same male whom he had seen exit the
back seat of the Cadillac. The man identified himself as Richard Birkhead. A supervising
officer collected Birkhead’s red-stained shirt, along with the knife, which had blood on its
blade, and gave them to Investigator Misty Litton as evidence.
¶9.
After Birkhead was placed in the custody of the Greenville Police Department, Officer
Parsons returned to the Cadillac. There, Officer Parsons found Greenville Police Department
officers and paramedics from Delta Regional Medical Center (“DRMC”), who
unsuccessfully tried to resuscitate the victim, later identified as Lanier, in the car. Lanier was
transported to DRMC, where he was officially pronounced dead by Dr. Marilyn McLeod.
Officer Parsons did not recall the time he arrived at the scene, nor did his report reflect a
time.
¶10.
Just outside Lanier’s vehicle, investigators collected several Montclair-brand cigarette
butts and one Star-brand cigarette butt, along with four empty Budweiser beer cans. From
the back seat, investigators collected a small blue ice chest and a Budweiser twelve-pack
carton containing eight unopened cans.
¶11.
Officer Brian Payne testified that when he had arrived at Lanier’s vehicle, in response
to Officer Parsons’s call, Officer Scott Stewart and Officer Jason Jenkins already were there.
According to Officer Payne, there were no signs of forced entry into the car. Officer Stewart
advised him that “the subject in the car was bleeding and is possibly deceased.” Officer
Payne attempted to take Lanier’s pulse and found none. Lanier exhibited no other signs of
life. Nonetheless, Officer Payne began performing chest compressions on Lanier. He found
4
the victim “warm to the touch[,]” with his blood not yet coagulated, i.e., “the blood had not
started to clot . . . .” Officer Payne observed that the blood was “still fresh,” and opined the
stabbing had “happened within the last five to ten minutes.” 2 Shortly after Officer Payne
arrived, paramedics were on the scene. Officer Payne rode with the paramedics in the
ambulance transporting Lanier to the hospital. Officer Payne testified that Dr. McLeod
pronounced Lanier dead at the hospital.
¶12.
Following Officer Payne’s testimony, the State moved to have a certified copy of
Lanier’s death certificate admitted into evidence. When the death certificate was offered, the
following exchange took place:
Court:
Defense Counsel:
Court:
Is there any objection?
Your Honor, may we approach?
Yes.
(Conference at the Bench, out of the hearing of the jury).
Defense Counsel:
State Counsel:
Court:
Defense Counsel:
State Counsel:
On the report they have the hour of injury as being 3:38
a.m.[3 ] I don’t know that they have established that.
They have the hour of death as being 3:50 a.m. I don’t
think they have established that. We will object to it
being introduced.
It’s a state official record, Your honor, certified under the
laws of the State of Mississippi.
I will allow it.
I have a question. Is anybody coming to testify about that
death certificate?
It’s a certified copy. It’s admissible under the rules.
2
Officer Payne volunteered that he previously had worked with an ambulance service,
and another witness testified that Officer Payne had served as an Army medic.
3
While Box 29c of the death certificate, “Hour of Injury,” reads “3:38 a.m.,” separate
sections of Box 25 are left blank regarding the “[i]nterval between onset and death.”
5
Defense Counsel:
¶13.
Okay.[4 ]
Officer Stewart testified that he had received a dispatch call at “3:38 [a.m.] by
paperwork.” When he arrived on the scene along with Officer Jenkins, he opened the
passenger side door and unsuccessfully tried to rouse Lanier. He then checked the victim for
movement, breathing, a pulse, or any other signs of life, and found none. Officer Stewart
corroborated Officer Payne’s testimony that Officer Payne had arrived shortly thereafter and
had begun administering CPR on Lanier. Officer Stewart did not know what time Lanier
died.
¶14.
Greenville Police warrant officer Jimmy Myrick testified he had arrived on the scene
at 3:38 a.m. Officer Myrick transported Birkhead to the Greenville police station. He
observed no scratches or bruises on Birkhead or signs that Birkhead had been involved in any
physical altercation. On the way to the station, Officer Myrick received a call from Officer
Payne, who was at the hospital with Lanier, that Lanier had been pronounced dead. He was
advised the time of death was 4:01 a.m., although Officer Myrick “could not advise as to
whether it was possible that Lanier died before 4:01.”
¶15.
At the Greenville police station, Officer Myrick found $29.09 of blood-splattered
money on Birkhead. Officer Myrick called Investigator Litton and waited with the money
at the booking counter for her to process it. After Officer Myrick, several other Greenville
4
As this colloquy reflects, Birkhead made neither a Confrontation Clause objection,
nor a hearsay objection, to the trial court. It is unclear if the objection presented pertained
to authenticity or admissibility. Out of an abundance of caution, however, this Court will
address all. See Issues II and III supra.
6
Police Department officers testified. One officer, Russell Frazier, testified to the presence
of blood on Birkhead’s blue jeans (which also were taken for evidence at booking).
¶16.
Forensic DNA analyst Huma Nasir testified that the blood on the money found in
Birkhead’s pocket, on Birkhead’s jeans, and on the knife belonged to the victim, Lanier.
Nasir testified that Birkhead’s DNA was on a washcloth found in Lanier’s car and, based on
a partial DNA profile, Birkhead’s DNA also was on a baseball cap found in the car. Ken
Gill, a latent fingerprint examiner, testified that Birkhead’s fingerprints were found on the
car’s rear passenger door as well as on the silver strip above the door handle.
¶17.
Lanier’s autopsy revealed a bruise on his forehead and a stab wound to his chest. The
pathologist testified that, while he could not determine Lanier’s exact position at the time of
the attack, the wound to the front of Lanier’s body could have been made by a person seated
in the back seat of the vehicle as Lanier sat in the front seat. The pathologist testified he did
not determine a time of death, as “I was not asked to, and I did not do that, and would not
have had the requisite information at that time to come to a conclusion.”
¶18.
Numerous other witnesses testified before the State rested. In total, twelve Greenville
Police Department officers testified. After the State rested, the defense moved for a directed
verdict. When that motion was denied, the defense offered no witnesses.
¶19.
Birkhead’s defense team structured its arguments in opening statement and closing
argument around the lapse of time between when the victim, Lanier, left the casino at 2:17
a.m. until his body was discovered at 3:38 a.m. In opening statement, one of Birkhead’s
attorneys repeatedly stressed that Lanier was unaccounted for in the one-hour-and-twentyone-minute interim. Defense counsel theorized that Birkhead had been on his way to the
7
casino when he had seen Lanier slumped over in the car and believed Lanier was sleeping
or intoxicated. Defense counsel argued Birkhead saw property on the back seat and took the
opportunity to steal it. Defense counsel maintained Lanier was dead before Birkhead entered
the vehicle. No witnesses were called to support this theory.
¶20.
The exact “time of injury” (apart from the date it occurred, which is undisputed) is
not an essential element of the crime for which Birkhead was indicted, and the State never
attempted to establish an exact “time of injury.” The State presented evidence and argument
to support each essential element of the crime. Under proper instruction of the trial court,
it was for the jury to determine whether to accept or reject the State’s case and defendant’s
theory. After deliberation, the jury found Birkhead guilty of capital murder. After denial of
his motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”), or in the alternative, for a
new trial, Birkhead appealed his conviction to this Court. Absent reversible error, this Court
is duty-bound to affirm the jury’s verdict.
ANALYSIS
I.
Whether the trial court erred when it determined the defense had not established
a prima facie case of discrimination in the State’s selection of jury members and
use of peremptory strikes.
¶21.
According to this Court:
[a] Batson challenge to a peremptory strike should proceed as follows. First,
the defendant must establish a prima facie case of discrimination in the
selection of jury members. Berry v. State, [703 So. 2d 269, 294 (Miss. 1997)]
(citing Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69
(1986)). The prosecution then has the burden of stating a racially neutral
reason for the challenged strike. If the State gives a racially neutral
explanation, the defendant can rebut the explanation. Finally, the trial court
must make a factual finding to determine if the prosecution engaged in
purposeful discrimination. If the defendant fails to rebut, the trial judge must
8
base his decision on the reasons given by the State. Thorson v. State, 721 So.
2d 590, 593 (Miss. 1998).
Berry v. State, 802 So. 2d 1033, 1037 (Miss. 2001). Additionally, this Court has held that:
[o]n appellate review, a trial court's determinations under Batson are accorded
great deference because they are largely based on credibility. McGilberry v.
State, 741 So. 2d 894, 923 (Miss. 1999) . . . . This Court will reverse only
when such decisions are clearly erroneous. Woodward v. State, 726 So. 2d
524, 530 (Miss. 1997); Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1346, 1349-50 (Miss.
1987).
Berry, 802 So. 2d at 1037.
¶22.
This case was tried in Washington County in 2007. According to the 2005-2007
American Community Survey Three-Year Estimates,5 the estimated total population of
Washington County was 56,605. The estimated population of blacks or African-Americans
in the county was 37,119, 66.5 percent of the total population. U. S. Census Bureau –
Washington County, Mississippi – Fact Sheet, http://factfinder.census.gov (last visited
February 14, 2011).
¶23.
During jury selection, both parties made Batson challenges. See Batson, 476 U.S. at
79. The State based its challenge on the defense’s striking all the white jurors to arrive at a
predominately African-American panel. The court found the reasons given by the defense
to be race-neutral.
¶24.
The defense then raised its Batson challenge, stating that all the jurors struck (thus
far) in the selection by the State were African-American. At that stage of the proceeding, the
5
Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population,
demographic, and housing-unit estimates, the Census Bureau’s Population Estimates
Program produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation,
states, counties, cities and towns, and estimates of housing units for states and counties.
9
jury was composed of one African-American male, seven African-American females, one
white female, and two jurors whose race and gender are not made known in the record. The
race and gender of the two alternates also are not made known in the record. The racial
makeup of the venire, of the jurors who ultimately were chosen, and of other potential jurors
struck by the State likewise is not in the record. Therefore, the presumptive conclusion made
by the dissent of a Batson violation and an error by the trial judge is unsupported by the
record. (Dissenting Opinion at ¶ 67-68). We cannot override the trial court when this Court
does not even know the racial makeup of the venire or the jury. The trial court is accorded
great deference because it uniquely is in a position to observe what a blank record fails to
reveal. See Berry, 802 So. 2d at 1037.
¶25.
After the trial court questioned the racial makeup of the jury, the defense stated its
belief that Batson was based on the potential jurors struck rather than the resultant panel
composition. The trial court responded, “[i]t’s also based on the composition of the jury as
well. You take all of that into consideration. And I’m not going to find that that’s a prima
facie case.” Birkhead argues the trial court misinterpreted Batson. However, this Court,
citing Batson, has held:
[i]n order to establish a prima facie case, [Defendant] must show that the facts
and circumstances give rise to the inference that the prosecutor exercised the
peremptory challenges with a discriminatory purpose. Strickland v. State, 980
So. 2d 908, 915 (Miss. 2008); Tanner v. State, 764 So. 2d 385, 393 (Miss.
2000) (citing Bush v. State, 585 So. 2d 1262, 1268 (Miss. 1991)); Randall v.
State, 716 So. 2d 584, 587 (Miss. 1998) (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 94, 106 S.
Ct. 1712). “In deciding whether the defendant has made the requisite showing,
the trial court should consider all relevant circumstances.” [Batson, 476 U.S.
at 96].
Chamberlin v. State, 989 So. 2d 320, 337 (Miss. 2008) (emphasis added).
10
¶26.
Birkhead submits to this Court that the fact that the State had not exhausted its
peremptory challenges or that it left African-Americans on the jury did not relieve the State
from its Batson burden. Birkhead asserts that the State’s use of its first five peremptory
challenges against African-Americans merits an inference of discrimination. However:
[i]n deciding whether the defendant has made the requisite showing, the trial
court should consider all relevant circumstances. For example, a “pattern” of
strikes against black jurors included in the particular venire might give rise to
an inference of discrimination. Similarly, the prosecutor's questions and
statements during voir dire examination and in exercising his challenges may
support or refute an inference of discriminatory purpose. These examples are
merely illustrative. We have confidence that trial judges, experienced in
supervising voir dire, will be able to decide if the circumstances concerning the
prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges creates a prima facie case of
discrimination against black jurors.
Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-97. The record does not aid this Court in discerning such a pattern.
Additionally, all the cases relied upon by Birkhead in his brief state the racial makeup of the
final jury or the race of the other potential jurors struck by the State. We are not provided
with sufficient information in this case to overturn Judge Carey-McCray’s trial decision.
“The burden falls upon an appellant to ensure the record contains ‘sufficient evidence to
support his assignments of error on appeal.’” Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 127 (Miss.
1991) (citations omitted).
¶27.
Furthermore, “[t]here is a presumption that the judgment of the trial court is correct
and the burden is on the Appellant to demonstrate some reversible error to this Court.”
Juarez v. State, 965 So. 2d 1061, 1065 (Miss. 2007) (citation omitted). When the Batson
challenge was made, eight of nine jurors whose race is known to this Court were AfricanAmerican. As the record is devoid of information regarding the racial makeup of the venire,
11
the final composition of the jury selected, and the race of the additional jurors struck by the
State, Birkhead has failed to establish a record of Batson violations. We can discern no
reversible error by the trial court in the juror-selection process.
II.
Whether the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the death certificate into
evidence when it showed a purported time of injury.
¶28.
“The standard of review governing the admissibility of evidence is whether the trial
court abused its discretion.” Harris v. State, 970 So. 2d 151, 154 (Miss. 2007) (citations
omitted).
¶29.
The authenticity of the death certificate is established by Mississippi Rule of Evidence
902(4), which states:
Extrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is
not required with respect to the following: . . .
(4) Certified Copies of Public Records. A copy of an official record or report
or entry therein, or of a document authorized by law to be recorded or filed and
actually recorded or filed in a public office, including data compilations in any
form, certified as correct by the custodian or other person authorized to make
the certification . . . .
Miss. R. Evid. 902(4). The certified copy of the death certificate 6 presented in this case fits
within the provisions of Rule 902(4).
¶30.
No legitimate debate can be made that a considerable amount of the information
contained within any death certificate is hearsay. Similarly, no debate exists that a death
certificate is a vital statistic. See Miss. Code Ann. §§ 41-57-1 to 41-57-2 (Rev. 2009) (death
6
See Miss. Code Ann. § 41-57-9 (Rev. 2009) (regarding a death certificate, “[a]
facsimile signature of the [state registrar of vital statistics] shall be sufficient for certification
when the certificate shall have impressed thereon the seal of the Mississippi Department of
Public Health.”).
12
certificates are governed by the bureau of vital statistics and are available to “any person with
a legitimate and tangible interest in such records . . . .”). Mississippi Rule of Evidence
803(9) provides a hearsay exception regarding records of vital statistics.7 See Miss. R. Evid.
803(9). That rule provides, in pertinent part, that:
The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant
is available as a witness: . . .
(9) Records of Vital Statistics. Records or data compilations of vital
statistics, in any form, if the report thereof was made to a public officer
pursuant to requirements of law.[8 ]
Miss. R. Evid. 803(9). See also Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 898 (Miss. 1989), overruled
on other grounds by Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990)
(“[a] death certificate clearly falls under the language of” Rule 803(9)). As my colleague
Presiding Justice Carlson has pointed out previously, “[a] rule which is not enforced is no
rule at all.” Allen v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 934 So. 2d 1006, 1011 (Miss. 2006)
(quoting Salts v. Gulf Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 872 So. 2d 667, 674 (Miss. 2004)). Unlike Rule
803(8) regarding public records and reports, Rule 803(9) provides no exclusions to its
hearsay exception.
7
Rule 803(9), very similar to Federal Rule of Evidence 803(9), was adopted on
September 24, 1985, to “govern all proceedings in any action had on or after January 1, 1986
. . . .” See Order Adopting the Mississippi Rules of Evidence; Fed. R. Evid. 803(9).
8
Mississippi Code Section 41-57-1 provides that “[a] bureau of vital statistics shall
be established by the State Board of Health, which shall provide an adequate system for the
registration of . . . deaths and preservation of vital statistics on forms prescribed by said
Board of Health . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 41-57-1 (Rev. 2009). The death certificate
presented in this case comported with the certification standards provided in Mississippi
Code Section 41-57-9. See footnote 6 supra.
13
¶31.
Birkhead and the dissent rely upon the pre-Rules case of Flowers v. State, 243 So.
2d 564 (Miss. 1971), for the proposition that “death certificates could be introduced into
evidence but used only to show ‘the physical cause of death.’” (Dissenting Opinion at ¶ 81).
But even Birkhead acknowledges that Flowers is “old law . . . .” The “Order Adopting the
Mississippi Rules of Evidence” states that the Mississippi Rules of Evidence “shall be, and
. . . are adopted as rules of evidence governing proceedings in the courts of the State of
Mississippi to the extent and with the exceptions provided in said rules . . . .” Order
Adopting the Mississippi Rules of Evidence (emphasis added). Rule 803(9) includes no
Flowers-like qualification. Moreover, Rule 1103 adds that “[a]ll evidentiary rules, whether
provided by statute, court decision or court rule, which are inconsistent with the Mississippi
Rules of Evidence are hereby repealed.” Miss. R. Evid. 1103 (emphasis added). Therefore,
today’s decision does not create any new rule of evidence, as Rule 803(9) has applied to “all
actions and proceedings in the courts of the State of Mississippi” since January 1, 1986.
Miss. R. Evid. 1101(a); Order Adopting the Mississippi Rules of Evidence. In essence, the
dissent faults both the trial court and the Majority for enforcing a rule which it disfavors, as
opposed to seeking an amendment via the Rules Committee. The trial court sub judice is not
in error for following the rules of evidence and our precedent that a death certificate and the
“[r]ecords . . . of vital statistics” contained therein are admissible. See Miss. R. Evid. 803(9);
Miss. Code Ann. § 41-57-2 (Rev. 2009); Shell, 554 So. 2d at 898. Thus, this issue is without
merit.
14
¶32.
But even if we were to ignore Rule 803(9), the precedent established in Shell, and the
State’s waiver argument,9 and assume arguendo that the trial judge erred in permitting the
“time of injury” entry to go before the jury, we conclude such a presumed error would be
harmless. This Court has held, “the inquiry is not whether the jury considered the improper
evidence or law at all, but rather, whether that error was ‘unimportant in relation to
everything else the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed in the record.’”
Thomas v. State, 711 So. 2d 867, 873 (Miss. 1998) (quoting Yates v. Evatt, 500 U.S. 391,
403, 111 S. Ct. 1184, 1187, 114 L. Ed. 2d 432, 449 (1991)). The jury was presented with
overwhelming evidence of Birkhead’s guilt. Even the dissent acknowledges that “the State’s
evidence was strong . . . .” (Dissenting Opinion at ¶ 72). Moreover, in the case sub judice,
the prosecution did not seek to use the “time of injury” entry to satisfy even one of the
essential elements of its case, for “time of injury” was not such an element. Indeed, it was
defense counsel who repeatedly interjected the time of 3:38 a.m. to aid the defense, initially,
in its opening statement and, finally, in its closing argument.10 The jury was presented with
Birkhead’s attempt to create doubt via a lapse-of-time argument, which the State countered
with cigarette butts and empty beer cans outside the victim’s car; the testimony of Lanier’s
daughter; and the circumstances surrounding Birkhead’s exit from the vehicle and recovery
of the blood-stained weapon, money, clothing, etc.
9
The State argues that Birkhead is precluded from now arguing about the “time of
injury” entry on appeal when, after his objection was overruled, Birkhead neither sought to
exclude nor to redact the hour-of-injury/death entries, nor to ask the trial judge to give a
limiting instruction regarding the entries.
10
The State made no reference to the “time of injury” in its opening statement or
closing argument.
15
¶33.
Thus, this Court alternatively concludes that in this case the failure to redact the “time
of injury” from the victim’s death certificate was “unimportant in relation to everything else
the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed in the record.” Id. Accordingly, this
argument likewise is without merit.
III.
Whether Birkhead’s constitutional right to confrontation was violated by the
admission of the victim’s death certificate into evidence.
¶34.
“This Court reviews de novo a Confrontation Clause objection.” Smith v. State, 986
So. 2d 290, 296 (Miss. 2008) (citations omitted). The Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution provides that “in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . .
. to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend VI (emphasis added).
See also Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1364, 158 L. Ed. 2d
177, 192 (2004) (the Confrontation Clause “applies to ‘witnesses’ against the accused – in
other words, those who ‘bear testimony.’ 2 N. Webster, An American Dictionary of the
English Language (1828).”).
¶35.
Thus, introduction of evidence admitted via a hearsay exception does not necessarily
foreclose Confrontation Clause scrutiny. Crawford held that “[w]here testimonial evidence
is at issue . . . the Sixth Amendment demands what the common law required: unavailability
and a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51-52. The United
State Supreme Court has since stated that “testimonial statements” can “cause the declarant
to be a ‘witness’ within the meaning of the Confrontation Clause. . . . It is the testimonial
character of the statement that separates it from other hearsay that, while subject to traditional
limitations upon hearsay evidence, is not subject to the Confrontation Clause.” Davis v.
16
Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821, 126 S. Ct. 2266, 2273, 165 L. Ed. 2d 224 (2006). See also
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68 (“[w]here nontestimonial hearsay is at issue, it is wholly consistent
with the Framers’ design to afford the States flexibility in their development of hearsay law
– as does [Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 100 S. Ct. 2531, 65 L. Ed. 2d 597 (1980)],[11 ] and
as would an approach that exempted such statements from Confrontation Clause scrutiny
altogether.”).
¶36.
As to what is “testimonial,” Crawford provided:
[v]arious formulations of this core class of “testimonial” statements exist: “ex
parte in-court testimony or its functional equivalent – that is, material such as
affidavits, custodial examinations, prior testimony that the defendant was
unable to cross-examine, or similar pretrial statements that declarants would
reasonably expect to be used prosecutorially[;]” “extrajudicial statements . .
. contained in formalized testimonial materials, such as affidavits, depositions,
prior testimony, or confessions[;]” “statements that were made under
circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe
that the statement would be available for use at a later trial[.]”
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51-52 (internal citations omitted). The United States Supreme Court
has since made additions to the “core class” of testimonial statements. In Davis, the Court
made the limited holding, for the purpose of deciding “the present cases[,]”12 that:
[s]tatements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police
interrogations under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary
purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing
11
In Crawford, the Court overruled Roberts insofar as it stood for the proposition that
the admissibility of hearsay evidence depends upon whether “it falls under a ‘firmly rooted
hearsay exception’ or bears ‘particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.’” Crawford, 541
U.S. at 60, 67-68 (quoting Roberts, 448 U.S. at 66).
12
In Davis, two cases were considered for the purpose of determining “when
statements made to law enforcement personnel during a 911 call or at a crime scene are
‘testimonial’ . . . .” Davis, 547 U.S. at 817.
17
emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate
that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the
interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later
criminal prosecution.
Davis, 547 U.S. at 822 (emphasis added). Based thereon, the Court concluded that a 911 call
is generally nontestimonial as it “is ordinarily not designed primarily to ‘establis[h] or
prov[e]’ some past fact, but to describe current circumstances requiring police assistance[,]”
but that an affidavit obtained by an interrogating officer in the absence of emergency
circumstances was testimonial.13
Id. at 827, 829-30, 834.
In Melendez-Diaz v.
Massachusetts, 129 S. Ct. 2527, 174 L. Ed. 2d 314, 77 U.S.L.W. 4574 (2009), like this Court
in its 1985 ruling in Barnette v. State, 481 So. 2d 788 (Miss. 1985), the United States
Supreme Court found that a certificate of analysis pertaining to the nature of the substance
(i.e., cocaine, a necessary element for the crime of distributing and trafficking in cocaine)
was testimonial and, therefore, was erroneously admitted. See Melendez-Diaz, 129 S. Ct.
at 2527; Barnette, 481 So. 2d at 791.
¶37.
In Melendez-Diaz, the Court also notably stated that “[b]usiness and public records
are generally admissible absent confrontation not because they qualify under an exception
to the hearsay rules, but because – having been created for the administration of an entity’s
affairs and not for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact at trial – they are not
testimonial.” Id. at 2539-40 (emphasis added). See also United States of America v. LopezMoreno, 420 F. 3d 420, 437 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51, 56)
13
However, the Court added that “one who obtains the absence of a witness by
wrongdoing forfeits the constitutional right to confrontation.” Davis, 547 U.S. at 833.
18
(“business records, which are analogous to public records, are ‘by their nature . . . not
testimonial’ and not subject to the requirements of the Confrontation Clause.”).
¶38.
Birkhead argues “[p]olice were well aware that they had a subject in custody at the
time Mr. Lanier arrived at the hospital.” Birkhead offers argument, without proof, that the
“time of injury” entry must have been supplied by the police “with an eye toward being used
in a future criminal proceeding against [him].”
See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 56
(“[i]nvolvement of government officers in the production of testimony with an eye toward
trial presents unique potential for prosecutorial abuse. . . .”). In so arguing, Birkhead asks
this Court to indulge in a two-fold assumption without any supporting evidence. First,
Birkhead assumes that the “time of injury” of 3:38 a.m. “likely” was given to “the doctor
signing the death certificate” 14 by police officers at the hospital,15 despite the absence of any
evidence to support this indulgence.16 Two officers (Officer Stewart and Officer Myrick)
referenced 3:38 a.m., in responding to an ongoing emergency. Neither they nor any other
witnesses obtained the time from an interrogation of an unavailable declarant. Both testified
and were subject to confrontation. Out of the numerous officers who testified, not one swore
that he or she knew the “time of injury.” 17 Second, Birkhead asks this Court to assume that
14
No doctor signed the death certificate.
15
According to the record before us, the only police officer at the hospital was Officer
Payne, who not only was available for examination, but who testified at length. Thus, no
Confrontation Clause issue exists as to him.
16
Birkhead also overlooks the presence of emergency response personnel at the crime
scene and the hospital.
17
Officer Payne, however, based on his prior experience working for an ambulance
service and serving as an army medic, testified Lanier could not have been dead for more
19
the time was provided by police officer(s) “with an eye toward trial[,]” without examining
a single officer involved as to whether he or she provided a time of injury or death to any of
the persons involved in preparation of the death certificate. Id. As Birkhead offers no
evidence to support either assumption, we decline his invitation to indulge in such
conjecture.18
¶39.
In a proper case, should evidence be developed that “time of injury,” “cause of
death,” and/or other relevant death-certificate entries were included or influenced by police
officers or prosecutors with an eye toward prosecution, a trial judge would not be in error
for redacting such. See Miss. R. Evid. 102 (“[t]hese rules shall be construed to secure
fairness in administration . . . of the law of evidence to the end that the truth may be
ascertained and proceedings justly determined.”). However, that is not the case before us
today.
¶40.
The jury was presented with evidence that Officer Parsons arrived on the scene as the
nightclub was closing and, while driving through the parking lot, saw Birkhead exit Lanier’s
vehicle. Officer Payne testified he “was not sure what time he came to the scene”; Officer
Myrick testified he did not arrive at the scene until 3:38 a.m. Officer Myrick testified Officer
Payne accompanied Lanier to the hospital. Additionally, Officer Payne testified “he had no
than five or ten minutes because there was no coagulation of his blood.
18
Likewise, we decline to indulge the conjecture of the dissent which engages in its
own handwriting analysis to suggest that the “Cause of Death” section of the death certificate
was completed by the pathologist. (Dissenting Opinion at ¶ 82). Assuming arguendo that
the pathologist was the source of the “time of injury” entry, he was at trial, available for
confrontation, such that no Confrontation Clause issue would exist as to him.
20
evidence to suggest [Lanier] was not already dead at the time [Birkhead] got into his
vehicle.”
¶41.
While the death certificate is a record of vital statistic, not a business or public record,
this Court finds the same sound reasoning of the United States Supreme Court in MelendezDiaz and the Fifth Circuit in Lopez-Moreno applies to the case sub judice. Under the
circumstances of this case, we conclude that the death certificate is a nontestimonial record
of vital statistics, “created for the administration of an entity’s affairs and not for the purpose
of establishing or proving some fact at trial[,]” and, therefore, not subject to a Confrontation
Clause analysis. Melendez-Diaz, 129 S. Ct. at 2539-40. In so holding, this Court does not
find that testimonial statements, subject to the requirements of the Confrontation Clause,
may never be found within a nontestimonial business or public record. As the United States
Supreme Court stated in Melendez-Diaz, “that is not the case if the regularly conducted
business activity is the production of evidence for use at trial.” Id. at 2538. For example,
an affidavit contained within a public record may be deemed testimonial and, therefore,
subject to the requirements of the Confrontation Clause.
¶42.
Furthermore, “time of injury” was not an essential element of the charge here,
factually distinguishing this case from Melendez-Diaz, Davis, and Barnette. See MelendezDiaz, 129 S. Ct. at 2527; Davis, 547 U.S. at 829-34 (the victim’s written statements in the
affidavit given to police were vital to the State’s domestic-battery case); Barnette, 481 So.
2d at 791 (erroneously admitted certificate of analysis pertained to the nature of the
substance, i.e., cocaine, a necessary element for the crime of sale of a controlled substance).
21
¶43.
Finally, even assuming arguendo that either one of the investigating police officers
or the pathologist provided the “time of injury” and/or “time of death” entries with an eye
toward trial (of which there is no proof in the record), the putative sources for the information
testified live at trial. The record reflects that Birkhead had opportunities to cross-examine
the police officers and pathologist to establish his allegation that the “time of injury” and/or
“time of death” was provided by one of them. Thus, Birkhead “enjoy[ed] the right . . . to be
confronted with the witnesses against him” and, absent his unsupported assertion, no
Confrontation Clause violation is present in this case. U.S. Const. amend. VI.
¶44.
Accordingly, this issue is without merit.
IV.
Whether the trial court erred in not dismissing a sleeping juror.
¶45.
During the testimony of Investigator Litton, counsel for the State noticed a juror
sleeping. Counsel approached the bench and made the judge, as well as defense counsel,
aware of the sleeping juror. While this exchange was taking place, the juror awoke. Judge
Carey-McCray stated she would have the bailiff get the juror a glass of water and “she would
watch him closely.”
It is not clear whether defense counsel was present during the
conference at the bench, as he made no remark or objection.
¶46.
While a sleeping juror is a cause for concern, Birkhead goes too far in arguing his case
is analogous to Church v. Massey, where a juror slept through “most of the proceedings.”
Church v. Massey, 697 So. 2d 407, 413 (Miss. 1997). The record in this case indicates no
further problems with this juror, or any other.
¶47.
Furthermore, as the State pointed out, Birkhead failed to raise the issue of the sleeping
juror at trial, nor did he raise it in his motion for new trial. “Failure to raise an issue at trial
22
bars consideration on an appellate level.” Walker v. State, 913 So. 2d 198, 217 (Miss. 2005)
(citations omitted).
V.
Whether the trial court erred in not declaring a mistrial after a witness’s
comment regarding Birkhead’s exercise of his right to remain silent.
¶48.
“The standard of review for denial of a motion for mistrial is abuse of discretion.”
Dora v. State, 986 So. 2d 917, 921 (Miss. 2008) (citations omitted).
¶49.
On direct examination, Investigator Litton testified she took Birkhead to the
investigation area. The following exchange took place in court:
State’s Counsel:
Investigator Litton:
Defense Counsel:
Court:
For what purpose?
He was advised of his Miranda rights, and he
refused to give a statement or say anything. . . .
Your Honor, may we approach?
Yes.
(Conference at the Bench, out of the hearing of the jury)
Defense Counsel:
Court:
State’s counsel:
Court:
Defense Counsel:
Court:
The witness has just testified, I mean in direct violation
of this Defendant’s constitutional right to remain silent.
I don’t know why it was necessary to elicit that
testimony. . . . Well, I don’t think it would require a
mistrial, but I don’t understand why you would elicit that
testimony.
I wasn’t eliciting it, I was actually asking as far as the -I thought he was there when they took the pictures.
There’s pictures of him that’s in the investigation
division where they took a picture of his pants and they
saw the blood on his pants. That’s why I was actually
looking for the picture so I can take her where I’m trying
to go. . . .
I don’t remember the question, but I don’t think the
question lead [sic] there.
Your Honor, just for the record, we object to the witness
making that statement and we ask for a mistrial.
I’m not going to grant a mistrial, but I’m going to give an
instruction right now reminding them that there is a
constitutional right to remain silent and that that applies
23
Defense Counsel:
¶50.
at any kind of criminal proceeding and that is not to be
used against the defendant or considered against the
defendant in any way.
Okay.
The trial judge then gave the following instruction:
[t]his witness has just testified about the defendant’s exercise of his
constitutional right to remain silent. It’s a right that all of us would have if we
were criminal defendants in a case, and that is not to be considered against the
defendant in any way. It’s a right that he has that he can exercise. So I want
you to disregard that statement entirely and certainly not give it any
consideration or weight in this case.
¶51.
Birkhead asserts to this Court that his constitutional right to self-incrimination was
violated by the investigator’s comment on his choice to remain silent. “In all criminal
prosecutions the accused shall . . . not be compelled to give evidence against himself . . . .”
Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26; see also U.S. Const. amend. V (“[n]o person . . . shall be compelled
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. . . .”). Birkhead further asserts the jury
instruction given by the trial court only emphasized the comment by the investigator.
¶52.
“On issues of comments concerning a defendant's failure to testify, each case shall be
considered on an individual basis.” Weeks v. State, 804 So. 2d 980, 993 (Miss. 2001) (citing
Logan v. State, 773 So. 2d 338, 348 (Miss. 2000) (citing Conway v. State, 397 So. 2d 1095,
1099 (Miss. 1980))). This Court recognizes the need to protect the constitutional rights of
every citizen, and this Court accepts its charge to preserve these rights. Regarding comments
on the failure of a defendant to testify or to remain silent, this Court has stated its position
when an instruction is given by the trial court to cure this defect. In Blue v. State, this Court
held that the effect of a comment by the prosecutor on the failure of the defendant to testify
“was corrected by the jury instructions.” Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1215 (Miss. 1996),
24
overruled on other grounds by King v. State, 784 So. 2d 884, 889-90 (Miss. 2001). In
Strahan v. State, this Court ruled the error of the prosecutor’s comment on the defendant’s
right to remain silent was not reversible, as an instruction was given to the jury to ignore the
comment. See Strahan v. State, 729 So. 2d 800, 807 (Miss. 1998). “This is a very close
issue, which involves a fundamental right. . . . However, given the context of the comment
and the content of the written instructions, there is no reversible error.”
Id.
Blue
additionally stated, “Instruction CR-1A clearly prohibits the jury from considering comments
made by counsel as evidence. It is generally presumed that jurors will obey and apply the
instructions of the court.” Blue, 674 So. 2d at 1215 (Miss. 1996) (citations omitted).
¶53.
Based on the precedent of this Court, the trial court gave a curative instruction, to
which the defense did not object. Therefore, there was no abuse of discretion by the trial
court resulting in a reversible error.
VI.
Whether the trial court erred in giving Jury Instruction CR-12 regarding
attorney’s notes.
¶54.
“When we review a claim of trial court error in granting or denying jury instructions,
we are required to read and consider all of the jury instructions together as a whole.”
Richardson v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 923 So. 2d 1002, 1010 (Miss. 2006) (citing Burr v. Miss.
Baptist Med. Ctr., 909 So. 2d 721, 726 (Miss. 2005)). “No instruction should be taken out
of context or read alone in isolation.” Pierce v. Cook, 992 So. 2d 612, 625 (Miss. 2008)
(citing Richardson, 923 So. 2d at 1010).
¶55.
Based on the transcript, during the course of trial, counsel for Birkhead made notes
on witness testimony and displayed these notes on an easel before the jury. The State
25
objected to defense counsel displaying the notes, because the State felt defense counsel was
not writing down testimony verbatim, but was only “highlighting” specific portions of
testimony. The trial court stated it found the issue troubling, as the court already had given
an instruction to jurors not to look at each other’s notes. The court took the matter under
advisement for further review, and the State again reiterated its objection.
¶56.
The next morning, counsel for both parties met in chambers with the trial judge
regarding this issue. The trial judge stated:
[t]his issue of counsel making notes during the testimony, the court believes
that, at a minimum, it needs to give an instruction to the jury concerning it.
Because it really is fraught with the same types of dangers that the court
warned them about in looking at each other’s notes, or sharing each other’s
notes, except that this is more powerful because it’s done right there while the
testimony is coming out and could be mistaken as evidence.
After further extensive discourse, Judge Carey-McCray stated she would give the limiting
instruction when she gave the other instructions, “because I don’t want it to seem like I’m
admonishing attorneys on either side.”
¶57.
The trial court then instructed the jury as to the following:
Instruction CR-12: Notes of an attorney are not evidence. An attorney’s
notes cannot be used to substitute for your independent recollection or
judgement [sic] of the evidence.
When you consider the weight, importance or believability of any part of a
witnesses’ [sic] testimony, you must not be influenced by the notes taken and
displayed to the jury by an attorney during that witness’s testimony. An
attorney’s notes taken and displayed to you during a witness’s testimony are
not a verbatim record of the full testimony and may exclude evidence you give
little importance to or find unbelievable and may exclude information that you
give greater weight and find to be credible.
Thus, do not assume simply because something was written in an attorney’s
notes that it necessarily took place in court; nor that something did not occur
or was not said simply because an attorney did not write in his or her notes.
26
¶58.
On appeal, Birkhead objects to this instruction as giving improper prominence to
particular portions of evidence. See Sanders v. State, 586 So. 2d 792 (Miss. 1991).
Birkhead takes issue with the portion, “you may exclude information that you give greater
weight and find to be credible,” and states the trial court should have stated “some of the
things defense counsel had written down could be credible.”
¶59.
However, during the instruction conference, the following exchange took place:
Defense Counsel:
Trial Court:
Defense Counsel:
¶60.
And we didn’t have any objections to your other
instructions.
No objections to the notes or anything, the instructions
on the notes?
No, your honor.
The first time Birkhead raised an objection to this instruction was on appeal. “With
few exceptions, this Court has enforced the rule that provides, where no objection is made
at trial to an asserted error, a party is procedurally barred from asserting the error on appeal.”
Brown v. State, 965 So. 2d 1023, 1029 (Miss. 2007) (citing Fleming v. State, 604 So. 2d
280, 294 (Miss. 1992)). Additionally, “[i]t is incumbent on the party asserting error to make
a contemporaneous objection and obtain a ruling in order to preserve the objection.” Id.
(citation omitted). Thus, Birkhead is now procedurally barred from raising this issue.
VII.
Whether there was cumulative error which deprived Birkhead of his right to a
fundamentally fair trial.
¶61.
According to this Court:
[t]he cumulative error doctrine stems from the doctrine of harmless error,
codified under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 61. It holds that individual
errors, which are not reversible in themselves, may combine with other errors
to make up reversible error, where the cumulative effect of all errors deprives
the defendant of a fundamentally fair trial.
27
Ross v. State, 954 So. 2d 968, 1018 (Miss. 2007) (citing Byrom v. State, 863 So. 2d 836, 847
(Miss. 2003)).
¶62.
The only error Birkhead identified was Investigator Litton’s comment, addressed in
Issue V supra, which was cured by the court’s instruction. As this error was cured, it does
not constitute a basis for reversal. This Court has stated that:
upon appellate review of cases in which we find harmless error or any error
which is not specifically found to be reversible in and of itself, we shall have
the discretion to determine, on a case-by-case basis, as to whether such error
or errors, although not reversible when standing alone, may when considered
cumulatively require reversal because of the resulting cumulative prejudicial
effect.
Bennett v. State, 990 So. 2d 155, 161 (Miss. 2008) (citing Byrom, 863 So. 2d at 846-47)).
Thus, the issue of the cumulative effect of error on the fairness of Birkhead’s trial is without
merit.
CONCLUSION
¶63.
Accordingly, this Court concludes that Birkhead’s conviction and sentence should be
affirmed.
¶64. CONVICTION OF CAPITAL MURDER AND SENTENCE OF LIFE
IMPRISONMENT, WITHOUT PAROLE, AS A HABITUAL OFFENDER, IN THE
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED.
CARLSON, P.J., DICKINSON, LAMAR, CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ.,
CONCUR. WALLER, C.J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN RESULT WITH
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED IN PART BY KITCHENS, J.
KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
GRAVES, P.J.
WALLER, CHIEF JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND IN RESULT:
28
¶65.
I agree that Birkhead’s conviction and sentence should be affirmed. But I disagree
with the majority’s decision to address the admissibility of certain contents of the death
certificate. That issue is procedurally barred because of Birkhead’s failure to object to the
time of injury or time of death; it should be presented to this Court only as an ineffectiveassistance-of-counsel claim in a petition for post-conviction relief. I agree with Justice
Kitchens’s dissent insofar as he finds the same. I do not join his dissent, however, because
I disagree with his analysis of the Batson issue.
¶66.
For these reasons, I respectfully concur in part and in result.
KITCHENS, J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART.
KITCHENS, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶67.
The judgment of the trial court should be reversed due to the trial judge’s failure to
recognize that defense counsel established a prima facie Batson challenge during voir dire
and due to the trial judge’s failure to declare a mistrial after a prosecution witness
commented on Birkhead’s constitutionally protected silence. Because the majority holds
otherwise, I respectfully dissent. I also write to express my disagreement with the majority’s
analysis of the admissibility of the contents of the death certificate. While I find the issue
procedurally barred, the time of death and the time of injury listed on the certificate
constitute hearsay that also qualifies as testimonial evidence under our federal and state
constitutions’ confrontation clauses. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26.
Batson
¶68.
Birkhead’s appeal does not present the ultimate question of whether the trial court
violated his constitutional rights under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712,
29
90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986). Rather, we meet only the preliminary question of whether “all of the
circumstances that bear upon the issue of racial animosity,” Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S.
472, 478, 128 S. Ct. 1203, 170 L. Ed. 2d 175 (2008) (citing Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S.
231, 239, 125 S. Ct. 2317, 162 L. Ed. 2d 196 (2005)), constituted “a prima facie showing that
a peremptory challenge has been exercised on the basis of race,” Id. at 476 (quoting MillerEl, 545 U.S. at 277, (Thomas, J., dissenting)). Such determinations are necessarily case
specific and will not be overturned on appellate review, absent clear error. Woodward v.
State, 726 So. 2d 524, 530 (Miss. 1998).
¶69.
But the facts of this case easily clear that high hurdle. When Birkhead lodged his
Batson challenge, the prosecution had exercised five of its twelve peremptory strikes, and
all five had been used against African Americans. If this does not demonstrate the sort of
“‘pattern’ of strikes against black jurors included in the particular venire [that] might give
rise to an inference of discrimination,” Batson, 476 U.S. at 96, then one has a hard time
imagining a set of facts that would.19 See Flowers v. State, 947 So. 2d 910 (Miss. 2007)
(reversing on Batson grounds where prosecutors used 100 percent of their peremptory strikes
against African Americans).
19
The majority incorrectly contends that this conclusion cannot be drawn without
more information about the makeup of the venire. This argument fundamentally
misconstrues the Batson process. All that need initially be submitted to the trial court is “a
prima facie showing that a peremptory challenge has been exercised on the basis of race.”
Snyder, 552 U.S. at 476. If a chance exists that, as the majority implies, the racial makeup
of the venire indicates racially neutral reasons for the challenged strikes, then that is a fact
to be submitted to the court by the non-challenging party in the second stage of a Batson
inquiry. Today’s case does not ask us to reach this second prong.
30
¶70.
In this case, the prosecutor very well may have been able to articulate reasonable,
race-neutral reasons for his peremptory strikes in accordance with the second prong of the
Batson process, and in light of such explanations, the trial judge could have been within his
discretion to deny Birkhead’s challenges. However, that is not the question before us. The
question is whether Birkhead presented a prima facie showing of racially motivated
peremptory strikes. I would find that the State’s use of each of its first five peremptory
challenges against African Americans sufficiently demonstrated such a showing.
Comment on Defendant’s Silence
¶71.
Both the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article 3, Section 26, of the
Mississippi Constitution clearly forbid self-compulsion, a prohibition that “has been
construed by this Court to have been violated, not only when a direct statement is made by
the prosecution as to the defendant’s not testifying, but also by a comment which could
reasonably be construed by a jury as a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify.” Griffin
v. State, 557 So. 2d 542, 552 (Miss. 1990) (citations omitted). “Simply put, the government
cannot use an accused’s exercise of a Constitutional right as a weapon to convict him.”
Emery v. State, 869 So. 2d 405, 409 (Miss. 2004) (quoting Puckett v. State, 737 So. 2d 322
(Miss. 1999)). In the case at bar, the prosecution witness’s reference to Birkhead’s postMirandized silence clearly commented on the exercise of that right in violation of Birkhead’s
right to silence under the U.S. and Mississippi constitutions. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384
U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
¶72.
Some constitutional errors, in some circumstances, may be deemed harmless. See
Fahy v. Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 86-87, 84 S. Ct. 229, 11 L. Ed. 2d 171 (1963). But if a
31
reviewing court discovers a constitutional error, coupled with a reasonable possibility that
the error could have contributed to the conviction, then the error is not harmless. Chapman
v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967). Phrased another way,
in order to identify harmless error, an appellate court must determine “beyond a reasonable
doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Delashmit v.
State, 991 So. 2d 1215, 1223 (Miss. 2008). Such a determination necessarily requires caseby-case review. Riddley v. State, 777 So. 2d 31, 35 (Miss. 2000). In this case, the trial
record simply does not reveal the “overwhelming evidence” that sustains a conviction in the
face of a constitutional error. See Williams v. State, 991 So. 2d 593, 606 (Miss. 2008). To
be sure, the State’s evidence was strong, but its evidence was purely circumstantial.
¶73.
Furthermore, this case is easily distinguished from Strahan v. State, 729 So. 2d 800
(Miss. 1998), upon which the majority relies. Maj. Op. at ¶52. In that case, the “very close
issue, which involves a fundamental right,” was not whether the State’s reference to a
defendant’s silence was cured by a limiting instruction, but rather whether the prosecutor’s
statement actually was an allegation that the defendant had not presented jurors with a viable
case. Strahan, 729 So. 2d at 807. In the present case, no such confusion exists. The record
leaves no room for doubt that the defendant’s constitutionally protected silence was
addressed, a clear violation of our rule that “a direct reference to the defendant’s failure to
testify is strictly prohibited.” Id.
Death Certificate
32
¶74.
My deepest misgiving in this case, though, stems from the majority’s analysis of the
admissibility of the death certificate.20 I agree that this point of error does not require
reversal, but not because it lacks merit, as the majority holds. We may not reverse on this
issue, not because it is meritless, but because the defendant’s trial counsel failed to make a
proper objection to the evidence and also failed to object to prosecution witnesses’ testimony
regarding the objectionable evidence – the time of injury and/or the time of death.21
¶75.
As today’s majority opinion recognizes, when the prosecution moved to admit the
death certificate, the defense counsel made the following objection: “On the report they have
the hour of injury as being 3:38 a.m. I don’t know that they have established that. They have
the hour of death as being 3:50 a.m. I don’t think they have established that. We will object
to it being introduced.” At no point did the defense attorney object to the contents of the
death certificate as hearsay or raise any objection that the admission of the certificate would
violate the defendant’s constitutional right to confront his accusers. This Court has held that
the failure to articulate a specific reason for an objection to the introduction of evidence will
waive the issue on appeal. Duplantis v. State, 708 So. 2d 1327, 1346-47 (Miss. 1998)
(quoting Norman v. State, 302 So. 2d 254, 259 (Miss. 1974)).
¶76.
There is, of course, a “plain error” analysis, under which this Court may reverse on
an issue not otherwise preserved for appeal if there was an error that involved a fundamental
right and resulted in a “manifest miscarriage of justice” or “seriously affect[ed] the fairness,
20
The majority opinion devotes two sections of its discussion to the death certificate;
but because they are so closely related, I combine these arguments into this one section.
21
The majority refers mainly to the time of injury in its discussion, but the objection
concerned both the time of injury and the time of death listed on the death certificate.
33
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Brown v. State, 995 So. 2d 698, 703
(Miss. 2008) (citations omitted). However, throughout the trial, the prosecution elicited
significant testimony regarding the victim’s time of death without objection from defense
counsel.22 For example, Officer Payne, though not qualified as an expert in such matters,
testified that Lanier had died “five to ten minutes” before Officer Payne arrived at the scene.
And, although the pathologist, Dr. Steven Hayne, testified at one point that he could not
determine a time of death, he also testified that “there was obvious medical intervention on
the decedent placed at about the time of death.” Dr. Hayne also testified, in response to a line
of questioning from the defense attorney, that the victim’s external body temperature would
have dropped rapidly following death, corroborating Officer Payne’s opinion that the victim
had died recently because the body was still warm. Given defense counsel’s failure to object
to the evidence regarding the time of injury and/or death, and the defense attorney’s having
elicited such information from Dr. Hayne, the admissibility of the contents of the death
certificate could be presented to this Court only as an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.
We are not presented with such an argument, and this Court has held that ineffectiveassistance-of-counsel claims are better presented in petitions for post-conviction relief.
Archer v. State, 986 So. 2d 951, 955 (Miss. 2008) (citations omitted).
¶77.
The majority does not make an explicit finding that the issue is procedurally barred,
but instead analyzes the merits of Birkhead’s argument. I respectfully disagree with this
22
The majority finds in paragraph 20 that “the State never attempted to establish an
exact ‘time of injury,” but the record clearly demonstrates that the State was striving to show
that the victim’s injury and resulting death occurred while Birkhead was in the vehicle.
34
approach, and would find that the time of injury and the time of death listed on the death
certificate constitute objectionable hearsay subject to a state and federal confrontation clause
analysis.
¶78.
Undoubtedly, as the majority rightly asserts, the death certificate is a self-
authenticating document under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 902(4). See Maj. Op. at ¶30.
The majority also is correct that the death certificate itself is excepted from the hearsay rule
as a record of a vital statistic under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 803(9). See Maj. Op. at
¶31. But these rules establish only that the death certificate is precisely that: a death
certificate. When the state registrar certifies a copy of a death certificate, she is certifying
only “that the above is a true and correct copy of the certificate on file in th[at] office.”
Authenticity is not the prime concern here. Admissibility is. The contents of the death
certificate, however, still are subject to the rules of evidence. Mississippi Rule of Evidence
805 provides, “[h]earsay included within hearsay is not excluded under the hearsay rule if
each part of the combined statements conforms with an exception to the hearsay rule
provided in these rules.” Unlike, for example, the deceased’s name and address which are
listed on the death certificate, the time of death and time of injury are “assertion[s]” being
“offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” M.R.E. 801. Therefore, these
“assertions” are hearsay and are “not admissible except as provided by law.” M.R.E. 802.
¶79.
The majority relies on Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 898 (Miss. 1989), to reject
Birkhead’s hearsay argument. But, unlike today’s case, the defendant in Shell did not make
an objection to the contents of the death certificate; he merely argued that the entire
35
document was inadmissible. Id. The Court correctly held that the death certificate itself was
not hearsay under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 803(9).
¶80.
The majority opinion also rejects Birkhead’s reliance on Flowers v. State, 243 So. 2d
564 (Miss. 1971), because Flowers is a “pre-Rules case” and “old law.” Maj. Op. at ¶ 31.
However, nothing in Rule 803(9) abrogates the Flowers decision. Indeed, the comment to
Rule 803(9) specifically recognizes that the rule was a codification of existing law: “This rule
is similar to pre-existing Mississippi law. For example, [Mississippi Code Section] 41-57-9
formerly provided for the admission of certified copies of birth and death . . . .”
¶81.
When this Court held in Flowers, 243 So. 2d at 565, that death certificates could be
received into evidence but used only to show the “physical cause of death,” this Court was
analyzing the same section of the Code mentioned in the comment to Rule 803(9). See Miss.
Code Ann. § 41-57-9 (Rev. 2009); Miss. Code § 7064 (1942) (“Any copy of the records of
birth, sickness or death, when properly certified to [sic] by the state registrar of vital
statistics, to be a true copy thereof, shall be prima facie evidence in all courts and places of
the facts therein stated.”) This statute has existed for nearly a century, and early on this
Court rightly recognized, despite the statute’s broad language, that not everything listed on
the certificate was competent evidence.
In Massachusetts Protective Association v.
Cranford, 137 Miss. 876, 102 So. 171, 172 (1924), this Court held inadmissible a death
certificate which stated that the cause of death was “suicidal.” The Court reasoned that the
death certificate could not be used to prove the insured had committed suicide, a fact that
would have relieved the insurance company of its obligation to pay the claim. Id. at 173-74.
Specifically, this Court held “we do not think the statute was intended to authorize
36
certificates to be introduced as prima facie evidence except as to the prime physical cause
of death.” Id. at 173. Obviously, the Court was not prepared to give validity to every
assertion contained in a death certificate, and we should not do so today. While Rule 803(9)
provides an exception for the death certificate itself, Rule 805, governing hearsay within
hearsay, clearly is applicable to the contents of the death certificate.
¶82.
Having established the contents of the document as hearsay, we also are asked to
determine whether admission of the contents of the document, without a supporting witness,
violated Birkhead’s right to confront his accusers. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Miss. Const. art.
3, § 26. As an initial matter, we do not know who supplied the time of death or the time of
injury included in the death certificate. The coroner signed the document to certify only that
“on the basis of examination and/or investigation, in [his] opinion, death occurred due to the
cause(s) and manner as stated.” However, his signature appears above the section labeled
“cause of death.” That section was completed by handwritten entries; and while we cannot
be certain who completed this portion of the document, the handwriting appears to be the
same as that on Dr. Hayne’s autopsy report. The “hour of injury” is typed as 3:38 a.m., and
the “hour of death” is typed as 3:50 a.m. Coincidentally, more than one officer testified that
he arrived on the scene at exactly 3:38 a.m., the precise time listed as the “hour of injury.”
¶83.
The majority seems to say that Birkhead must provide this Court the identity of the
person who supplied the information in order to succeed on a Sixth Amendment claim. Maj.
Op. at ¶¶ 38-39. While we cannot know who provided the objectionable information, our
ignorance of that person’s identity does not change the analysis. Under our state and federal
constitutions, the accused has the right “to be confronted with the witnesses against him.”
37
U.S. Const. amend. VI; Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26. That the identity of the witness or witnesses
remains unknown in this case merely highlights the primary purpose of the constitutional
guarantees of the right to confront one’s accuser(s): the opportunity to test the validity of the
evidence against the accused.
¶84.
The majority holds that contents of the death certificate are not subject to a
Confrontation Clause analysis because the certificate was “created for the administration of
an entity’s affairs and not for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact at trial.”
Melendez-Diaz v. Mass., __ U.S. __, 129 S. Ct. 2527, 2539-40, 174 L. Ed. 2d 214 (2009).
I respectfully and strenuously disagree. The very existence of Mississippi Code Section 4157-9 and Mississippi Rule of Evidence 803(9) leaves no room for doubt that the death
certificate “would be available for use at a later trial.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S.
36, 52, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004).23
¶85.
The majority also finds it noteworthy that the time of injury “was not an essential
element of the charge.” Maj. Op. at ¶ 42. I fail to see how this is relevant to a Confrontation
Clause analysis. By establishing that Lanier was fatally injured at a time when Birkhead was
in Lanier’s car, the State was able to show that Birkhead had the opportunity and was the
only person who could have killed Lanier. Without a confession or an eyewitness to the
23
Indeed, quite recently, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
held that, pursuant to Melendez-Diaz, admitting a death certificate without a supporting
witness would violate a defendants’ rights under the Sixth Amendment. U.S. v. Williams,
__ F. Supp. 2d __, 2010 WL 4071538 (D.D.C. Oct. 18, 2010). The court held that the “death
certificate that the government seeks to introduce in evidence in this matter fit[s] squarely
within the definition of testimonial statements.” Id at *2.
38
murder, the State’s case was entirely circumstantial.24 Thus, if the injury occurred at the
same time Birkhead was in Lanier’s car, then, logically, either Birkhead stabbed Lanier or
Lanier stabbed himself.
¶86.
In sum, had the defendant timely and properly objected, the “hour of death” and the
“hour of injury” contained in the death certificate would have been inadmissible hearsay with
fundamental constitutional implications. The rule enunciated in Flowers has not changed
with the pronouncement of our rules of evidence or with the United States Supreme Court’s
latest decisions concerning the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause. Statutes similar
to Mississippi Code Section 41-57-9 can be found on the books in many states, but the courts
in those states, like ours, historically have refused to hold that the contents of a death
certificate qualify as competent evidence merely because they are presented in an official
document. As more than one court has said:
The coupling of hearsay and conclusionary elements in a single piece of
evidence arouses the more fundamental problem of fairness to the defendant
in a criminal case. The cause of death entry may emanate from a complex
value judgment drawn by a medical expert. When it rides into the fray
mounted on a saddle of a public document, it is unaccompanied by the expert.
The latter appears in court only in the form of the document. He himself is not
available for cross-examination by the defense.
State v. Watson, 188 S.E.2d 289, 232 (N.C. 1972) (quoting People v. Holder, 40 Cal. Rptr.
655 (Cal. Ct. App. 1964)).
Conclusion
24
The trial court properly instructed the jury on circumstantial evidence.
39
¶87.
While I agree with the majority, for different reasons, that we cannot reverse based
on the admission of the death certificate, I disagree with the opinion’s analysis and would
reverse the case on other grounds. The trial court committed clear error when it found that
Birkhead had not made a prima facie Batson showing. In addition, the trial court abused its
discretion in failing to declare a mistrial after a witness for the State blurted out, in the jury’s
presence, that the accused had exercised his constitutional right to remain silent. For these
reasons, I would reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case for a new trial.
Because the majority holds differently, I respectfully dissent.
GRAVES, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.
40
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