Joe P. Spencer v. Greenwood/Leflore Airport Authority
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2001-CA-00027-SCT
JOE P. SPENCER
v.
GREENWOOD/LEFLORE
AIRPORT AUTHORITY
a/k/a GREENWOOD/LEFLORE
AIRPORT BOARD AND
LEFLORE COUNTY
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
11/8/2000
HON. W. ASHLEY HINES
LEFLORE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ANDRE FRANCIS DUCOTE
WAYNE E. FERRELL, JR.
CHARLES J. SWAYZE, JR.
LOUIS FERREE ALLEN
WILLIE JAMES PERKINS, SR..
CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
REVERSED AND REMANDED - 01/09/2003
EN BANC.
WALLER, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
Joe P. Spencer filed a complaint for damages against the Greenwood-Leflore Airport Authority
a/k/a Greenwood-Leflore Airport Board ("the Airport Authority"), the City of Greenwood, and the Leflore
County Board of Supervisors ("the Board of Supervisors") alleging he sustained damages while landing his
aircraft at the Greenwood/Leflore County Airport ("the Airport"). The Airport Authority filed a motion to
dismiss, alleging that it is an entity lacking the authority to sue or be sued; therefore, Spencer could not
maintain a suit against it. The circuit court granted the motion to dismiss, finding that the Airport Authority
was not an "airport authority," as defined by statute, but was an "airport board," as defined by statute.
After a M.R.C.P. 54(b) certification, Spencer appeals from the grant of the motion to dismiss. We reverse
and remand.
FACTS
¶2.
Spencer was attempting to land his Pitts SIS FA aircraft at the Airport when one of the wheels
lodged in a crack in the runway, causing the aircraft to go into a high speed swerve and then to invert.
Spencer alleges that he lost control of the aircraft solely due to the crack and that he was flying in a lawful
and proper manner. As a result of the crash, the aircraft was totally destroyed.
¶3.
He filed a complaint for negligence against the City of Greenwood, the Airport Authority, and the
Board of Supervisors for failure to properly maintain the runway at the Airport. In its motion to dismiss,
the Airport Authority contended that it is by definition an "airport board," as opposed to an "airport
authority," and therefore, may not be sued pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 61-5-37 (Rev. 1996). The
Airport Authority also contends that because it is neither a governmental entity nor a political subdivision,
the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-46-1 to -23 (2002), is not applicable.
¶4.
Spencer, on the other hand, argues that the Airport Authority is a governmental entity that can be
sued. Furthermore, he argues that, as allowed by Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-16 (2002), the Airport
Authority has $5 million in insurance coverage for such accidents, well more than Spencer's $75,000 claim.
DISCUSSION
2
¶5.
The first issue raised in the appeal is whether the circuit court's dismissal was granted per M.R.C.P.
12(b)(6) or M.R.C.P. 56. Spencer contends that the circuit court granted the Airport Authority a dismissal
pursuant to M.R.C.P. 12(b) and that the motion to dismiss should properly have been treated as a motion
for summary judgment, since evidence outside of the pleadings was attached to the motion to dismiss and
the response thereto. Arnona v. Smith, 749 So. 2d 63, 65 (Miss. 1999). Spencer also claims that if
the circuit court had ordered a summary judgment dismissal, then the evidence in this case, including the
purchase of liability insurance and the joint resolution, was effectively ignored and dismissal was likewise
improper.
¶6.
Because a copy of the resolution which created the Airport Authority was attached to the motion
to dismiss, the motion to dismiss should have been converted into a motion for summary judgment under
M.R.C.P. 12(b).1 Jones v. Regency Toyota, 798 So. 2d 474, 475 (Miss. 2001); Walton v.
Bourgeois, 512 So. 2d 698, 700 (Miss. 1987). We review orders granting or denying motions for
summary judgment de novo and examine all evidentiary matters such as admissions in pleadings, answers
to interrogatories, depositions, and affidavits. Miss. Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co. v. Britt, 826 So. 2d
1261, 1263 (Miss. 2002); Stewart ex rel. Womack v. City of Jackson, 804 So. 2d 1041, 1046
(Miss. 2002). The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom the
1
M.R.C.P. 12(b) provides as follows:
If, on a motion to dismiss for failure of the pleading to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court, the
motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56,
and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to
such motion by Rule 56. . . .
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motion has been made. Britt, 826 So. 2d at 1263; Leslie v. City of Biloxi, 758 So. 2d 430, 431
(Miss. 2000).
I.
¶7.
WHETHER THE CIRCUIT COURT ERRED BY
FINDING THAT THE AIRPORT AUTHORITY
COULD NOT BE SUED AND WHETHER THE
AIRPORT AUTHORITY IS SUBJECT TO THE
MISSISSIPPI TORT CLAIMS ACT.
The Airport Authority contends that it is a "joint airport board" created by joint resolution of the
City of Greenwood and of the County of Leflore pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §§ 61-5-33 to -41 (1996),
and not an "airport authority" pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §§ 61-3-1 to -85 (1996). A "joint airport
board" is created by "two or more public agencies." Miss. Code Ann. § 61-5-35 (Rev. 1996). A "public
agency" is defined as a municipality or any agency of the state government and of the United States. Miss.
Code Ann. § 61-5-33 (Rev. 1996). A "municipality" is defined as "any county, city, village, town,
supervisors district or supervisors districts." Miss. Code Ann. § 61-5-3(d) (Rev. 1996).
¶8.
The Airport Authority further contends that since it is a "joint airport board" and Miss Code Ann.
§ 61-5-37 (1996), the statute which grants express powers to joint airport boards, does not confer the
capacity to sue or to be sued, it is immune from Spencer's lawsuit.
¶9.
The circuit court simply ruled that, under the joint resolution that created it, the Airport Authority
could only function at the discretion of the City of Greenwood and Leflore County and that it could not be
sued. Also, Miss. Code Ann. § 61-5-39 (1996), which lists the powers of a joint airport board, does not
include the traditional powers of a legal entity. The circuit court further ruled that the MTCA does not
apply to joint airport boards since joint airport boards are not specifically listed in Miss. Code Ann. § 11-
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46-1(i),2 and that the Airport Authority was not a body politic, not a body corporate, and not responsible
for governmental activities.
¶10.
To the contrary, we find that the Greenwood/Leflore Airport Authority is a "governmental entity"
under the MTCA. According to the MTCA, "[g]overnmental entity means and includes the state and
political subdivisions as herein defined." Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-1(g). Under Miss. Code Ann. § 1146-1(i), a "political subdivision means any body politic or body corporate . . . responsible for governmental
activities." Miss. Code Ann. § 61-5-473 specifically provides that the exercise of power by a joint airport
board constitutes a "public and governmental function[], exercised for a public purpose, and [a] matter of
public necessity." It is clear, therefore, that a joint airport board which exercises powers which are
2
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-1 (2002) provides in pertinent part:
(i) "Political subdivision" means any body politic or body corporate other than the
state responsible for governmental activities only in geographic areas smaller than that of
the state, including but not limited to any county, municipality, school district, community
hospital . . ., airport authority or other instrumentality thereof, whether or not such body
or instrumentality thereof has the authority to levy taxes or to sue or be sued in its own
name.
3
Miss. Code Ann. § 61-5-47 (1996) provides as follows:
The acquisition of any lands for the purpose of establishing airports or other air
navigation facilities, the acquisition of any airport protection privileges, the acquisition,
establishment, construction, enlargement, improvements, maintenance, equipment and
operation of airports and other air navigation facilities by any municipality or municipalities
of this state, separately or jointly, and the exercise of any other powers granted in the
Municipal Airport Law to any airport board, joint board or authority are hereby declared
to be public and governmental functions, exercised for a public purpose, and matters of
public necessity. Such lands and other property and privileges acquired and used by the
municipality in the manner and for the purposes enumerated in said law shall and are
hereby declared to be acquired and used for public and governmental purposes and as a
matter of public necessity.
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declared to be public and governmental functions, exercised for a public purpose, and matters of public
necessity, as does the Airport Authority in this case, is a "political subdivision" under § 11-46-1(i) ("any
body politic or body corporate other than the state responsible for governmental activities"). Sections 615-33 to -41, which specifically apply to joint airport boards, should not be read in a vacuum, and other
aviation statutes do indeed apply to joint airport boards. Section 61-5-47 explicitly states that it applies
to "any airport board, joint board or authority."
¶11.
In further evidence of the Legislature's intent to subject joint airport boards to the MTCA, an
amendment to § 61-5-47 was effective on October 1, 1993, the same date that the MTCA became
applicable to the state's political subdivisions. The amendment deleted a portion of § 61-5-47 which
formerly read as follows:
No action or suit sounding in tort shall be brought or maintained
against the state or any municipality thereof, or the officers, agents,
servants of employees of the state or any municipality thereof, on account
of any act done in or about the construction, maintenance, enlargement,
operation, superintendence or management of any airport or other air
navigation facility.
This amendment to § 61-5-47 was part of an act which amended the MTCA and made conforming
amendments to other statutes, including § 61-5-47. 1992 Miss. Laws ch. 491. Thus, it is clear that the
provision which gave immunity to "any airport board, joint board or authority" was superceded by the
adoption of the MTCA.
¶12.
Governmental actions under the MTCA are those which are performed pursuant to the act of
statute or are a matter of public necessity. Thomas v. Hilburn, 654 So. 2d 898, 900 (Miss. 1995). The
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Airport Authority can not escape liability by merely asserting that it is really an "airport board." Airport
boards, although not specifically listed, are by definition subject to the MTCA.
II.
¶13.
WHETHER THE AIRPORT AUTHORITY'S
PURCHASE OF LIABILITY INSURANCE IS
RELEVANT.
Spencer contends that the $5 million insurance policy purchased by the Airport Authority is
evidence that it was aware that it had the power to be sued. Spencer argues that the Airport Authority,
due to its purchase of liability insurance, should be equitably estopped from raising defenses that assert it
is immune from lawsuit.
¶14.
We find that the purchase of liability insurance does not subject the Airport Authority to liability
suits and the potential liability of the Airport Authority is not a function of its insurance coverage. The
MTCA, not an insurance policy which may be purchased, governs to what extent governmental entities
have potential liability. L. W. v. McComb Separate Mun. Sch. Dist., 754 So. 2d 1136, 1144-45
(Miss. 1999) ("Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-17(4) allows for the purchase of insurance by a sovereign which
then covers claims in excess of the amounts set by Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-15 to the extent of the policy.
This provision does not limit the exclusions or exemptions enumerated in Section 11-46-9.") The purchase
of insurance was relevant prior to the adoption of the MTCA, see, e.g., L. W., 754 So. 2d at 1143 (Prior
to the enactment of the MTCA, a defendant sovereign was estopped from asserting sovereign immunity
if it had purchased a public liability policy), but now the purchase of insurance is not relevant to the issue
of whether a governmental entity is subject to the MTCA. See, e.g., McGrath v. City of Gautier, 794
So. 2d 983, 986 (Miss. 2001) ("The purchase of insurance by a governmental entity covers claims in
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excess of the statutory cap. It does not limit enumerated exclusions or exemptions from the waiver of
sovereign immunity.").
CONCLUSION
¶15.
The Leflore County Circuit Court erred in finding that the Greenwood/Leflore Airport Authority
was not a "governmental entity" under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act. The circuit court's dismissal of the
Airport Authority is therefore reversed, and this case is remanded for further proceedings in accordance
with this opinion.
¶16.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
PITTMAN, C.J., SMITH, P.J., COBB, EASLEY AND CARLSON, JJ., CONCUR.
DIAZ, J., CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY McRAE, P.J.,
AND GRAVES, J.
DIAZ, JUSTICE, CONCURRING:
¶17.
While I agree with the majority's final decision in this case to reverse and remand, I do not join the
majority's holding that the insurance policy owned by the airport was not evidence that Airport was aware
it could sue or be sued. For this reason alone, I respectfully write separately from the majority.
¶18.
Before the MTCA was adopted, the purchase of insurance was considered relevant when a
governmental entity claimed sovereign immunity. In fact, it estopped the entity from asserting sovereign
immunity. L.W. v. McComb Separate Mun. Sch. Dist., 754 So.2d 1136, 1143 (Miss. 1999). The
majority continues further to cite McGrath v. City of Gautier, 794 So.2d 983, 986 (Miss. 2001), which
states, "[t]he purchase of insurance by a governmental entity covers claims in excess of the statutory cap.
It does not limit enumerated exclusions or exemptions from the waiver of sovereign immunity."
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¶19.
The majority correctly states that since the adoption of the MTCA an entity's mere purchase of
insurance, does not waive its sovereign immunity (up to the statutory limit). But the majority overlooks the
fact that the Airport tried to claim that it was not able to sue or be sued. While the Airport might have been
immune to liability to a certain extent because of the MTCA, it anticipated the fact that it could be sued
above this amount of protection afforded by the MTCA and purchased insurance for further protection.
The fact that it owned this insurance is evidence that it believed it could be sued.
McRAE, P.J., AND GRAVES, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.
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