State of Mississippi v. Tommy Dean Shaw
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2001-KA-01854-SCT
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
v.
TOMMY DEAN SHAW
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
11/8/2001
HON. JERRY O. TERRY, SR.
STONE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY
BY: CHRISTOPHER LOUIS SCHMIDT
BY: CONO A. CARANNA
TADD PARSONS
JACK PARSONS
CONO A. CARANNA, II
CRIMINAL - FELONY
PRESENTED QUESTION ANSWERED10/09/2003
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
McRAE, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
Relying on Harris v. State, 723 So.2d 546 (Miss. 1997), the Circuit Court of Stone County
granted a directed verdict for Tommy Dean Shaw on the indicted charge of murder and would not allow
the jury to consider whether Shaw was guilty of the unindicted crime of manslaughter. The State of
Mississippi appeals the entry of the directed verdict and asks this Court to overrule Harris. The State
argues that if the State fails to make out a prima facie case on the charge of murder, the trial judge should
have the discretion to enter a "limited" directed verdict as to the murder charge and to submit the case to
the jury on the uncharged offense of manslaughter. We reject the State's contextion and reaffirm our ruling
in Harris.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
¶2.
Tommy Dean Shaw ("Shaw") was indicted by the Grand Jury of Stone County on November 22,
2000, for the crime of murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(1)(a) (1972). Following a 2001
mistrial in Stone County, trial began in Stone County on November 5, 2001. After a three-day trial, the
court granted a directed verdict of acquittal on the indicted charge of murder and would not allow the jury
to consider whether Shaw was guilty of the unindicted crime of manslaughter. Relying on Harris v.
State, 723 So.2d 546 (Miss. 1997), the trial judge ruled that the State had failed to make a prima facie
case on the indicted murder charge; therefore, the court was obligated to grant a directed verdict of
acquittal on the charge of murder and not permitted to submit the case to the jury on manslaughter, a lesser
unindicted offense.
¶3.
Pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 99-35-103(b) (Rev. 2000),1 which provides in relevant part that:
The state or any municipal corporation may prosecute an appeal from a judgment
of the circuit court in a criminal cause in the following cases:
....
(b) From a judgment actually acquitting the defendant where a question of
law has been decided adversely to the state or municipality; but in such
case the appeal shall not subject the defendant to further prosecution, nor
shall the judgment of acquittal be reversed, but the Supreme Court shall
nevertheless decide the question of law presented.
1
This statute renders this appeal as one of "no controversy" since it will not subject the
defendant to further prosecution or reversal of the trial court's acquittal. Under the statute there is no
need for the defendant to respond to this appeal.
2
The State seeks redress only as to a pure question of law and not for the purpose of further prosecution
of Shaw. The State does not contest the trial judge's rulings as to the "facts" but only contends that this
Court's ruling in Harris should be overruled.
DISCUSSION
¶4.
Since the issue presented is a question of law, we conduct de novo review. Ostrander v. State,
803 So.2d 1172, 1174 (Miss. 2002) (citing Dep't of Human Servs. v. Gaddis, 730 So.2d 1116, 1117
(Miss. 1998)).
¶5.
The State calls upon this Court to overrule Harris. The State argues that this Court's
ruling in Harris is contrary to the modern trend of allowing trial courts to submit a lesser charge to the jury
without the necessity of a separate count in the indictment, if the court directs a verdict on the charge in the
indictment. The State argues that a defendant under indictment for murder is sufficiently on notice that the
subsequent submission of the charge of manslaughter, for which the defendant is not under indictment, does
not cause prejudice. Further, the State argues that submitting to the jury a lesser unindicted crime is not
contrary to the well-established precedent of allowing trial judges to submit uncharged lesser- included
offenses to the jury upon a limited directed verdict acquitting the defendant of the superior offense. The
State argues that this Court's recent decision in Ostrander is in direct conflict with Harris. Additionally,
the State argues that other jurisdictions have recognized the right of a trial judge to grant a limited directed
verdict on a superior offense and submit to the jury an unindicted lesser offense. The State alleges that
manslaughter is a lesser- included offense to murder; and therefore, under current precedent, it should have
been permitted to proceed. The State claims the present facts are very different from those in Harris;
therefore, Harris should not be controlling. Finally, the State argues that since this Court has authority
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to find a defendant guilty of lesser-included offenses, the trial court should be able to give instructions on
lesser offenses.
¶6.
In Harris, the defendant was indicted on three charges of deliberate design murder under Miss.
Code Ann. § 97-3-19 (1972) after a shootout on Mill Street in Jackson, Mississippi. 723 So.2d at 547.
Harris and two other defendants had fired weapons into a Jeep Cherokee killing Doris, Harold, and Hosea
Williamson. Id. Harris fired shots from a .357 magnum handgun, while one of other defendants used an
AK-47 assault rifle. Id. At trial, an expert for the State testified that the three victims were killed by a
high velocity weapon not a .357 magnum. Id. At the close of the State's case, Harris moved for directed
verdict based on a lack of evidence that he had caused the deaths of the three victims. Id. The trial judge
granted a directed verdict, but allowed the State to proceed on three counts of the lesser offense of
aggravated assault, charges for which Harris was never indicted. Id. The trial judge reasoned that an
aggravated assault charge is a lesser-included offense of the deliberate design murder charge. Id. The jury
convicted Harris of three counts of aggravated assault. Id. Harris appealed claiming that the "after the trial
court granted him a directed verdict of acquittal on deliberate design murder, the State should not have
been allowed to proceed on the theory that aggravated assault was a lesser-included offense of deliberate
design murder." Id. We held that:
A trial court determination of insufficiency leading to a directed verdict of acquittal
on the charge of the indictment summarily concludes the State's case on the
charge. If the State has made no other charges within the indictment, then the
State is precluded from trying the defendant on a lesser offense. . . . a directed
verdict on an indictment for murder is a bar to trying the defendant on aggravated
assault, since he had not be indicted for the offense of aggravated assault.
Id. at 547-48. We further held that "[w]hen a trial court grants a defendant's motion for directed verdict,
the trial court should not thereafter be permitted to alter or modify its apparently unqualified acquittal by
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permitting the State, through amendment of the accusatory pleading to charge necessarily included lesser
offenses." Id. at 548. We relied on URCCC 7.06 which states that "[t]he indictment upon which the
defendant is to be tried shall be a plain, concise and definite written statement of the essential facts
constituting the offense charged and shall fully notify the defendant of the nature and cause of the
accusation." We found that Harris was entitled to a grand jury indictment on aggravated assault. Id. We
stated that "[t]he State cannot be allowed to charge only the highest offense and then test the evidence as
it goes along until the burden for some lesser offense is met." Id. at 549.
¶7.
The State argues that a defendant under indictment for murder is sufficiently on notice that the
subsequent submission of the charge of manslaughter, for which the defendant is not under indictment, does
not prejudice the defendant. This argument fails for a couple of reasons.
¶8.
Under the Mississippi Constitution art. 3, §§ 26, 27, a defendant is entitled to notice through
indictment of the charges for which he is being prosecuted. See Hailey v. State, 537 So.2d 411, 416
(Miss. 1988) ; Grayer v. State, 519 So.2d 438, 439 (Miss. 1988). Likewise, indictments must "fully
notify the defendant of the nature of the cause of the accusation." URCCC 7.06. An indictment for
"murder" does not notify a defendant of a possible "manslaughter" conviction, because manslaughter is not
a lesser-included offense to murder. ¶9.
Shaw was indicted for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §
97-3-19(1)(a) which states:
(1) The killing of a human being without the authority by law by any means or in
any manner shall be murder in the following cases:
(a) When done with deliberate design to effect the death of the
person killed, or of any human being.
(emphasis added). The State now asserts that the trial judge should have been authorized to issue a
"limited" directed verdict as to the murder charge and allow the State to proceed on the lesser unindicted
5
offense of manslaughter under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-35 (Rev. 2000) which provides that "[t]he killing
of a human being, without malice, in the heat of passion, but in a cruel or unusual manner;
or by the use of a dangerous weapon, without authority of law, and not in necessary self-defense,
shall be manslaughter." (emphasis added). Murder requires "deliberate design" which implies some
form of malice. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19. On the other hand, manslaughter requires "without
malice, in the heat of passion, but in a cruel or unusual manner; or by the use of a
dangerous weapon" which specifically excludes malice. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-35. A murder
indictment indicating malice does not place a defendant on notice of possible lesser charges without
malice. If that were the case, then a defendant could not argue in his defense of a murder indictment that
he lacked the requisite malice because in doing so he may be setting himself up for a manslaughter charge
for which he was never indicted.
¶10.
Furthermore, Miss. Code Ann. § 99-7-37 (Rev. 2000) provides separate requirements for
indictments for murder and manslaughter:
In an indictment for homicide it shall not be necessary to set forth the manner in
which or the means by which the death of the deceased was caused, but it shall be
sufficient to charge in an indictment for murder, that the defendant did feloniously,
wilfully, and of his malice aforethought, kill and murder the deceased. And it shall
be sufficient, in an indictment for manslaughter, to charge that the defendant did
feloniously kill and slay the deceased, concluding in all cases as required by the
constitution of this state.
It is clear that our Legislature did not intend that a murder indictment would give sufficient notice of the
possible charge of the separate crime of manslaughter.
¶11.
The State argues that since this Court has held that notice of a superior charge also includes notice
of lesser-included offenses, it should also find notice of a superior charge includes notice of lesser offenses.
See Payton v.State, 642 So.2d 1328 (Miss. 1994); Porter v. State, 616 So.2d 899 (Miss. 1993);
6
Harveston v. State, 493 So.2d 365 (Miss. 1986). Additionally, the State argues that since under Miss.
Code. Ann. § 99-19-5 (Rev. 2000), a jury can return a verdict on a lesser-included offense, it should also
be able to consider a lesser offense. Section 99-19-5 provides that "[o]n an indictment for any offense the
jury may find the defendant guilty of the offense as charged, or of any attempt to commit the same offense,
or may find him guilty of an inferior offense, or other offense, the commission of which is necessarily
included in the offense with which he is charged in the indictment, whether the same be a felony or
misdemeanor, without any additional count in the indictment for that purpose." The State's argument fails
because there is a difference between lesser-included offenses and lesser offenses.
¶12.
We have repeatedly allowed notice of a superior charge to stand for notice for lesser- included
offenses, but we have also refused to allow notice of a superior offense to suffice for a lesser unindicted
offense. In Hailey, we held that an indictment for forcible rape could not be submitted to the jury with an
instruction for child fondling as it is not a lesser- included offense. 537 So.2d at 412. We found that "the
indictment [for forcible rape] did not sufficiently inform Hailey that he might face a charge of child fondling.
Id. The elements of rape included (1) carnal knowledge; (2) without consent and by force; and (3) of a
female child age 12 years or upward. Id. at 414 (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65(2) (1972)). The
elements of child fondling included (1) a handling or touching or rubbing; (2) of a child under the age of 14
years; (3) by a person above the age of 18 years; and (4) for purposes of gratifying lust or indulging
licentious sexual desires. Id. (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 97-5-23 (Supp. 1987)). Under Miss. Code Ann.
§ 99-19-5, the jury may only consider "inferior offenses 'necessarily included within the more serious
offense.' " Id. (quoting Sanders v. State, 479 So.2d 1097, 1105 (Miss. 1985); Gillum v. State, 468
So.2d 856, 861 (Miss. 1985); Cannaday v. State, 455 So.2d 713, 725 (Miss. 1984)).See also Biles
v. State, 338 So.2d 1004 (Miss. 1976); Gray v. State, 220 Miss. 220, 70 So.2d 524 (1954); Bogan
7
v. State, 176 Miss. 655, 170 So. 282 (1936); Brown v. State, 103 Miss. 664, 60 So. 727 (1913);
Bedell v. State, 50 Miss. 492 (1874). "[T]his section only authorize[s] convictions of inferior constituent
offenses unless there be an additional count in the indictment." 537 So.2d at 414-15 (citing Callahan
v. State, 419 So.2d 165, 176 (Miss. 1982)). This Court held that "[i]f under the statute (1) the lesser
offense is necessarily included within the statutory definition of the charged offense, or (2) the indictment
contains such allegations that a lesser offense is necessarily charged in the indictment, then the State may
receive the benefit of Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-5 if the evidence supports an instruction on the lesser
offense." Id. at 416. Neither of these scenarios are present here. Shaw was indicted for murder the
elements of which do not include all the requisite elements for manslaughter. An indictment for murder does
not contain such allegations that would necessarily include the lesser charge of manslaughter.
¶13.
In Holmes v. State, 660 So.2d 1225, 1227 (Miss. 1995), we upheld the amendment of an
indictment from robbery to grand larceny. Relying on Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-5, we found that "the
effect of the amendment at issue is the same as would result from submission of a lesser-included offense
instruction. . . . and caused Holmes to "suffer no prejudice." Id. Certainly Shaw would have been
prejudiced here if the State had been permitted to proceed on a charge of manslaughter.
¶14.
In Eakes v. State, 665 So.2d 852, 859-60 (Miss. 1995), we held that an indictment for sexual
battery could be amended to attempted sexual battery without the need for an additional indictment. We
relied on Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-5 reasoning that since the elements of attempted sexual battery were
also contained in the elements for sexual battery, the defendant was sufficiently on notice that he could be
convicted of the attempt charge. Id. We further found that "Eakes' defense to the sexual battery charge
was still available to him with regard to the attempted sexual battery charge." Id. at 860. Under the
8
present facts Shaw's defense of lack of malice would not have been available to him if the State had been
allowed to proceed on a charge of manslaughter, which does not require malice.
¶15.
We have relied on Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-5 and found that an indictment for felony child abuse
did not place a defendant on notice as to a possible charge of misdemeanor contributing to the neglect of
a child. Moore v. State, 799 So.2d 89, 90-91 (Miss. 2001). We found that " 'if the State proved the
elements of felonious child abuse, it would not follow a fortiori that all the elements of child neglect were
also proven. ' " Id. at 91. (quoting Payton, 642 So.2d at 1334). "A defendant in a criminal case can be
found guilty of a lesser-included offense, so long as it is necessarily a lesser-included offense of the offense
charged." Id. Under the present facts, manslaughter is not a lesser-included offense of murder. The
elements of murder and manslaughter are quite different. Notice to a defendant that he is required to
defend against the elements of murder does not provide notice that he may too be required to defend
against the elements of manslaughter.
¶16.
Additionally, the Court of Appeals has held that an indictment for armed robbery necessarily
included the offense of simple robbery; therefore, the jury could be instructed on the lesser-included offense
even though it was not contained in the indictment. Fulcher v. State, 805 So.2d 556, 560-61 (Miss. Ct.
App. 2001). " 'The purpose of an indictment is to put the defendant on notice of the nature and cause of
the charges against him.' " Id. (quoting Richardson v. State, 769 So.2d 230, 233 (Miss. Ct. App.
2000)). The Court of Appeals held that " '[a] lesser-included offense by definition is one in which all its
essential ingredients are contained in the offense for which the accused is indicted, but not all of the essential
ingredients of the indicted offense.' " Id. at 560 (citing Payton, 642 So.2d at1334 (quoting Porter, 616
So.2d at 909-10)). In rejecting the application of Harris, the Court of Appeals found that it dealt with
a lesser-included offense; therefore Harris was inapplicable. Id. at 561.
9
¶17.
In Odom v. State, 767 So.2d 242, 246 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000), the Court of Appeals held that
an instruction on the lesser-included offense of simple assault was proper when the indictment was for
aggravated assault. The Court found Harris, inapplicable since this case involved a lesser-included
offense, not a lesser offense. Id. at 245.
¶18.
A "lesser-included offense" is very different than a "lesser offense." The essential elements of a
lesser-included offense are among the essential elements of the superior offense. See Fulcher, 805 So.
2d at 560 (citing Payton, 642 So.2d at 1334 (quoting Porter, 616 So.2d at 909-10). In his specially
concurring opinion in Porter, Chief Justice Hawkins stated that:
A lesser-included offense by definition is one in which all its essential ingredients
are contained in the offense for which the accused is indicted, but not all of the
ingredients of the indicted offense. An accused could not be guilty of the offense
for which he is indicted without at the same time being guilty of the lesser-included
offense. The lesser-included crime is encompassed within the crime for which the
accused is indicted. Harper v. State, 478 So.2d 1017, 1021 (Miss. 1985).
There may very well be a separate, distinct and less serious crime which the proof
at trial shows the defendant committed, but this does not necessarily mean it is a
lesser-included offense. To constitute a lesser-included offense, every one of the
essential ingredients must also constitute essential ingredients of the more serious
crime of which the accused is indicted.
616 So.2d at 909-10 (Hawkins, C.J., specially concurring) (emphasis in original). Here, we are dealing
with a lesser offense. A defendant cannot be held to be on notice of a potential charge the elements of
which are different and distinct from those laid out in the indictment charge. How would he formulate his
defense if he had to prepare for the possibility of being charged with unindicted lesser offenses? If Shaw's
defense to murder was based on lack of malice or mere negligence, would he not be prejudiced by the
State being allowed to proceed on the unindicted charge of manslaughter which required no malice and
which can be based on negligence?
10
¶19.
The State also argues that this Court's decision in Ostrander is contrary to the holding in Harris.
This argument fails because the charge of first offense DUI is necessarily a lesser-included offense of the
charge of second offense DUI; therefore, our ruling in Ostrander is consistent with this Court's past
rulings.
¶20.
In Ostrander, the defendant was indicted for second offense DUI. 803 So.2d at 1173. At the
conclusion of the State's evidence, Ostrander moved for a directed verdict claiming that the State had failed
to prove his prior DUI conviction, and as a result failed to prove a required element of its case. Id. The
trial judge overruled his motion as to the case as a whole, but ruled that the prosecution could proceed on
a charge of first offense DUI since it was a lesser-included offense of second offense DUI. Id. at 1174.
The judge stated that
The gist of this offense is operating a motor vehicle while impaired. The
enhancement provided by the first, second, and third offenses concerns
punishment. And amendments can be allowed to conform to the evidence and
proof here. And certainly first offense DUI or first conviction DUI is a lesser
offense of the second offense, which is a lesser offense of a third or felony offense.
Id. A jury found Ostrander guilty of first offense DUI. Id. On appeal, Ostrander argued that Harris
precluded the jury from convicted him of first offense DUI. We held that:
This Court's decision in Harris, does not prevent the jury from convicting
Ostrander of first offense DUI. In Harris, this Court concluded that "where the
accusatory pleading fails separately to charge lesser-included offenses, and the
court grants a motion for directed verdict of acquittal, the judge of acquittal on the
charged offense includes acquittal on all uncharged lesser-included felony
offenses." Id. at 549. This holding must not be interpreted outside the factual and
procedural context of Harris. In Harris, the trial court's grant of the defendant's
motion for directed verdict was an "apparently unqualified acquittal." Id. at 548.
This Court observed, "The difference between a directed verdict and a jury verdict
lies only in the source; the effect of the acquittal is the same in either case." Id.
(Citing State ex rel. Robinson v. Blackburn, 367 So.2d 360, 362-63 (La.
1979)). The Court also stated that "a judgment of acquittal, whether entered by
11
jury verdict or by grant of a directed verdict should be accorded equal weight and
consequences." Id. (Citing People v. McElroy, 208 Ca.App.3d 1415, 256
Cal.Rptr. 853, 858 (1989)). In the case at bar, the trial judge expressly limited
his directed verdict to the second offense DUI. Such an acquittal, accompanied
by an indication that the judgment did not encompass acquittal of the lesserincluded offense, does not protect Ostrander from liability from the lesser offense
necessarily included in the second offense DUI.
803 So.2d at 1176-77. We noted that "[n]o facts were altered by the directed verdict, and no defense
was suddenly unavailable." Id. at 1177. Ostrander involved the acquittal of a superior offense and the
State's proceeding on a lesser-included offense. Here, the case involves two distinct offenses, murder and
manslaughter. There is no lesser-included offense; therefore, Ostrander is not contrary to the holding in
Harris. Furthermore, if the State had been allowed to suddenly proceed on a charge of manslaughter,
Shaw would have been denied the defense of lack of malice.
¶21.
Third, the State argues that our holdings on this issue are contrary to those of other jurisdictions.
The State cites People v. McElroy, 208 Cal. App. 3d 1415, 256 Cal. Rptr. 853 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989);
State v. Morris, 331 N.W. 2d 48 (N.D. 1983); and State v. Foster, 433 N.W.2d 168 (Neb. 1988).
¶22.
In McElroy, the defendant was convicted of fifteen counts of robbery with the personal use of
a firearm, ten counts of robbery while armed with a firearm, two counts of robbery, one count of attempted
robbery with personal use of a firearm, and one count of attempted robbery while armed with a firearm.
208 Ca. App. 3d at 1418-19. At the conclusion of the State's case, McElroy moved for acquittal as to
two of the counts of robbery claiming the evidence failed to show any property actually being taken. Id.
at 1422-23. The State moved to amend one of these counts to attempted robbery, which was granted.
Id. at 1423. On the other count, the State argued that property had been taken therefore a count of
robbery was justified. Id. The trial court disagreed and orally granted McElroy's motion for directed
12
verdict without qualification as to that count. Id. The State then moved to amend that count to attempted
robbery, which was granted over McElroy's objection. Id. In finding that the trial court's unqualified
acquittal prevented an attempted robbery conviction as to the one count, the court noted that "[o]ur
decision, of course, does not prohibit the trial court from appropriately limiting the impact of the grant of
[directed verdict] motion." Id. at 1424. One major difference between McElroy and Harris, is that
McElroy deals with lesser-included offenses, whereas Harris deals with lesser offenses.
¶23.
In Morris, the defendants were convicted of possession of a controlled substance with intent to
deliver and possession of less than one half ounce of marijuana. 331 N.W.2d at 48.
On appeal, the defendants argued that the trial court erred in denying their motion for judgment of acquittal
because there was insufficient evidence for which the jury could convict. Id. at 55. In finding that the trial
judge was empowered to give a limited acquittal, the court stated that "[a] trial court's granting of a motion
for judgment of acquittal with respect to the major offense charged does not preclude submission of the
case to the jury on the basis of the lesser-included offense instruction unless, of course, the granting of the
motion for acquittal extends to the lesser-included offenses." Id. at 56 (citing Howard v. United States,
237 F.2d 216 (D.C. Cir. 1956); State v. Marti, 290 N.W.2d 570 (Iowa 1980); State v. Strong, 339
S.W.2d 759 (Mo. 1960); State v. Vincent, 321 S.W.2d 439 (Mo. 1959)). Again, there is a major
difference between Morris and Harris. Morris addresses acquittal of superior offenses and submission
of lesser-included offenses to the jury. Harris addresses lesser offenses with different elements.
¶24.
In Foster, the defendant was indicted with one count of first degree assault. 433 N.W.2d at 168.
After closing arguments the judge noted that "there's a first degree assault charge against Mr. Foster, and
its my impression as a matter of law that that charge fails because I feel that the–that the evidence is
13
insufficient for any reasonable minds to conclude that there was a serious bodily injury." Id. at 168. The
Court found the defendant could not be guilty of first degree assault, but submitted to the jury attempted
first degree assault, a lesser-included offense. Id. at 168-69. The Court found that "where the State fails
to demonstrate a prima facie case on the crime charged, but does so on a lessor included offense, the trial
court in its discretion may direct a verdict on the crime charged and submit the evidence to the trier of fact
for consideration on the lesser-included offense." Id. at 169. Again, Foster is different from Harris.
Foster concerns a lesser-included offense, the elements of which are contained in the superior offense.
Harris contains a lesser offense, the elements of which are different than those of the charge in the
indictment.
¶25.
Fourth, the State argues that manslaughter is a lesser-included offense of murder, and, therefore,
it should have been permitted to proceed. The State cites Grayer v. State, 519 So.2d 438 (Miss. 1988).
The State's explanation of the law is incorrect.
¶26.
In Grayer, the defendant sought the vacation of his guilty plea to the crime of assault with intent
to rape. Id. Grayer argued that his "1970 conviction was unlawful because it was entered upon a plea of
guilty to a crime for which he had not been indicted." Id. We found that "assault with intent to rape . . .
is sufficiently a constituent offense of forcible rape such that a plea bargain induced guilty plea thereto under
an indictment charging forcible rape will withstand subsequent post-conviction attack." Id. at 440. In
footnote 3, we stated that:
By way of analogy, we consider heat of passion manslaughter a lesser-included
offense to the charge of murder, even though that particular form of manslaughter
contemplates proof of a fact inconsistent with the principle charge of murder. See
Isom v. State, 481 So.2d 820, 824-25 (Miss. 1985).
14
519 So.2d at 440 n.3.
¶27.
In Isom, the defendant was indicted for murder and convicted of manslaughter. 481 So.2d at 821.
On appeal, Isom argued that the trial court erred in giving the jury a special interrogatory and requiring the
jury to deliberate for excessive hours. Id. Justice Robertson, in his concurring opinion, found that the
elements of manslaughter and murder are different; therefore the trial judge's attempt to instruct the jury
through a special interrogatory was an attempt to give an instruction on the lesser crime of manslaughter
which was error. Id. at 825. Justice Robertson cited other opinions holding that there is a clear distinction
between murder and manslaughter. Id. (See Cook v. State, 467 So.2d 203 (Miss. 1985); Stevens v.
State, 458 So.2d 726 (Miss. 1984); Murphy v. State, 336 So.2d 213 (Miss. 1976); Jones v. State,
222 Miss. 387, 76 So.2d 201 (1954); Newell v. State, 209 Miss. 653, 48 So.2d 332 (1950); Adams
v. State, 175 Miss. 868, 167 So. 59 (1936)). Footnote 3 in Grayer is wrong. The majority in Grayer
inaccurately stated Justice Robertson's concurring opinion in Isom. Manslaughter is not a lesser-included
offense of murder.
¶28.
Fifth, the State argues that the facts in Harris are very different from the facts in the present case.
The State argues that the holding in Harris is inapplicable.
¶29.
The facts are not so different. Harris was indicted for murder, as was Shaw. After Harris was
given a directed verdict on the charge of murder, the prosecution asked the trial judge to proceed on the
unindicted charge of aggravated assault. After Shaw was given a directed verdict on the charge of murder,
the prosecution asked the trial judge to proceed on the unindicted charge of manslaughter. Manslaughter
and aggravated assault are not lesser- included offenses of murder. It follows that both prosecutors erred
15
in thinking that the trial judge should allow them to proceed on lesser charges for which neither defendant
was indicted.
¶30.
Sixth, the State argues that since this Court has power to correct a jury verdict and find a defendant
guilty of a lesser-included offense and remand for sentencing, this Court should find that a trial court upon
motion for a directed verdict can find a defendant guilty of a lesser-included offense. The State cites
Alford v. State, 656 So.2d 1186 (Miss. 1995).
¶31.
While it is true that this Court on appeal has found defendants guilty of lesser-included offenses,
that does not support the conclusion that a trial court should be able to give a charge of a lesser offense for
which a defendant has not been indicted. In Alford, the defendant was convicted of burglary of an
inhabited dwelling. 656 So.2d at 1187. We held that the State had failed to prove an essential element to
burglary, but Alford was guilty of the lesser-included offense of trespass. Id. at 1192. Again, we were
passing upon a lesser-included offense. Manslaughter is not a lesser-included offense of murder.
¶32.
Since manslaughter is not a lesser-included offense of murder, the trial judge was correct in denying
the State's motion to proceed on the unindicted crime of manslaughter after he directed verdict in favor of
Shaw on the indicted charge of murder.
CONCLUSION
¶33.
We affirm the trial court in its application of our holding in Harris. A defendant under indictment
for murder is not sufficiently on notice of the possible submission of the charge of manslaughter. The fact
that a trial judge is permitted to submit to a jury a lesser- included charge does not justify the submission
of a purely "lesser charge." Our decision in Ostrander and case law from other jurisdictions are not
contrary to our holding in Harris. Contrary to the State's argument, manslaughter is not a lesser-included
offense of murder. The facts of this case are similar to Harris. Furthermore, our precedent of holding
16
defendants guilty of lesser-included offenses does not justify proceeding on an unindicted lesser offense.
¶34.
PRESENTED QUESTION ANSWERED.
PITTMAN, C.J., EASLEY AND CARLSON, JJ., CONCUR. WALLER, J.,
DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY SMITH, P.J., AND
COBB, J. DIAZ AND GRAVES, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.
WALLER, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶35.
Because the majority errs in concluding that manslaughter is not a lesser-included offense of murder,
I respectfully dissent.
¶36.
Manslaughter is a lesser-included offense of murder because: (1)Harris v. State, 723 So.2d 546
(Miss. 1997), does not apply; (2) our case law clearly states that manslaughter is a lesser-included offense
of murder; and (3) the applicable statute allows the jury to decide whether the defendant is guilty of a
lesser-included offense.
¶37.
Harris is inapplicable because manslaughter is a lesser-included offense of murder. The reliance
by the majority opinion on Harris is misplaced. Harris deals with a lesser offense and has no bearing
on a lesser-included offense because "[c]rucial to that decision [Harris] is the fact that, under our
longstanding precedents, assault is not viewed as a lesser-included offense to the crime of murder." Wolfe
v. State, 743 So. 2d 380, 387 (Miss. 1999) (Banks, J., dissenting). See also Fulcher v. State, 805
So. 2d 556, 560-61 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).
¶38.
We have consistently held that an indictment for murder includes the lesser-included charge of
manslaughter:
The long-standing common-law rule is that an indictment for murder
includes all lower grades of felonious homicide. Under this general rule,
17
"on an indictment charging murder generally an accused may be found
guilty of manslaughter . . . and, where manslaughter has been divided by
statute into degrees, of any of the statutory degrees." 42 C.J.S.
Indictments and Informations, § 280 (1944). This Court has repeatedly
applied the general rule and upheld convictions of manslaughter obtained
under an indictment for murder. Wells v. State, 305 So. 2d 333 (Miss.
1974); Roberson v. State, 257 So .2d 505 (Miss. 1972); King v.
State, 251 Miss. 161, 168 So. 2d 637 (1964); Calicoat v. State, 131
Miss. 169, 95 So. 318 (1922).
Kelly v. State, 463 So. 2d 1070, 1073 (Miss. 1985).
¶39.
The fact that manslaughter proof is inconsistent with that of murder is of no consequence. "[B]y
way of analogy, we consider heat of passion manslaughter a lesser-included offense to the charge of
murder, even though that particular form of manslaughter contemplates proof of facts inconsistent with the
principal charge of murder." Grayer v. State, 519 So. 2d 438, 440 n.3 (Miss. 1988) (quoting Isom v.
State, 481 So. 2d 820, 824-25 (Miss. 1985) (Robertson, J., concurring)). Manslaughter is a lesserincluded offense of murder. Id. at 825.
¶40. The Court of Appeals has also addressed the murder-manslaughter issue and stated, "[i]n order to
authorize [a lesser-included offense] instruction the more serious offense must include all the elements of
the lesser offense, that is, it is impossible to commit the greater offense without at the same time committing
the lesser-included offense." Hester v. State, 841 So. 2d 158, 162 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting
Shannon v. State, 739 So. 2d 468 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999) (quoting Sanders v. State, 479 So. 2d
1097, 1098 (Miss. 1985))). The Court of Appeals found that manslaughter is a lesser-included offense
of murder under the Shannon test. Hester, 841 So. 2d at 162.
¶41.
Along with our case law, our statutory law clearly allows the jury to find a defendant guilty for an
"inferior offense" of the offense charged in the indictment.
18
On an indictment for any offense the jury may find the defendant guilty of
the offense as charged, or of any attempt to commit the same offense, or
may find him guilty of an inferior offense, or other offense, the
commission of which is necessarily included in the offense with
which he is charged in the indictment, whether the same be a felony
or misdemeanor, without any additional count in the indictment for that
purpose.
Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-5 (2000) (emphasis added).
¶42.
Since manslaughter is a lesser-included offense of murder, the jury here should have been allowed
to decide whether Shaw is guilty of that lesser-included offense.
¶43.
For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
SMITH, P.J., AND COBB, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.
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