Thomas Lee Robison v. Carol Denise Robison Lanford
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 1999-CA-01836-COA
THOMAS LEE ROBISON
v.
CAROL DENISE ROBISON LANFORD
DATE OF TRIAL COURT
JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
CERTIORARI FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLANT
APPELLEE
07/28/1999
HON. JANE R. WEATHERSBY
SUNFLOWER COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
JEFFERSON DAVIS GILDER
KINNEY M. SWAIN
CIVIL - DOMESTIC RELATIONS
MODIFICATION ORDER ENTERED GRANTING
CUSTODY TO MOTHER
AFFIRMED - 12/04/2001
12/13/2001; REVERSED AND REMANDED - 03/19/2002;
3/29/2002; denied 5/14/2002
5/24/2002; granted 9/26/2002
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
EN BANC:
SOUTHWICK, P.J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Carol Lanford was awarded custody of her minor child as a result of proceedings that she brought to
modify an earlier custody award. The father, Thomas Lee Robison, appealed. On June 26, 2001, we found
reversible error because of the absence of findings on whether there had been a material change in
circumstances, and insufficient evidence in the record to justify any change in custody. Before deciding
whether to enter judgment for the appellant, we remanded for the chancellor to explain the manner in which
the child's private conversation with her in chambers had been taken into account, as we had nothing to
explain what was said or its weight. If it had been significant in the decision-making, then some record of
that evidence had to be provided to us. On remand, the chancellor agreed that her conversation with the
child in chambers was a significant factor in the decision to change custody, but the chancellor refused to
provide any transcript or take other alternative steps to provide the evidence from the child. Because of the
phrasing of the chancellor's order, we initially understood that Mr. Robison on remand had agreed that no
further conversation by the chancellor with the parties' daughter should be held. Therefore we found the
issue waived by the party who was alleging error.
¶2. On motion for rehearing, though, Mr. Robison has provided proof that he did not agree to the
chancellor's refusal to conduct a hearing. Instead, by letter he informed the chancellor that he objected to
another in-chambers conference unless it was on the record. Mr. Robison has moved that the record be
supplemented with that letter, a motion that we grant. Thus he objected only to the chancellor's conducting
of an in-chambers discussion unless it complied with our directive, namely, that in some manner a record of
the conversation be made. Mr. Robison's motion for rehearing is granted, the former opinion is withdrawn,
and we now reverse and remand.
FACTS
¶3. Thomas Lee Robison and Carol Denise Robison, now Lanford, were married in 1990. They had one
child, Britney, born in 1991. In December 1992, Mr. Robison filed for divorce. It was granted on the
grounds of irreconcilable differences by a decree dated March 25, 1993.
¶4. The divorce decree incorporated the parties' agreement to joint legal custody of the child. The
agreement also provided that Mr. Robison was to have primary physical custody of the child during nine
months of the year from September through May and that Mrs. Lanford was to have primary physical
custody in June through August. Each party was awarded reasonable visitation rights during the period of
the other's custody. Mr. Robison was to pay $150 per month child support for the three months in which
Mrs. Lanford had physical custody of the child.
¶5. Mr. Robison filed a motion to modify custody on December 9, 1997. He sought sole custody of the
child as well as child support from Mrs. Lanford. Mrs. Lanford answered the claim and filed a crossmotion seeking sole custody as well as child support from Mr. Robison. The dispute was settled by consent
modification decree dated December 30, 1998. The decree left custody unchanged but clarified visitation.
¶6. In late March 1999, Mrs. Lanford noticed bruising on the child's buttocks. The child informed her that
the bruising was a result of a spanking by her father. Mrs. Lanford took the child to a hospital emergency
room where she was treated by Dr. Wheelis. The doctor noted that there were two circular bruises about
six centimeters in diameter on the child's backside and diagnosed physical abuse. Mr. Robison stated that
the child was spanked with a paddle because she had lied and also stolen something, and that excessive
force was not used. The matter was referred to a social services agency for an investigation into possible
child abuse. Although the report is not in the appellate record, the testimony showed that the investigation
found the evidence to be inconclusive. No further action was taken.
¶7. Approximately one month later, Mrs. Lanford filed a new petition to modify the former decree and to
give her sole legal and physical custody of the child. While that was pending, the chancellor granted the
parties' joint motion for the Department of Human Services to conduct a detailed study of the living
environment of both parents. The study concluded that either home would provide a stable environment for
the child.
¶8. A hearing was held on July 28, 1999. The court reviewed the results of the home studies, listened to
testimony of the parties, and held an in-chambers conference alone with the minor child. The court found
that it would be in the best interest of the child for Mrs. Lanford to have physical custody with visitation
privileges for Mr. Robison. Mr. Robison appealed.
¶9. In our initial consideration of the appeal, we remanded for additional development of the record. The
chancellor responded to that remand order. We now decide the appeal.
DISCUSSION
1. Evidence to support change in circumstances
¶10. The evidence in the record is sparse to support that there was a material change in circumstances
adverse to the interest of the child, or that the mother's receiving custody was in the child's best interest.
Pace v. Owens, 511 So. 2d 489, 490 (Miss. 1987). The chancellor stated in her 1999 order that "it would
be in Britney's best interest that her custody be awarded to her mother, Ms. Lanford, at this time." The
chancellor did not discuss any material change in circumstances in the decree. She said that it was her "duty
to weigh all of the evidence, and take it into consideration and to make a decision about where this child
shall live at this point in her life." She found "that it would be in Britney's best interest that her custody be
awarded to her mother, Ms. Lanford, at this time."
¶11. Proceedings that address a request for modification of custody should follow these steps: (1) the initial
burden is on the party seeking the change to demonstrate that there has been a material change in the
circumstances affecting the child; (2) if that is shown, it must also be shown that the change is detrimental to
the child's welfare; and (3) finally, the chancellor must find that the change in custody is in the child's best
interest. Bredemeier v. Jackson, 689 So. 2d 770, 775 (Miss. 1997).
¶12. On remand, the chancellor explained the implicit findings that she had earlier made, and gave them
explicitly. The chancellor had relied in significant measure on the fact that Britney had once been bruised by
her father during a spanking. That spanking, administered for lying about the taking of some candy, was
found to be excessive. That "made it apparent that a parent does not know how and where to administer
appropriate discipline. . . . Testimony of the father's drinking, temper, and inappropriate discipline were red
flags to the court that the child's custody should be changed."
¶13. The chancellor then stated that because of these initial items of evidence, the parties gave permission
for her to talk with Britney in chambers. It is there that a private conversation was held that the chancellor
acknowledges, but will state no more, was "relevant" in her decision.
¶14. Chancellors are entrusted with substantial discretion, and using it they exercise excruciatingly important
power to affect the lives of families. The discretion is subject to appellate review, however, if either party
takes the proper steps to appeal. As the chancellor performs a vital role in the process, so does the
appellate court. Perhaps each level at times gives too little credit to the role of the other, but the constitution
and statutes create each court and guide its functioning. As part of that function, an appellate court is to
affirm findings of fact by chancellors in domestic cases when they are "supported by substantial evidence
unless the chancellor abused [her] discretion, was manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous or an erroneous legal
standard was applied." Holloman v. Holloman, 691 So. 2d 897, 898 (Miss. 1996). The evidence for this
review must be presented to the appeals court if this function is to have any meaning.
¶15. If the sufficiency of the evidence is attacked, it simply is not possible to review what is in the record,
and if there is an insufficiency, accept unquestioningly that secret evidence provides the necessary additional
quantum. Doing that is an abdication by this Court of its responsibilities. The trial court cannot be the initial
fact-finder and then block the review of those facts. A sister state's intermediate appeal's court recently
faced the exact issue:
If a trial court relies significantly on information obtained through the in camera interview to resolve
factual conflicts relative to any of the other best interests factors and fails to place that information on
the record, then the trial court effectively deprives this Court of a complete factual record on which to
impose the requisite evidentiary standard necessary to ensure that the trial court made a sound
determination regarding custody. . . . These critical decisions must be subject to meaningful appellate
review.
Foskett v. Foskett, 634 N.W. 2d 363, 367 (Mich. Ct. App. 2001). We agree.
¶16. We understand that the chancellor believes that keeping this significant evidence secret is necessary to
maintain her responsibilities. There are readily recognized procedures, though, for sensitive, classified, or
otherwise non-public information to be obtained by a trial court and provided to an appellate court. What
seems appropriate here is that with permission of the parties, a transcript of the testimony could have been
provided this Court under seal. M.R.A.P. 48A.
¶17. Taking what is provided to us, we now examine the findings that were made on remand and determine
whether there is evidence to support them. The incidents that support the chancellor's finding of a material
change in circumstance were said to be "the father's drinking, temper, and inappropriate discipline . . . ."
¶18. The "inappropriate discipline" is a reference to the previously mentioned bruises that Mrs. Lanford
discovered that arose from a spanking by the girl's father. A doctor concluded after an examination that the
paddling had been excessive. His examination revealed two bruises, about 2.33 inches in diameter, on the
child's buttocks. The mother and a witness whom she called testified the bruising was much more extensive.
¶19. The issue of the father's drinking arose from testimony by Mrs. Lanford's witnesses. He was said at
times to have been seen drinking while in his yard at 11:00 P.M. or midnight. The daughter, Britney, stated
that her father would allow his step-children to drink at home, since he thought that was better than their
drinking elsewhere in secret. The oldest child was only eleven. Mrs. Lanford testified that her former
husband would drink excessively in the child's presence.
¶20. The finding that the father's temper was a reason to change custody may be based on evidence from
Mrs. Lanford that he had once choked her and then pushed her down on a sofa.
¶21. The credibility of the witnesses on these matters was to be determined by the chancellor. The
chancellor must have filtered this testimony through the knowledge that each parent had incentives to
exaggerate or put the other person in the worst possible light. The chancellor was entitled to conclude that
this evidence was believable. It showed excessive drinking by the father at home, but no indications of
danger to himself or this child. It showed that he was overly indulgent with his stepchildren about their
drinking at home. He may have once committed a physical assault on his former wife, but there was no
evidence of injuries. He also may once have used excessive force in paddling Britney. The chancellor said
that she found these to be "red flags," which we take to mean that they were representative of even worse
actions that might occur in the future.
¶22. We must decide whether this proof revealed a material change in circumstances adverse to the
interests of the child. An allegation of child abuse is a very serious matter. As all allegations in litigation,
however, it is for the trial court to analyze whether evidence exists sufficient to support it. Bruising on a child
resulting from a spanking is to be considered. However, "an isolated incident, e.g., an unwarranted striking
of a child, does not in and of itself justify a change in custody." Tucker v. Tucker, 453 So. 2d 1294, 1297
(Miss. 1984). The chancellor did have more to base her decision upon, which was the drinking and an
incident of possible assault on Mrs. Lanford. Even with those, however, there is little to show that a change
in circumstances had occurred since the time of the initial custody decision so as to make joint custody
adverse to the child.
¶23. We thus arrive again to the point we were in our June decision, wondering if the evidentiary deficit
might be satisfied by what was said during the private, untranscribed conversation with Britney. Since the
chancellor both acknowledged that what the girl said was significant in her final decision but refused to
enlighten us on what that was, we find that the record presented to us does not support the conclusion
reached.
¶24. We reverse the judgment that modified custody. What to do next now becomes the issue. Obviously
the chancellor found that the best interest of the child required a change in custody. Taking an unduly
independent approach to protecting that best interest, the chancellor has not allowed a record to be made
of the basis for the decision. We do not want this tug and pull between the two courts to distract either
court from the issues of the child's welfare. Therefore, taking into account the long passage of time since the
initial modification decision, and factoring in our reluctance to make a final decision here on appeal that
would be so centrally affected by this institutional disagreement, we remand for further proceedings. As of
the issuance of the mandate from the Court, however, the modification is reversed and custody reverts to
being joint.
¶25. We discuss two other issues because they may recur on remand.
2. Admissibility of certain evidence
¶26. Mr. Robison argues that the chancellor erroneously admitted certain evidence and testimony. First, the
chancellor considered evidence regarding events which occurred prior to the December 30, 1998 consent
decree. Mr. Robison is correct that the consent judgment is res judicata as to any issues that might have
been litigated and determined at the time of the December 30, 1998 judgment. Childers v. Childers, 717
So. 2d 1279, 1280 (Miss. 1998). However, Mr. Robison waived the issue by failing to object to the
introduction of such evidence. When parties oppose the introduction of evidence, they must make a timely
objection or motion to strike. M.R.E 103(a) (1).
¶27. Even if an objection had been made, an issue would have arisen of whether the conduct being
discussed was known or reasonably should have been known at the time of the earlier decree. Further, to
the extent the conduct appeared relatively minor at the time of the earlier decree, its continuation or
worsening since were relevant in the chancellor's consideration.
¶28. Second, Mr. Robison argues that it was error for the chancellor to hold the in-chambers conference
alone with the child that we have already discussed at some length. In the chancellor's July 28, 1999 bench
ruling, she states "that I have visited with the child in question, Britney, in chambers by agreement of both
parties." Neither party objected to this private meeting. Therefore the conducting of the interview is not a
separate issue preserved for our review. The question of the absence of a record of that interview has very
much been before us, however. We do not address here the in-chambers discussions that with some
frequency occur to determine a child's preference between the parents for custody. That is a matter of
seeking an answer to a simple though heart-rending question. Our concern in this appeal is the potentially
much more elaborate gathering of facts that decides the outcome of the case but that cannot be reviewed
on appeal.
¶29. Error is also alleged in allowing Mrs. Lanford's mother, emergency room nurse Shirley Mordecai, to
give opinion testimony without the proper predicate. Mrs. Mordecai was asked her opinion of the
significance of the bruises that she saw on the child. Mr. Robison's counsel objected and Mrs. Lanford's
counsel responded by offering to tender the witness as an expert for voir dire. Mr. Robison's counsel did
not respond to the offer. Mrs. Mordecai was then allowed to give her opinion as to the severity of the
bruises and whether or not they were indicative of child abuse.
¶30. At least two issues arise from the procedure that was followed. One is whether this was expert
testimony. Another is whether counsel's failure to conduct voir dire when given an opportunity hinders the
consideration of the issue on appeal. We decline to answer the first question because of our decision on the
second. Since counsel did not attempt to show that this testimony would have been beyond the competence
and experience of the witness to give, we find that Mr. Robison has waived the issue.
3. Statutory requirement of affidavit
¶31. Mr. Robison also argues that the chancellor should have dismissed the petition for modification
because it did not contain statutorily required disclosures. Such petitions should state whether there have
been other custody proceedings and whether someone else not a party has physical custody of the child.
Miss. Code Ann. § 93-23-17 (Rev. 1994).
¶32. No objection below was made on this basis. The statute does not describe the effect of the failure to
comply with this provision. No precedents have been cited to us that suggest that the failure to satisfy the
provision is jurisdictional and cannot be waived. We find that the absence of these disclosures was waived
by the failure to point them out to the trial court, at least in the absence of any indication that there were
actually other proceedings that the chancellor needed to consider.
CONCLUSION
¶33. On remand the chancellor may conduct additional proceedings regarding whether custody should be
modified from that which was in existence before the modification that we are now reversing. A record of
all evidence acquired must be made. Any conversations with the child or any other witness must be
transcribed even if in-chambers proceedings are held, and both parties must be able to review the transcript
in order to respond with evidence or argument. In preparing such a record, if there is another appeal, the
chancellor may use such procedures to protect the information from public disclosure as are permitted by
rule and which in her discretion are appropriate.
¶34. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CHANCERY COURT OF SUNFLOWER COUNTY IS
REVERSED AND THE CAUSE IS REMANDED FOR ADDITIONAL PROCEEDINGS
REGARDING CUSTODY. COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE TAXED EQUALLY TO THE
PARTIES.
McMILLIN, C.J., KING, P.J., BRIDGES, THOMAS, LEE, IRVING, MYERS,
CHANDLER AND BRANTLEY, JJ., CONCUR.
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