South Central Regional Medical Center v. Jimmie N. Pickering
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 1998-IA-00939-SCT
SOUTH CENTRAL REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER
v.
JIMMIE N. PICKERING AND THOMAS W. PICKERING
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
01/09/1997
HON. BILLY JOE LANDRUM
JONES COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
BROOKE FERRIS
RICHARD O. BURSON
LEONARD B. MELVIN
CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
AFFIRMED -11/4/1999
11/29/99
BEFORE PITTMAN, P.J., MILLS AND WALLER, JJ.
MILLS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
¶1. On September 22, 1989, Jimmie N. Pickering and her husband, Thomas W. Pickering, filed suit against
South Central Regional Medical Center (South Central) in the Circuit Court of the Second Judicial District
of Jones County seeking damages for negligent infliction of emotional distress. The lawsuit arose out of a
September 30, 1987 incident in which Jimmie N. Pickering was possibly exposed to HIV and other
communicable diseases when she used an allegedly contaminated lancet (used for pricking one's finger to
draw blood) that was allegedly stored improperly by a nurse employed by South Central. South Central
moved for summary judgment on the Pickerings' claims for emotional distress caused by her fear of
contracting HIV or other communicable diseases. The circuit court denied South Central's motion but later
amended its judgment granting certification for interlocutory appeal. Subsequently, on July 27, 1998, South
Central filed its Petition for Interlocutory Appeal with this Court pursuant to M.R.A.P. 5, and by order of
this Court South Central's Petition was granted.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
¶2. Between September 30 and October 4, 1987, Jimmie N. Pickering was a patient at South Central.
Pickering is a diabetic and was at South Central obtaining services related to this illness. Specifically,
Pickering maintains that she was at South Central to regulate her increasingly volatile blood sugar levels and
to receive instructions on how to regulate those levels in the future. In order to determine her blood sugar
levels at the hospital Pickering used the hospital's Autoclix machine. The Autoclix contained lancets that
Pickering used to prick her finger to draw blood. Pickering contends that the lancets that were stored in the
Autoclix that she was given to use by the hospital had actually been used before by some other unknown
patient and/or patients. In other words, these lancets were used lancets.
¶3. Pickering claims that the nurse responsible for her treatment informed her directly that the lancets in
question were, in fact, used lancets. As noted, part of Pickering's treatment at South Central was supposed
to include instructions on how to test/regulate her blood sugar levels. Pickering asserts that after requesting
her nurse several times to give her those instructions, the nurse finally agreed. The nurse then requested that
Pickering simply show her the routine that she followed. The nurse then handed the "kit" to Pickering at
which point Pickering picked up a lancet. The nurse immediately grabbed Pickering's hand apparently in an
attempt to prevent Pickering from using the lancet. The nurse then informed her that the group of lancets
from which Pickering had chosen was a group of previously used lancets. The nurse then immediately
disposed of the lancets in the proper receptacle in the room. When Pickering asked the nurse why she had
not disposed of the lancets before this incident, Pickering claims that the nurse responded that the
receptacle was only implemented two weeks earlier and that she had not grown accustomed to using it.
Furthermore, Pickering claims that every time she had previously tested her blood she pricked her finger
with the used lancets.
¶4. Pickering admits that she has no other evidence that the lancets had been previously used other than the
nurse's reaction and statement. However, it is undisputed that South Central ordered Pickering to be tested
for HIV following the incident. Furthermore, Pickering asserts in her deposition that South Central tested
eleven more patients all of whom had been attended by the same nurse and all of whom had used the same
diabetic kit that Pickering had used.
¶5. Pickering offers no evidence that the lancets that she used were contaminated with HIV or any other
communicable diseases. In fact, the lancets were disposed of by South Central before any tests could be
run on them. Nevertheless, after it became clear that Pickering was possibly using used lancets South
Central conducted an HIV test on Pickering. The first test was conducted while Pickering was still in the
hospital in September of 1987. The results of this test were negative. Pickering was then tested for HIV and
other communicable diseases by South Central at no charge four more times-November 1987, January
1988, March 1988, and September 1988--and once by another institution in August of 1990. All of these
tests were negative.
¶6. In support of its motion for summary judgment, South Central provided the affidavit of Francis S.
Morrison, M.D., a board certified hematologist and internist. Dr. Morrison's affidavit stated that, after
reviewing Pickering's medical records, it was his opinion that Pickering would not develop HIV in the
future. He also stated that the longest period of time between exposure by skin puncture and development
of HIV positivity is ten (10) months.
¶7. After learning that she had been using these previously used lancets, Pickering claims that she became
extremely anxious and afraid that she might have contracted HIV via the used lancets. Indeed, Pickering
claims that she feels like "part of me is lost" because she no longer socializes with her friends, does not
actively participate in her granddaughter's life, and does not go grocery shopping anymore for fear that she
will infect those around her. Furthermore, Pickering claims that she is subjected to ridicule in the form of
snickering and pointing by others whom she believes know about the incident in the hospital. Her claims of
emotional distress are supported by the deposition testimony of six other individuals-five family members
and one friend.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶8. The standard for reviewing the granting or the denying of summary judgment is the same standard as is
employed by the trial court under Miss. R.Civ.P. 56(c). This Court conducts de novo review of orders
granting or denying judgment and examines all the evidentiary matters before it-admissions in pleadings,
answers to interrogatories, depositions, affidavits, etc. The evidence must be viewed in the light most
favorable to the party against whom the motion has been made. If, in this view, there is no genuine issue of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment should be
entered in his favor. Otherwise, the motion should be denied. Issues of fact sufficient to require denial of a
motion for summary judgment obviously are present where one party swears to one version of the matter in
issue and another says the opposite. In addition, the burden of demonstrating that no genuine issue of fact
exists is on the moving party. That is, the non-movant would be given the benefit of the doubt.
McCullough v. Cook, 679 So.2d 627, 630 (Miss. 1996); Mantachie Natural Gas Dist. v.
Mississippi Valley Gas Co., 594 So.2d 1170, 1172 (Miss. 1992); Clark v. Moore Mem'l United
Methodist Church, 538 So.2d 760, 762 (Miss. 1989) Short v. Columbus Rubber & Gasket Co., 535
So.2d 61 (Miss. 1988).
ANALYSIS
¶9. South Central points to the relatively recent case of Leaf River Forest Prods., Inc. v. Ferguson, 662
So.2d 648 (Miss. 1995) in arguing that since Pickering has offered no evidence of actual exposure to HIV
or any other disease she must therefore lose on her emotional distress claim. In Ferguson, this Court stated
that "if one is to recover for emotional distress predicated on potential future illness there must be substantial
proof of exposure and medical evidence that would indicate possible future illness." Ferguson, 662 So.2d
at 658. The plaintiffs in Ferguson brought a claim for emotional distress based on a fear of developing
cancer in the future. Id. at 651. They alleged that the Leaf River Mill was producing a toxic byproduct,
dioxin, which was released into a nearby river on which the plaintiffs lived and exposing them to an
increased risk of developing cancer. Id. The property of one of the plaintiffs was located one hundred miles
down river from the mill, and another plaintiff's property was located approximately one hundred and
twenty-five miles down river from the mill. Id. The Fergusons did not have themselves, their property or
their well water tested for the presence of dioxin; instead they relied on tests of wildlife in the area of the
Leaf River to support their claims of emotional distress. Id. at 651, 653. In finding the Fergusons' claims for
emotional distress based on a fear of developing cancer in the future to be without merit, we stated:
We have before found that emotional distress inflicted either negligently or intentionally is
compensable. However, emotional distress based on the fear of a future illness must await a
manifestation of that illness or be supported by substantial exposure to the danger, and be supported
by medical or scientific evidence so that there is a rational basis for the emotional fear. We do not
harm and, in fact, preserve a recovery for emotional distress when the same is based on such a
foundation.
Ferguson, 662 So.2d at 650. This Court went on to hold specifically that there was a lack of evidence
proving exposure of the Fergusons to a dangerous or harmful agent and that therefore their emotional
distress claims should fail. Id. at 658.
¶10. As noted, we have established that an essential requirement in bringing a successful claim for emotional
distress based on a fear of future illness is the offering of "substantial proof of exposure and medical
evidence that would indicate possible future illness." Ferguson, 662 So.2d at 658. Although this Court has
not decided a case based on the fear of contracting AIDS, it is logical that the standard in Ferguson, a fear
of developing cancer case, would apply, for the similarity between the fear of contracting AIDS claims and
so-called cancer phobia claims has led many courts to apply the rationale of cancer phobia cases to AIDS
phobia claims. Wendy Allison Reese, Tort Law Actual Exposure or Possible Exposure?: The AIDS
Phobia Debate-Are Courts Opening the Litigation Floodgates or Illustrating Judicial Proscription?
22 Am. J. Trial Advoc. 495 (1998). It is instructive to examine how other jurisdictions have treated fear of
contracting AIDS cases.
¶11. A majority of the jurisdictions that have considered claims of infliction of emotional distress based on a
fear of contracting AIDS have determined that actual exposure to HIV is a necessary requirement for the
claim. See Burk v. Sage Prods., Inc., 747 F. Supp. 285, 288 (E.D. Pa. 1990) (holding that absent any
proof that the plaintiff was in fact exposed to HIV, the plaintiff cannot recover damages for his fear of
contracting AIDS); Brzoska v. Olson, 668 A.2d 1355, 1363 (Del. 1995); Russaw v. Martin, 472
S.E.2d 508, 512 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996); Neal v. Neal, 873 P.2d 871, 876 (Idaho 1994); Doe v.
Northwestern Univ., 682 N.E.2d 145, 152 (Ill. App. Ct. 1997) (requiring a slightly different standard of
actual exposure wherein a plaintiff who fears contracting AIDS because of a defendant's negligence can
"recover damages for the time in which they reasonably feared a substantial, medically verifiable possibility
of contracting AIDS"), aff'd sub nom. Majca v. Beekil, 701 N.E.2d 1084 (Ill. 1998); K.A.C . v.
Benson, 527 N.W.2d 553, 559 (Minn. 1995); De Milio v. Schrager, 666 A.2d 627,629 (N.J. Super.
Ct. Law Div. 1995) (holding that a plaintiff may not recover emotional distress damages in a fear of
contracting AIDS claim unless the plaintiff shows both actual exposure and a scientifically acceptable mode
of transmission; however, "where there exists proof that a defendant's wrongful conduct was either
intentional or recklessly indifferent, a rebuttable presumption of exposure will arise, enabling [a] plaintiff to
survive a motion for summary judgment"); Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 620 (Tenn. 1997); Babich v.
Waukesha Mem'l Hosp., Inc., 556 N.W.2d 144, 147 (Wis. Ct. App. 1996) (requiring a plaintiff in a
needle stick case to prove that the needle came from a contaminated source).
¶12. One of the most recent cases illustrative of this actual exposure approach is Pendergist v.
Pendergrass, 961 S.W.2d 919 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998). In June of 1993, Pendergist, a hemophiliac, was
diagnosed as having a hernia. Pemdergist, 961 S.W.2d at 921. Pendergist elected to have the hernia
surgically repaired. Id. Because Pendergist was a hemophiliac it was necessary to administer to him Factor
VIII, a clotting agent that prevents excessive bleeding. Id. Pendergist claimed that before his hernia surgery
he specifically requested that he be given a "synthetic" form of Factor VIII called Recombinant Factor VIII
as opposed to the human whole blood Factor VIII. Id. Pendergist claimed that he requested the
Recombitant Factor VIII because it was safer than human whole blood Factor VIII and incapable of
transmitting diseases. Id. Pendergist experienced a successful surgery but learned afterwards that he had
received human whole blood Factor VIII. Id. Pendergist claimed that he began to feel "angry, frustrated
and helpless." Id. He further maintained that he became "distrustful and paranoid" and began to grow
concerned about contracting AIDS or hepatitis B. Id. at 922. Thereafter, Pendergist was tested four times
over a period of three and one half years for HIV with each test yielding a negative result. Id.
¶13. Pendergist filed suit seeking damages for claims based on negligent infliction of emotional distress. Id.
The Missouri Court of Appeals held that "although Pendergist offered proof of a scientifically accepted
method of transmission, the transfusion of a blood product, he failed to offer any evidence that the blood
product was contaminated with HIV or hepatitis B . . . ." Id. at 926. In ruling against Pendergist, the court
acknowledged several public policy reasons for adopting the actual exposure requirement in fear of AIDS
cases:
First, it ensures that a genuine basis for the fear exists and that the fear is not premised on public
misconceptions about AIDS . . . . To hold otherwise would "open a Pandora's Box of 'AIDS-phobia'
claims by individuals whose ignorance, unreasonable suspicion or general paranoia cause them
apprehension over the slightest of contact with HIV-infected individuals or objects . . . .Second, an
actual exposure rule preserves an objective component in emotional distress cases necessary to
ensure stability, consistency, and predictability in the disposition of those cases . . . . Consistent results
encourage early resolution and settlement of cases. Third, the rule ensures that victims who are
exposed to HIV or actually contract HIV as a result of a defendant's negligence are compensated for
their emotional distress . . . . A rule providing an unrestricted right of recovery for all persons fearing
AIDS could exhaust resources of defendants and insurers. Similarly, such a rule could compromise
the availability and affordability of medical, dental, and malpractice insurance, medical and dental
care, prescription drugs, and blood products . . . . Finally, an actual exposure rule protects the justice
system from becoming burdened with frivolous litigation . . . . "were we to rule otherwise, one could
readily envision fear of AIDS claims being raised for every blood transfusion, accidental needle
puncture, or matrimonial (or other) sexual infidelity.". . .
Id. (citations omitted).
¶14. The minority approach maintains that actual exposure is not a prerequisite to recovery under an
infliction of emotional distress claim based on a fear of contracting HIV/AIDS. See Marchia v. Long
Island R.R., 31 F.3d 1197 (2d Cir. 1994); Chizmar v. Mackie, 896 P.2d 196, 206 (Alaska 1995);
Barret v. Danbury Hosp., 654 A.2d 748, 757 (Conn. 1995) (stating that the court would not adopt the
actual exposure requirement, but requiring that the fear of distress alleged by the plaintiff be reasonable);
Dollar Inn, Inc. v. Slone, 695 N.E.2d 185, 188-89 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998); Bordelon v. St. Frances
Cabrini Hosp., 640 So.2d 476, 478-79 (La. Ct. App. 1994); Faya v. Almaraz, 620 A.2d 327, 337-38
(Md. 1993) (allowing plaintiff to recover for emotional distress during "window of anxiety" period defined
as the period between the time a plaintiff learns of possible exposure to HIV and the receipt of HIV
negative results without a showing of actual exposure); Hartwig v. Oregon Trail Eye Clinic, 580
N.W.2d 86, 91-95 (Neb. 1998); Tischler v. Dimenna, 609 N.Y.S.2d 1002, 1009-10 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.
1994).
¶15. An example of the "window of anxiety" approach is Madrid v. Lincoln County Med. Ctr., 923
P.2d 1154 (N.M. 1996). In September of 1992, Sonia Madrid was transporting medical samples from
Lincoln County Medical Center to facilities in Albuquerque. Madrid, 923 P.2d at 1155. During the
transport one of the sample containers leaked, and Madrid's hands were splashed with the bloody fluid. Id.
Madrid claimed that at the time of the incident she had unhealed paper cuts on her hands. Id. She knew that
it was possible to contract HIV by contact with blood or other bodily fluids through unhealed cuts. Id.
Madrid was tested for HIV without knowing whether the culprit blood sample was HIV-positive or HIVnegative. Id. She tested negative. Id. Two months passed before Madrid learned that the patient with
whose blood she had been splattered tested HIV-negative, and an additional two years passed before
Madrid learned that only the one "tested" container had leaked. Id. Madrid sued Lincoln County Medical
Center for infliction of emotional distress arising from her fear that she might have contracted HIV as a result
of being negligently exposed to bloody fluid of unknown origin. Id. The New Mexico Supreme Court held
that summary judgment for the medical center was inappropriate. Id. at 1163. The court refused to adopt
the majority actual exposure requirement and focused its decision primarily on the goal of deterring
unreasonable conduct stating:
In light of the deadly nature of the AIDS virus, reasonable care should be encouraged, for example, in
the handling of potential disease-transmitting agents such as blood products. The potential for liability
encourages those engaged in conduct that may result in an exposure incident to use reasonable care.
Further, the imposition of liability for unreasonable conduct deters others from repeating such
conduct. To the extent that such a system of incentives and disincentives serves to decrease the
number of exposure incidents, recognition of a cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional
distress serves the laudable goal of promoting public health.
Id. at 1162. The court did imply, however, that Madrid's recovery should be limited to the time period
between the alleged exposure incident and the receipt of conclusive test results demonstrating that she is
HIV-negative. Id.
¶16. In the case sub judice, South Central argues that the actual exposure requirement of Ferguson should
apply to the Pickerings' claims, and since they have not offered any evidence of actual exposure to HIV or
any other disease their claim for emotional distress for fear of contracting HIV and/or other communicable
diseases should fail as a matter of law. South Central correctly notes that the allegedly used lancets were
disposed of before they were tested for the presence of any disease causing agents. The Pickerings
therefore are precluded from meeting the actual exposure requirement of Ferguson. South Central fails to
point out, however, that it is South Central that is responsible for the lancets being thrown away before they
could be tested for the presence of HIV and/or other disease causing agents. According to deposition
testimony, the nurse discarded the lancets despite the fact that a question about their sterility had been
raised. The Pickerings had no opportunity, therefore, to prove that Jimmie was actually exposed to HIV.
¶17. Without abandoning the actual exposure requirement established in Ferguson, we hold that in actual
exposure cases, the plaintiff need only establish that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff to protect her
from exposure to diseases, that the defendant breached that duty by negligently allowing or causing a
medically recognized instrument or channel of transmission to come into physical contact with the plaintiff,
that the resulting emotional injury was a foreseeable result of that breach, and that there was, in fact, an
emotional injury in order to make her prima facie case. Consequently, where the defendant allowed or
caused the best evidence to be destroyed, despite the fact that the defendant had notice that a material,
factual issue existed regarding that evidence, thereby resulting in the plaintiff's being denied an opportunity to
test it, a rebuttable presumption of actual exposure would arise in favor of the plaintiff. The defendant would
then bear the burden of proving that the instrument with which the plaintiff came into contact as a result of
the defendant's negligence did not contain or carry a disease causing agent. This prevents the unjust result of
punishing a plaintiff for not being able to offer substantial proof of exposure where the source of that
substantial proof has been destroyed by the defendant. Of course, where the defendant did not know or
have reason to know that the evidence which it discarded was in question and where it was disposed of
during the course of usual medical practice, a rebuttable presumption in favor of the plaintiff would not arise.
The plaintiff would retain the burden of proving actual exposure. The extent of the defendant's knowledge is
a question of fact to determined by the fact finder. If the fact finder concludes that the defendant had no
notice, then the rebuttable presumption would not arise. If the fact finder determines that the defendant had
notice, then the rebuttable presumption would apply.
¶18. Several significant public policy concerns are promoted under this standard. First, it encourages
hospitals and other health care providers to use reasonable care in handling instruments capable of
transmitting disease. Second, it forces these parties to conduct tests to determine the presence of any
disease causing agents on the instrument in the event that the instrument negligently comes into contact with
an individual. The health care provider is most often the only party in a position to make this determination
since it is he or she that possesses control over the instrument. Allowing the health care provider or owner
of the instrument to discard or destroy that instrument without first making a determination of its ability to
transmit diseases would undermine the important public concern of promoting good health. It would allow
the potential tortfeasor to defeat easily a viable claim simply by preventing the plaintiff access to an essential
element of his or her case. Furthermore, this immediate determination would quell any significant and,
therefore, recoverable fears and anxieties that would emerge in the victim as a result of the encounter by
providing him or her with the knowledge that the instrument was not contaminated. In the absence of any
disease causing agents on or in the instrument or channel of transmission the burden of offering "substantial
proof of exposure" would fall on the plaintiff.
¶19. Today we do not overrule our holding in Ferguson. We simply offer a way for the plaintiff to recover
damages brought about by the defendant's negligence that would otherwise not be recoverable because of
the defendant's subsequent act of blocking the plaintiff's path to a successful case by destroying or disposing
of a key element in the plaintiff's case. In Ferguson, this rebuttable presumption procedure would have had
absolutely no effect since the defendant in no way interfered with the instruments or channels of
transmission. The Fergusons had access to these channels-their property and their well water. Ferguson,
662 So.2d at 651. However, they chose not to have those channels tested. Id. The Pickerings did not have
a choice. South Central made the choice for them. South Central chose not to have the lancet tested for the
presence of disease even though it was aware that a question regarding its sterility had been raised. South
Central was in the best position to determine the capability of the lancet to transmit disease causing agents.
A simple and relatively expeditious test of the lancet would most likely have prevented the Pickerings from
developing any substantial or reasonable fears of contracting any communicable diseases. At any rate, it
would have forced the Pickerings to prove actual exposure via another channel of transmission-a viable
channel that was not destroyed or disposed of by South Central subsequent to the initial incident. The trial
court's denial of summary judgment is affirmed.
¶20. In the absence of illness as a result of the alleged exposure, we further hold that Pickering's potential
recovery is limited to the time between when Pickering learned of the possible exposure and the receipt of
conclusive HIV negative results. Of course, this recovery period presupposes that the plaintiff has been
properly tested for HIV such that conclusive results are in fact possible. Indeed, in the event that the plaintiff
fails or refuses to obtain adequate and reliable testing for the presence of HIV/AIDS in his or her own
body, the rule of Ferguson will prevail, and no such cause of action shall lie. In the case sub judice, the
Pickerings did, in fact, obtain reliable testing, the results of which were all negative.
¶21. South Central offered the affidavit of a physician stating that the longest period of time between
exposure by skin puncture and development of HIV positivity is ten (10) months. The Pickerings, of course,
may offer their own evidence on this issue. Therefore, the Pickerings may only recover for the emotional
distress they experienced as a result of the alleged negligence of South Central for the period constituting
this "window of anxiety."
CONCLUSION
¶22. Finding no error in the ruling below, we affirm the trial court's denial of summary judgment, and we
remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶23. AFFIRMED.
PRATHER, C.J., SULLIVAN AND PITTMAN, P.JJ., BANKS, McRAE,
SMITH, WALLER AND COBB, JJ., CONCUR.
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