Rebuild America, Inc. v. Robert K. Milner
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2008-CA-00121-COA
REBUILD AMERICA, INC.
APPELLANT
v.
ROBERT K. MILNER, PATRICIA K. MILNER
AND WACHOVIA BANK, N.A., SUCCESSOR IN
INTEREST TO FIRST UNION NATIONAL
BANK, AS INDENTURE TRUSTEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLEES
12/14/2007
HON. JAMES H.C. THOMAS, JR.
PEARL RIVER COUNTY CHANCERY
COURT
KIMBERLY PINE TURNER
E. BARRY BRIDGFORTH
W. STEWART ROBISON
CIVIL - REAL PROPERTY
SET ASIDE TAX SALE AND DEED
AFFIRMED: 03/31/2009
BEFORE MYERS, P.J., GRIFFIS AND ISHEE, JJ.
GRIFFIS, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
Robert K. Milner; his wife, Patricia K. Milner; and Wachovia Bank, N.A., as
successor in interest to First Union National Bank, filed suit against Rebuild America, Inc.,
to set aside a tax sale and subsequent deed to property owned by the Milners in Pearl River
County, Mississippi. The chancellor set aside the tax sale because the statutory requirements
for notice to the owners and lien holders were not met. Further, the chancellor set aside a
subsequent deed from the Milners to Rebuild America because there was not proper or
adequate consideration to support the deed. Rebuild America now appeals and argues that
the chancellor improperly: (1) overruled Rebuild America’s motion to dismiss, (2) set aside
the tax sale, and (3) set aside the quitclaim deed executed by the Milners to Rebuild America.
We find no error and affirm.
FACTS
¶2.
The Milners were record owners of certain real property located in Pearl River
County, Mississippi. On December 19, 2000, the Milners executed a Deed of Trust to Jim
Walter Homes, Inc., securing the purchase price of the home built on their property. The
Deed of Trust was recorded and subsequently assigned numerous times. The last assignment
was to First Union National Bank.
¶3.
The Milners failed to pay the 2002 ad valorem taxes on their property; thus, the
property was sold to Wachovia Bank, for Magnolia Investors, LLC, in a tax sale on August
25, 2003. The chancery clerk sent notice to Robert Milner and to First Union National Bank
via certified mail with return receipt. When no redemption was made on or before August
25, 2005, the property was finally sold by virtue of the chancery clerk’s conveyance to
Magnolia Investors dated September 26, 2005.
¶4.
Wachovia Bank, for Magnolia Investors, conveyed its interest in the property by a
quitclaim deed to Rebuild America. Rebuild America then began communications with
Patricia Milner. Tiffany Cone, a representative of Rebuild America, testified that she spoke
with Patricia Milner who was interested in purchasing the property from Rebuild America.
Cone testified that she asked if the Milners would be willing to sign a quitclaim deed to
2
create a tidier file in accordance with Rebuild America’s standard procedure. However,
Patricia Milner testified as follows:
[Cone] called me and told me that REO America had bought our house at a
land sale and that they owned the property. She also told me that if I was [sic]
to sign the quit[claim] deed to her, for her, that they would make sure that they
could find someone to refinance the house and that we could keep the house,
that if I did not sign the papers, that they would give us 30 days and we would
have to move out, that they would evict us.
The Milners signed a quitclaim deed conveying their interest in the property to Rebuild
America on November 3, 2006, the day after the complaint in this case was filed on
November 2, 2006.
¶5.
The chancellor considered the testimony and evidence presented at trial, and he held
that: (1) the tax sale should be set aside for the chancery clerk’s failure to comply with the
statutory notice requirements, and (2) the quitclaim deed from the Milners to Rebuild
America should be set aside for the lack of proper and adequate consideration.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶6.
This Court maintains a limited review of a chancellor’s findings of fact. We will not
reverse the factual findings of the chancellor when supported by substantial evidence unless
the Court can say that the findings are manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous, or amount to an
abuse of discretion. Morgan v. West, 812 So. 2d 987, 990 (¶7) (Miss. 2002) (citation
omitted). “In matters that are questions of law, this Court employs a de novo standard of
review and will only reverse for an erroneous interpretation or application of the law.” Id.
at (¶8) (citations omitted).
¶7.
Further, when an appeal concerns property sold in a tax sale, this Court has held:
3
“Statutes dealing with land forfeitures for delinquent taxes should be strictly construed in
favor of the landowners. Brown v. Riley, 580 So. 2d 1234, 1237 (Miss. 1991). Any
deviation from the statutorily mandated procedure renders the sale void.” Roach v. Goebel,
856 So. 2d 711, 716 (¶29) (Miss. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Hart v. Catoe, 390 So. 2d 1001,
1003 (Miss. 1980)).
ANALYSIS
1.
¶8.
Whether the chancellor improperly overruled Rebuild America’s
motion to dismiss.
In response to the complaint filed in this case, Rebuild America filed a motion to
dismiss along with its answer and counterclaim. Rebuild America argued that because the
Milners transferred their interest in the property via the quitclaim deed to Rebuild America,
the Milners relinquished any right to challenge the tax sale; thus, they lacked standing to
pursue their claims.
¶9.
The motion to dismiss was renewed before the trial began. The chancellor heard
argument from both parties and overruled the motion, and he ruled: “I think we’re now
prejudiced as to how this deed may ultimately fit into the chain of title of the property.” On
appeal, Rebuild America again argues that the Milners lacked standing to challenge the
validity of the tax sale.
¶10.
We review the trial court’s grant or denial of a motion to dismiss under a de novo
standard of review. Harris v. Miss. Valley State Univ., 873 So. 2d 970, 988 (¶54) (Miss.
2004). “When considering a motion to dismiss, the allegations in the complaint must be
taken as true, and the motion should not be granted unless it appears beyond a reasonable
4
doubt that the plaintiff will be unable to prove any set of facts in support of his claim.” Id.
(citing T.M. v. Noblitt, 650 So. 2d 1340, 1342 (Miss. 1995)).
¶11.
Rebuild America cites Osborn v. Harrison, 447 So. 2d 122, 123 (Miss. 1984), for the
proposition that “it is necessary, in order to have standing to sue to remove a tax deed as a
cloud on title, that the plaintiff prove title in himself, or such interest as will warrant the
action . . . .” Rebuild America claims that the quitclaim deed relinquished any interest the
Milners had in the property; thus, the Milners’ standing to contest the tax sale was also
relinquished.
¶12.
However, our supreme court recently held that the issue of standing is determined at
the commencement of the lawsuit. Delta Health Group, Inc. v. Estate of Pope, 995 So. 2d
123, 126 (¶13) (Miss. 2008). Even if, as Rebuild America argues, the quitclaim deed
relinquished the Milners’ interest in the property, the deed was not signed by the Milners
until after the filing of the complaint. The lawsuit had already been commenced; therefore,
we need not address the effect, if any, that the quitclaim deed had on the Milners’ standing
in this matter. Accordingly, this issue has no merit.
2.
¶13.
Whether the chancellor erred in setting aside the tax sale.
The chancellor found that the required statutory notice of the tax sale was not given
because of (1) the chancery clerk’s failure to notify Patricia Milner individually, (2) the
chancery clerk’s failure to send the lien holder’s notice to the address shown on the recorded
instrument, and (3) the lack of a sheriff’s return on the notice. Rebuild America argues that
the chancellor erred as a matter of law by voiding the tax sale.
¶14.
Notice to property owners is governed by Mississippi Code Annotated section 27-43-3
5
(Supp. 2008) which states:
The clerk shall issue the notice to the sheriff of the county of the reputed
owner's residence, if he be a resident of the State of Mississippi, and the sheriff
shall be required to serve personal notice as summons issued from the courts
are served, and make his return to the chancery clerk issuing same. The clerk
shall also mail a copy of same to the reputed owner at his usual street address,
if same can be ascertained after diligent search and inquiry, or to his post
office address if only that can be ascertained, and he shall note such action on
the tax sales record. The clerk shall also be required to publish the name and
address of the reputed owner of the property and the legal description of such
property in a public newspaper of the county in which the land is located, or
if no newspaper is published as such, then in a newspaper having a general
circulation in such county. Such publication shall be made at least forty-five
(45) days prior to the expiration of the redemption period.
....
The failure of the landowner to actually receive the notice herein required shall
not render the title void, provided the clerk and sheriff have complied with the
duties herein prescribed for them.
Should the clerk inadvertently fail to send notice as prescribed in this section,
then such sale shall be void and the clerk shall not be liable to the purchaser
or owner upon refund of all purchase money paid.
Notice of the tax sale was sent to “MILNER, ROBERT K ETUX” via certified mail with
return receipt. Robert Milner testified that he signed for the letter, but he never read the
letter.
¶15.
First, it is clear that the record does not contain the sheriff’s return on the notice as
required by section 27-43-3. Second, as the chancellor stated in his order, the supreme court
has held that section 27-43-3 “contemplates that each owner shall receive the notice required
by the statute.” Brown, 580 So. 2d at 1237. While the “et ux” following Robert Milner’s
name translates to “and wife,” the record shows that Robert Milner, by signing for the
certified letter, was the only owner to receive notice. Patricia Milner did not receive separate
6
notice of the tax sale. Thus, just as in Brown, “[t]he notice was also fatally defective in
attempting to serve both [Milners] with a single notice.” Id.
¶16.
Third, the proper notice was not given to First Union National Bank, the lien holder
of the property. Mississippi Code Annotated section 27-43-7 (Rev. 2006) requires that:
The notice shall be mailed to said lienors, if any, to the post-office address of
the lienors, if such address is set forth in the instrument creating the lien,
otherwise to the post-office address of said lienors, if actually known to the
clerk, and if unknown to the clerk then addressed to the county site of the said
county.
¶17.
The original Deed of Trust executed by the Milners to Jim Walter Homes was
subsequently assigned seven different times. The third, fifth, and seventh assignments were
all assignments to First Union National Bank. The chancery clerk attempted to serve notice
of the tax sale to First Union National Bank via certified mail. However, the chancery clerk
mailed the notice to the address for First Union National Bank found in the third assignment.
That address was in Charlotte, North Carolina.
¶18.
Section 27-43-7 clearly states that the notice should be mailed to the address set forth
in the instrument creating the lien. At the time notice was sent, the Deed of Trust had been
assigned the seventh time to First Union National Bank with an address in Tampa, Florida.
Under section 27-43-7, the notice should have been mailed to that address of the current lien
holder.
¶19.
As the supreme court held in Brown:
the most important safeguard involving any person who stands to suffer from
some official action is prior notice. This gives the recipient an opportunity to
prepare himself and be heard. Notice, therefore, by far is the paramount factor
and purpose of all process. This, however, is not the entire story. Certain
statutory formalities attend every process . . . .
7
Brown, 580 So. 2d at 1237 (internal citations omitted). We must strictly construe the notice
statutes in favor of the landowners. Id. Accordingly, we find that the chancellor did not err
as a matter of law by voiding the tax sale as Patricia Milner did not receive separate notice
and the notice to the lien holder was sent to the incorrect address. There is substantial
evidence to support the chancellor’s determination; therefore, this issue has no merit.
3.
¶20.
Whether the chancellor erred in setting aside the quitclaim deed
executed by the Milners to Rebuild America.
Lastly, Rebuild America argues that the chancellor improperly set aside the quitclaim
deed on the basis of inadequate consideration. The Milners respond that there is substantial
evidence to support the chancellor’s finding.
¶21.
The deed itself recites as consideration: “ten dollars ($10.00) cash in hand paid, and
other good and valuable consideration . . . .” However, Patricia Milner testified at trial that
she was never paid any amount in exchange for the deed. Cone, Rebuild America’s
representative, testified that the only purpose of the deed was to create a cleaner file for the
company. Based on the evidence presented, the chancellor found that the only consideration
given was Cone’s offer to help obtain financing so the Milners could purchase the property.
Because that financing was never obtained, the chancellor found inadequate consideration
to support the deed.
¶22.
Rebuild America’s sole argument against the chancellor’s finding is that, in a
voluntary conveyance, the grantor cannot set aside a deed because of a lack of consideration
absent an allegation of fraud. See Covington v. Butler, 242 So. 2d 444, 447 (Miss. 1970)
(quoting Campbell v. State Highway Comm’n, 212 Miss. 437, 443, 54 So. 2d 654, 656
8
(1951)). However, in Covington, the supreme court explicitly stated that it was “not
contended that the conveyance [at issue] was not a voluntary action” on the part of the
grantor “and there is no allegation that [the grantor] was induced to sign the deed by fraud.”
Id.
¶23.
Here, the record shows that the only reason the Milners signed the deed was to avoid
eviction from their home. This case is distinguishable from Covington because there is
indeed a contention that the conveyance was involuntary. Because the facts of this case are
distinguishable from Covington, the chancellor was not prohibited from setting aside the deed
due to the lack of consideration. Accordingly, this issue has no merit.
¶24. THE JUDGMENT OF THE PEARL RIVER COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE
APPELLANT.
KING, C.J., LEE AND MYERS, P.JJ., IRVING, BARNES, ISHEE, ROBERTS
AND CARLTON, JJ., CONCUR. MAXWELL, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
9
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
