David Brooks v. State of Mississippi
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2007-KA-00828-COA
DAVID BROOKS
APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLEE
5/5/2006
HON. JAMES T. KITCHENS, JR.
OKTIBBEHA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
STEPHANIE L. MALLETTE
PHILLIP BROADHEAD
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LADONNA C. HOLLAND
FORREST ALLGOOD
CRIMINAL - FELONY
CONVICTED OF TWO COUNTS OF
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT OF LAW
ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS AND
SENTENCED TO TWENTY-YEARS FOR
EACH COUNT TO BE SERVED
CONSECUTIVELY IN THE CUSTODY OF
THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS
REVERSED AND REMANDED - 11/12/2008
BEFORE KING, C.J., CHANDLER AND BARNES, JJ.
BARNES, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
David Brooks was indicted on five counts of aggravated assault of law enforcement
officers arising out of events that occurred during a multi-vehicle police chase. He was
convicted in the Circuit Court of Oktibbeha County of two counts of aggravated assault of
law enforcement officers and sentenced to two consecutive sentences of twenty years each.
He now appeals his convictions and sentences.
¶2.
On appeal, Brooks raises the following four issues:
1.
2.
Whether the trial court committed error when it denied the defenserequested jury instructions as to the lesser non-included offense of
reckless driving and the lesser-included offense of simple assault
because both instructions were grounded in the evidence, supported the
theory of the case, and were correct statements of the law.
3.
Whether the trial court erred when it failed to sustain Brooks’s motion
for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) or, in the alternative,
for failing to grant the motion for a new trial as the jury’s verdict was
contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
4.
¶3.
Whether the trial court erred when it granted the State’s motion to
amend the indictment on the day of trial where the amendment
constituted a substantive change in the indictment, the amendment was
prejudicial to his defense, and the amendment was material to the
merits of the case.
Whether the trial court erred when it sentenced Brooks to two
consecutive twenty-year prison terms because under the factors of the
Solem test and the specific facts of this case, the sentence was grossly
disproportionate to the conviction of aggravated assault on a law
enforcement officer.
Finding that the amendments to the indictments were in error, and that the trial court
should have granted Brooks’s proposed jury instruction as to the lesser non-included offense
of reckless driving, this Court reverses the judgment of the trial court and remands the case
for a new trial.
FACTS
2
¶4.
On the afternoon of February 11, 2003, Brooks, a twenty-two-year-old male, was
driving a gray Hyundai in Starkville, Mississippi, when he made a right turn onto Highway
82 from a left-turn lane on Jackson Street. This maneuver was observed by Starkville Police
Officer Andy Fultz, who attempted to pull Brooks over to give him a warning, but Brooks
did not stop. Deputy Sheriff Dennis Daniels was also a witness to the illegal turn and joined
the pursuit. Brooks was observed cutting off other cars and running red lights, although it
was noted by Officer Fultz that he was not driving at an excessive rate of speed. What
resulted was a multi-car police chase that continued for several miles.
¶5.
Officer Fultz pulled in front of Brooks’s car in an attempt to stop him, while Deputy
Daniels remained behind Brooks. Brooks turned left onto Tally Ho Street, an extremely
narrow, dead-end street. At the end of the street, Brooks began to turn around in a circular
driveway with Officer Fultz behind him, but Deputy Daniels attempted to block him in at the
other entrance with his patrol car. Brooks cut through a yard evading Deputy Daniels’s
blockade. During this maneuvering, Brooks almost hit Deputy Daniels, who had exited his
vehicle. Deputy Daniels stated that he had to “almost dive back into the patrol car and pull
[the] door shut to avoid getting hit by him.” Officer Fultz testified that Brooks “did take the
ditch to avoid hitting the car.”
¶6.
Brooks then pulled onto Highway 82. Deputy Daniels called 911 to alert other
officers to the pursuit. It was approximately at this point that Officer Shanks Phelps joined
in the chase, videotaping the pursuit. Brooks drove through two more roadblocks, nearly
striking Officer Shane Knight’s car at the second roadblock. Brooks avoided Officer Knight
by passing him on the shoulder of the road. Highway Patrol Trooper Steve Gladney joined
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the chase near Mississippi State University. Brooks was driving on the wrong side of the
road and almost hit Trooper Gladney’s vehicle. Trooper Gladney pulled off onto the
shoulder of the road to avoid Brooks. Officer Tommy Coleman had also joined the chase and
attempted several times to stop or slow down Brooks by getting in front of him and
decelerating. Officer Coleman stated that Brooks bumped the rear of his police car more
than once, but Brooks refuted this testimony. The chase ended when Brooks lost control of
his car near the airport exit and crashed into an embankment. Officer Coleman immediately
brandished his weapon and ordered Brooks to get down, but Brooks did not comply. Other
officers then apprehended Brooks by force. Brooks was arrested and taken to jail.
¶7.
Brooks was indicted on five counts of aggravated assault on a law enforcement
officer. Brooks testified at trial that he panicked due to a recent bad encounter with the
police in Memphis, Tennessee; he stated that he was looking for a safe place to pull over that
had witnesses present.
Brooks attested that he never intended to hit any of the law
enforcement officers. In fact, he testified that Deputy Daniels was inside his police car when
Brooks went off the road to avoid hitting Deputy Daniels’s police car. The jury convicted
Brooks of two counts of aggravated assault – the counts involving Deputy Daniels and
Trooper Gladney. The trial court sentenced Brooks to two twenty-year terms to be served
consecutively.
DISCUSSION
1.
WHETHER THE COURT PROPERLY GRANTED THE AMENDMENT TO
THE INDICTMENT.
¶8.
On the morning of trial, the State moved to amend the indictments in counts one
4
through five to delete “the excess wording.” The trial court granted the State’s motion to
amend the indictments. In its order granting the State’s motion, the trial court stated that
there was no objection to the amendments to the indictments, but upon review of the record,
we find this to be a misstatement. Defense counsel for Brooks did object to the amendments,
stating to the trial judge: “I think intent is an element that should be proven, and I don’t - do not think that those clauses should be taken out.”
¶9.
Deleted from count two was the language “by attempting to hit and/or run over the
said Trooper Steven Gladney with his vehicle.” From count four was deleted “by attempting
to hit and/or run over Deputy Dennis Daniels with his vehicle.” 1
¶10.
Whether an indictment is so flawed as to require reversal is a question of law. Brown
v. State, 934 So. 2d 1039, 1043 (¶16) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006). This Court on appeal reviews
a question of law de novo. Id. The standard of review of an amendment to an indictment is
also de novo. See Spears v. State, 942 So. 2d 772, 773 (¶5) (Miss. 2006).
¶11.
The general rule is that: “All indictments may be amended as to form but not as to
the substance of the offense charged.” Lee v. State, 944 So. 2d 35, 40 (¶16) (Miss. 2006)
(quoting URCCC 7.09). An amendment as to form rather than substance is one where the
defense under the original indictment is equally available after the amendment and the
evidence which the defendant must use is the same in the pre- and post-indictment. Griffin
v. State, 540 So. 2d 17, 21 (Miss. 1989). If an offense is “fully and clearly defined in the
statute,” an indictment which tracks the language of that criminal statute is sufficient to
1
Similar deletions were made to counts one, three, and five; however, as Brooks was
acquitted of these charges, they are not at issue on appeal.
5
inform the accused of the charge against him. Joshua v. State, 445 So. 2d 221, 223 (Miss.
1984). “[O]therwise, the indictment should charge the offense by the use of additional words
that clearly set forth every element necessary to constitute the crime.” Id. (quoting Jackson
v. State, 420 So. 2d 1045, 1046 (Miss. 1982)).
¶12.
In Joshua, the Mississippi Supreme Court reversed and remanded a case where the
indictment charged the defendant with aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer, but
it did not allege any overt act “whatsoever regarding [the] appellant’s attempt to cause bodily
harm to the Trooper.” Joshua, 445 So. 2d at 223. Evidence was presented at trial that the
defendant struck the officer with his fists and pointed a gun at the officer, but the indictment
failed to state these or any acts committed by the defendant in the course of the alleged
assault. Id. Noting that “our statutory law requires proof of an overt act in order to sustain
a conviction of an attempt to commit a crime,” the Joshua court determined that the
indictment was “substantially defective in that it did not set out any alleged overt act
whatsoever regarding [the] appellant’s attempt to cause bodily harm to the patrolman.” Id.
at 222-23.
¶13.
Neither the State, nor the dissent, makes an attempt to distinguish Joshua but, rather,
argues that the cases relied on by the supreme court in Joshua do not support its result.2
Assuming, without deciding, the State’s survey of the decisions cited in Joshua to be correct,
this does not alter the Mississippi Supreme Court’s holding in Joshua or this Court’s duty
2
The contention is that all cases prior to Joshua can be distinguished based upon the
fact that they were brought under the general attempt statute, Mississippi Code Annotated
section 97-1-7, rather than under the attempt provision of aggravated assault, Mississippi
Code Annotated section 97-3-7(2).
6
to follow its precedent. Therefore, we find that the amendments to the indictments resulted
in error as they eliminated the language alleging any overt act regarding Brooks’s attempt
to cause bodily harm to the officer(s). While we do not find that the amendments materially
altered the facts of the case or affected Brooks’s theory of defense as he had been aware of
the specific allegations prior to the amendments, pursuant to Joshua, the amendments
resulted in “substantially defective” indictments. Accordingly, we reverse, and on remand,
the deleted language should be restored.
2.
WHETHER THE COURT PROPERLY DENIED THE PROPOSED JURY
INSTRUCTIONS.
¶14.
Defense counsel submitted jury instructions for each of the five counts for the lesser-
included offense of simple assault upon a law enforcement officer and for the lesser nonincluded offense of reckless driving. Both sets of instructions were refused by the trial court,
which gave the jury the option to find Brooks guilty only of aggravated assault of law
enforcement officers. Brooks argues that the refusal of both lesser offense instructions was
an abuse of discretion by the trial judge.
¶15.
“With regard to [a defendant’s] claim that he was entitled to a lesser-included offense
instruction, we conduct de novo review, as this is a question of law.” Downs v. State, 962
So. 2d 1255, 1258 (¶10) (Miss. 2007). In order to decide on “whether there is sufficient
evidence that an issue be submitted to the jury, we must consider all of the evidence in the
light most favorable to the party requesting the instruction[.]” Jackson v. State, 551 So. 2d
132, 146 (Miss. 1989). A criminal defendant is entitled to a lesser offense instruction where
there is an evidentiary basis for it in the record. McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1028-
7
29 (Miss. 1989). The McGowan court examined several cases where the supreme court
reversed the trial court’s failure to grant a lesser offense instruction. “The common thread
in all of [the] cases reversing on the point is that, under the evidence, the jury may reasonably
have found the defendant not guilty of the principal charge laid in the indictment and at once
guilty of the lesser charge.” Id. at 1029.
¶16.
Another factor to consider in the trial court’s denial of a lesser offense jury instruction
is the “disparity in maximum punishments between the offenses.” Taylor v. State, 577 So.
2d 381, 383 (Miss. 1991). “A great disparity is a factor in favor of giving the lesser included
offense instruction.” Id. Simple assault on a law enforcement officer only carries a
maximum five-year sentence; reckless driving carries a fine and a maximum of ten days’
imprisonment upon the second offense. It is evident that the significant disparity in these
sentences versus the twenty-year sentence on each of the two counts that Brooks received
could have warranted the granting of a lesser offense instruction. “However, notwithstanding
a large disparity in maximum punishments, lesser-included offense instructions cannot be
indiscriminately given.” Bright v. State, 986 So. 2d 1042, 1049 (¶27) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).
“The requirement remains that there must be evidence to support the lesser . . . offense.” Id.
A. Simple Assault As a Lesser-Included Offense of Aggravated Assault
¶17.
Brooks was indicted under Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-7, which
includes both attempted simple assault under subsection (1) and attempted aggravated assault
under subsection (2).3 “[A]ggravated assault and simple assault are carbon copies of each
3
Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-7(1) and (2) (Supp. 2008) states:
8
other, with the exception that aggravated assault requires the use of a deadly weapon.”
Wilson v. State, 936 So. 2d 357, 364 (¶19) (Miss. 2006) (citing Hutchinson v. State, 594 So.
2d 17, 19 (Miss. 1992)). “This suggests that conduct which is simple assault under [s]ection
97-3-7(1) becomes aggravated assault under [s]ection 97-3-7(2) when done with a deadly
weapon.” Id. The question as to whether an instrument used in an assault is a deadly
weapon is a question of fact for the jury to determine. Shanklin v. State, 290 So. 2d 625, 627
(Miss. 1974). However, in this case, both parties, during the jury instruction conference,
(1) A person is guilty of simple assault if he (a) attempts to cause or
purposely, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or (b)
negligently causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon or other
means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm; or (c) attempts by
physical menace to put another in fear of imminent serious bodily harm; and,
upon conviction, he shall be punished by a fine of not more than Five Hundred
Dollars ($500.00) or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than six
(6) months, or both. However, a person convicted of simple assault (a) upon
a . . . . law enforcement officer . . . acting within the scope of his duty, office
or employment; . . . shall be punished by a fine of not more than One
Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00) or by imprisonment for not more than five (5)
years, or both.
(2) A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he (a) attempts to cause serious
bodily injury to another, or causes such injury purposely, knowingly or
recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value
of human life; or (b) attempts to cause or purposely or knowingly causes
bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon or other means likely to
produce death or serious bodily harm; and, upon conviction, he shall be
punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than one (1) year or
in the Penitentiary for not more than twenty (20) years. However, a person
convicted of aggravated assault (a) upon a . . . law enforcement officer . . .
acting within the scope of his duty, office or employment; . . . shall be
punished by a fine of not more than Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000.00) or by
imprisonment for not more than thirty (30) years, or both.
(Emphasis added).
9
agreed that a vehicle driven in a dangerous manner would be considered a deadly weapon.
THE COURT:
Mr. Burdine, under what - - what scenario would this be
simple assault? Could the jury find that the - - the
vehicle is not a deadly weapon?
MR. BURDINE:
No, they cannot, Your Honor. A vehicle is a deadly
weapon. Can be a deadly weapon.
When prosecuted for aggravated assault under Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-37(2)(b), a defendant may not have the jury instructed on the lesser offense of simple assault
under subsection (1) of this section where the defendant wielded what was indisputably a
deadly weapon. Hutchinson, 594 So. 2d at 19.
¶18.
In addition, the language in the submitted simple assault jury instruction was not
sufficient to support a charge of simple assault under section 97-3-7(1)(a). Specifically, the
instruction charged the jury to find Brooks guilty of simple assault if it was proven that
Brooks “purposefully or knowingly or recklessly attempted to cause bodily injury.” As it
was noted by the trial court that Brooks testified he never intended to harm anyone, the trial
judge refused the instruction stating that he could not “think of a scenario where this could
be simple assault, since we can no longer say he recklessly attempted to cause bodily
injury.” 4 We agree as a “court may refuse an instruction which incorrectly states the law.”
Heidel v. State, 587 So. 2d 835, 842 (Miss. 1991).
¶19.
Brooks now argues on appeal that the instruction for simple assault should have been
4
Although not specifically citing a case, the trial judge’s ruling mirrored the
precedent established by the Mississippi Supreme Court’s holding in Morris v. State, 748
So. 2d 143, 146 (¶10) (Miss. 1999) (the terms “intentional” and “reckless” are mutually
exclusive when applied to Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-7 (Supp. 1991)).
10
granted as Brooks’s actions could have been interpreted as an “attempt[] by physical menace
to put another in fear of imminent serious bodily harm” under section 97-3-7(1)(c).
However, the State argues that the issue of the simple assault instruction is procedurally
barred as Brooks did not submit a simple assault instruction which presented the elements
of the offense under 97-3-7(1)(c); rather the jury instruction submitted included the elements
under 97-3-7(1)(a). Although counsel for Brooks attempted at trial to correct the submitted
simple assault instruction in order to present correctly his theory of defense, we agree with
the State’s position. While a trial judge “has the responsibility either to reform and correct
the proffered instruction” that is inadequate in form or content and “afford counsel a
reasonable opportunity to prepare a new, corrected instruction,” Harper v. State, 478 So. 2d
1017, 1018 (Miss. 1985), we cannot fault the trial judge for failing to divine that Brooks
might be advancing a claim of attempted simple assault by physical menace. This theory was
never mentioned by defense counsel.
¶20.
Further, we find no evidence to support such an instruction. There was no testimony
or circumstantial evidence presented that Brooks might have been attempting to place the
officers in fear of bodily injury rather than attempting the bodily injury itself. There was no
evidence that Brooks drove up to Deputy Daniels and Trooper Gladney so as to place them
in fear and then swerved to avoid them; both officers testified that they only avoided injury
due to their taking evasive maneuvers.
¶21.
Accordingly, we find that the trial judge was correct in his denial of a jury instruction
based on attempted simple assault on a law enforcement officer.
B.
Reckless Driving As a Lesser Non-included Offense to Aggravated Assault
11
¶22.
Brooks also argues that, under the facts of the case, reckless driving constituted a
lesser non-included offense of aggravated assault and, accordingly, an instruction should
have been given to the jury as it supported Brooks’s contention that he never had any intent
to harm anyone involved in the chase. Although admitting that based on the video there was
more than “ample evidence” to determine that Brooks was driving recklessly, the trial court
denied the instruction.
¶23.
Reckless driving is a separate statutory violation from aggravated assault. “The
reckless driving statute makes it an offense to drive any vehicle in a manner which indicates
a willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons and does not provide a penalty
(violation) for injury inflicted upon a person.” Gray v. State, 427 So. 2d 1363, 1365 (Miss.
1983).5 “It is separate and distinct from the aggravated assault statute which provides for an
attempt to cause serious bodily injury or causes such injury.” Id.
¶24.
“If a lesser [non-included] offense, as opposed to a lesser-included offense, arises
from the same operative facts and has an evidentiary basis,” the Mississippi Supreme Court
5
The reckless driving statute, Mississippi Code Annotated section 63-3-1201 (Rev.
2004), states:
Any person who drives any vehicle in such a manner as to indicate either a
wilful or a wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of
reckless driving.
Every person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished upon a first
conviction by a fine of not less than Five Dollars ($5.00) nor more than One
Hundred Dollars ($100.00), and on a second or subsequent conviction he may
be punished by imprisonment for not more than ten (10) days or by a fine of
not exceeding Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00), or by both.
12
has held that “the defendant is entitled to an instruction for the lesser [non-included] charge
the same as if it were a lesser-included charge.” Moore v. State, 799 So. 2d 89, 91 (¶7)
(Miss. 2001). A jury instruction for a lesser non-included offense should be granted “where
there is evidentiary support that a defendant is guilty of a lesser charge arising from the same
nucleus of operative facts.” Green v. State, 884 So. 2d 733, 737 (¶12) (Miss. 2004) (citing
Mease v. State, 539 So. 2d 1324, 1329 (Miss. 1989)). “In fact, proposed instructions should
generally be granted if they are correct statements of law, are supported by the evidence, and
are not repetitious.” Id. at (¶13).
¶25.
The dissent contends that the “jurisprudence pertaining to a court-created right to a
lesser non-included offense instruction” developed from “unique facts” in Griffin v. State,
533 So. 2d 444 (Miss. 1988). However, we find Griffin not to be an anomaly. The
Mississippi Supreme Court has called Griffin “the seminal case on lesser non-included
offense instructions.[]” Green, 884 So. 2d at 737 (¶12). The supreme court has upheld its
adherence to Griffin on numerous occasions, although, at times, finding that a lack of
evidentiary basis precluded such instruction. Compare Delashmit v. State, 2007-KA-02130SCT, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 501 (Miss. Oct. 9, 2008) (acknowledging lesser-related offense
instructions should be allowed, but finding defendant not entitled to instruction on
misdemeanor indecent exposure as no reasonable jury could have found him not guilty of any
element of the principal charge of having enticed a child for the purpose of engaging in
sexually explicit conduct) with Green, 884 So. 2d at 738 (¶16) (reversing and remanding for
new trial as there was evidentiary basis for lesser non-included offense) and Richardson v.
State, 767 So. 2d 195 (Miss. 2000) (reversing and remanding for new trial as denial of
13
defendant’s request for a lesser-included-offense instruction was error because the lesserrelated offense of lustful touching was justified by the evidence; further, State could also
have requested lesser related instruction as it was charged alternatively in the indictment) and
Gangl v. State, 539 So. 2d 132 (Miss. 1989) (reversing and remanding for a new trial as the
lesser non-included offense instruction was warranted; jury may have reasonably found
defendant guilty of the lesser offense of accessory after the fact, but not guilty of being an
accessory before the fact to the armed robbery). This Court has echoed the supreme court’s
holdings in these cases stating:
It seems to us that [there are] two competing interests: a defendant’s right to
have the jury instructed on his theory of defense and the State’s interest in
prohibiting the jury from returning what the State perceives as being a
compromised verdict in cases where the evidence might be insufficient to
support the greater charge but sufficient to support a lesser offense which is
not a lesser-included offense of the greater charge. As between these two
competing interests, it is clear the defendant should prevail.
Williams v. State, 797 So. 2d 372, 379 (¶23) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).
¶26.
The dissent also objects to the granting of the lesser non-included instruction based
on the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Hopkins v. Reeves, 524 U.S. 88 (1998). The
Supreme Court in Hopkins stated that requiring a state to create lesser related offenses would
be “not only unprecedented, but also unworkable.” Id. at 97. However, upon a closer
reading of Hopkins, we find no express prohibition against lesser related offense instructions.
In fact, the Supreme Court states: “Such an affirmative obligation is unquestionably a greater
limitation on a State’s prerogative to structure its criminal law. . . .” Id. (emphasis added).
Based on the numerous holdings in Mississippi jurisprudence allowing such instructions, the
Mississippi Supreme Court has clearly elected to exercise this prerogative, and we, “sitting
14
as an intermediate appellate court, [are] obligated to follow precedent . . . .” See Kennedy
v. State, 766 So. 2d 64, 65 (¶3) (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).
¶27.
The State contends that the trial court did not err because no reasonable juror could
have found Brooks not guilty of the principal charge set forth in the indictment. We
disagree. The jury found Brooks not guilty on three counts of aggravated assault for which
he was indicted. On the two counts at issue in this appeal, neither Trooper Gladney nor
Deputy Daniels was injured. Nor was the evidence overwhelmingly conclusive or clear that
Brooks intended to harm either one of them. The testimony of Brooks that he did not intend
to harm the officers was in direct conflict with that of the State’s witnesses, who stated that
Brooks headed straight for them. Taking the evidence in light most favorable to Brooks, as
we must, the jury could well have found that, rather than attempting to hit Deputy Daniels
with his car, Brooks was merely attempting to avoid running into Deputy Daniels’s vehicle,
which was blocking the road. Further, the jury might have concluded, from reviewing the
video evidence, that Brooks went into Trooper Gladney’s lane to allow more room for a car
which had pulled over to the right side of the road, and that he did not attempt to hit Trooper
Gladney or run him off the road. Therefore, we find that the trial court erred in not giving
the jury the alternative instruction of reckless driving as the question of Brooks’s intent was
one for the jury under proper instruction.
¶28.
We also note that the trial court appeared to base its denial of the reckless driving
instruction on the fact that reckless driving charges were pending in a lower court.6
6
There is no indication in the record whether the pending charges were related to the
specific encounters with the law enforcement officers at issue in this case. In any event, as
15
However, the State has cited no authority for the proposition that the lesser non-included
offense instruction should be denied when charges are pending elsewhere. We find the trial
judge erred in refusing to give an instruction on the lesser non-included offense of reckless
driving. The proposed lesser non-included offense instruction for reckless driving was a
correct statement of the law, was warranted by the evidence, and was not repetitious.
Therefore, the instruction should have been granted by the trial court. Accordingly, we
reverse and remand for a new trial with the jury to be given additional jury instructions on
reckless driving as requested by Brooks.
3.
WHETHER THE COURT PROPERLY DENIED THE MOTION FOR JNOV
AND MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL.
¶29.
At the end of the State’s case-in-chief, the defense counsel made a motion for a
directed verdict asserting that “this case doesn’t reach the height of aggravated assault on a
police officer or simple assault” and that, “at most, he should be charged with reckless . . .
driving.” The trial court denied the motion. Similarly, at the end of all the evidence, the
defense counsel made a motion for JNOV and a motion for a new trial. These motions were
also denied.
A.
¶30.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
There is “a distinction between the review of the denial of a motion for J.N.O.V. based
the other charges for reckless driving were still pending in lower court, there was no issue
of double jeopardy as “a necessary element of [a] double jeopardy claim [is] an actual
acquittal or conviction.” Rush v. State, 749 So. 2d 1024, 1027 (¶12) (Miss. 1999). Further,
as the dissent notes, since each crime has separate and distinct elements, double jeopardy is
not implicated. See Blockburger v. United States, 284 U. S. 299 (1932).
16
on the legal sufficiency of the evidence and review of a motion for [a] new trial based on the
weight of the evidence.” Dunn v. State, 891 So. 2d 822, 825 (¶19) (Miss. 2005). “When
reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must ask whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Shumpert v. State,
935 So. 2d 962, 966 (¶8) (Miss. 2006) (citing Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 843 (¶16) (Miss.
2005)). Although we have already determined that the case must be reversed and remanded
based on the issues discussed above, “[the JNOV] standard of review demands that the Court
reverse and render if the facts, viewed in that light, point so overwhelmingly in favor of the
defendant that reasonable men could not have arrived at a guilty verdict.” Hawthorne v.
State, 883 So. 2d 86, 89 (¶8) (Miss. 2004) (emphasis added).
¶31.
This Court has held that “when an individual is charged pursuant to Mississippi Code
Annotated [section] 97-3-7(2)(b),” as is the case here, the State is only required to show that
the defendant’s “injurious action must have been likely to cause such a result.” Beyers v.
State, 930 So. 2d 456, 458 (¶8) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006). Therefore, in order to meet its burden
of proof, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Brooks purposefully or
knowingly attempted to cause bodily injury to the officers with a deadly weapon. (Emphasis
added). There is no dispute that Brooks drove his car in a reckless manner. As we have
already noted, the issue was whether he intended to hit the officers with his vehicle.
Although Brooks avers that he had no such intent, the officers testified that he intentionally
headed toward them. When there is conflicting testimony presented at trial, “it is the
province of the jury to decide which witnesses are credible.” Graves v. State, 984 So. 2d
17
1035, 1040 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008) (citations omitted). Viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, we find there to be sufficient evidence presented to
prove the elements of attempted aggravated assault beyond a reasonable doubt.
B.
Weight of the Evidence
¶32.
Having determined that Brooks is entitled to a new trial, we find this issue moot.
4.
WHETHER THE COURT’S SENTENCE WAS DISPROPORTIONATE.
¶33.
Brooks was sentenced to twenty years on each of the two counts with the sentences
to run consecutively. He argues that imposing such a harsh sentence on a conviction of first
offense is unconstitutionally disproportionate resulting in cruel and unusual punishment.
Again, having determined that Brooks is entitled to a new trial, we find that discussion of this
issue is not appropriate at this time.
CONCLUSION
¶34.
This Court reverses and remands this case to the circuit court for a new trial. The
court should replace the deleted language in the indictments and allow the jury to consider
the lesser non-included offense of reckless driving, which is supported by the evidence.
¶35. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF OKTIBBEHA COUNTY
IS REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR A NEW TRIAL. ALL COSTS OF THIS
APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO OKTIBBEHA COUNTY.
KING, C.J., LEE, P.J., IRVING, CHANDLER AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR.
CARLTON, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
MYERS, P.J., GRIFFIS AND ROBERTS, JJ.
CARLTON, J., DISSENTING:
¶36.
I respectfully dissent to the opinion of the majority in this case on two dispositive
18
issues and would affirm. I respectfully submit that the trial court did not err in allowing
amendments of the indictment as to form, not substance, to omit surplusage language and that
the trial court likewise did not err in refusing the defense’s proposed jury instruction as to the
lesser non-included offense of reckless driving.
I concur with the majority as to its
determination of the remaining issues.
I. AMENDMENT OF INDICTMENT
¶37.
The question of whether an indictment is fatally defective is a matter of law and given
a fairly broad standard of review by an appellate court. Spears v. State, 942 So. 2d 772, 773
(¶5) (Miss. 2006). In considering the State’s motion to amend the indictment, the trial court
considered the statutory language of aggravated assault and the language of the indictment
itself. The trial judge found that the indictment tracked the language of the statute and in no
way altered any defense previously available prior to the amendment. The trial judge found
that the language stricken from the indictment was not necessary and did not alter the charge.
He found that the State still had the burden to prove the elements of the charge of aggravated
assault upon a law enforcement officer as the elements themselves were quoted in the
indictment. He explained that if the State did not put forth evidence going to each element
of the charge, he would not let the case go to the jury.
¶38.
“[A]ll indictments may be amended as to form but not as to the substance of the
offense charged.” Lee v. State, 944 So. 2d 35, 40 (¶16) (Miss. 2006) (quoting URCCC 7.09).
An amendment is one of form rather than substance where the defense under the original
indictment is equally available after the amendment, and the evidence the defendant may
have is equally applicable to the pre- and post-amended indictment. Griffin v. State, 540 So.
19
2d 17, 21 (Miss. 1989).
¶39.
Brooks’s assertion that the amendments destroyed his defense that he never intended
to use his car to cause bodily injury to any of the officers is without merit. In fact, Brooks
asserted this defense and testified that he had no intention of hitting anyone or causing injuries
to anyone with his vehicle. Furthermore, his defense counsel strongly summed up Brooks’s
defense during closing arguments asserting that every time Brooks got near people he avoided
them, went around them, and essentially avoided any attempt to injure or hurt anyone.
Defense counsel continued throughout the remainder of his closing argument to attempt to
show that Brooks had not intended to hurt the officers with his vehicle. Clearly, Brooks’s
asserted defense to the aggravated assault charges was equally available after the indictment
was amended. Moreover, the evidence Brooks received through discovery was equally
applicable to the pre- and post-amended indictment. The language of the indictment clearly
set forth the charge as to the two counts of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer.
They are as follows:
Count Two charged that Brooks “on or about the 11th Day of February, 2003,
in the county aforesaid, did unlawfully, wilfully, feloniously, purposefully, and
knowingly attempt to cause bodily injury to Trooper Steve Gladney, a law
enforcement officer with the Mississippi Highway Patrol, at a time when the
said Trooper Steve Gladney was acting within the scope of his official duties
and office.”
Count Four charged that Brooks “on or about the 11th Day of February, 2003,
in the county aforesaid, did unlawfully, wilfully, feloniously, purposefully, and
knowingly attempt to cause bodily injury to Deputy Dennis Daniels, a law
enforcement officer with the Oktibbeha County Sheriff’s Department, at a time
when the said Deputy Daniels was acting within the scope of his official duties
and office.”
20
As such, the amendments to the indictment were of form, rather than substance, and wholly
permissible.
¶40.
The clear and unambiguous language of the indictment is taken directly from the
pertinent code section, Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-7(2)(b) (Supp. 2008), which
provides that a person is guilty of aggravated assault of a police officer if he “attempts to
cause or purposefully or knowingly causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon or
other means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm[.]” The indictment clearly stated
that Brooks was charged with aggravated assault on a police officer and listed the applicable
statute section number across the top of the indictment. The statute provides that when one
attempts to cause bodily injury with a deadly weapon or other means likely to produce death,
one is guilty of aggravated assault, not attempted aggravated assault. A review of the history
of Mississippi jurisprudence in this area reflects that had Brooks been charged under the
general attempt statute, Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-1-7 (Rev. 2006), the State
would have been required to articulate the overt act in the indictment. White v. State, 851 So.
2d 400, 403 (¶5) (Miss. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Maxie v. State, 330 So. 2d 277, 278 (Miss.
1976)). However simply because one may be guilty of aggravated assault for attempting to
cause bodily injury by a means likely to produce death does not mean that an indictment for
aggravated assault must contain an overt act as required for an indictment for the separate and
distinct offense of attempt. See, e.g., Edwards v. State, 500 So. 2d 967, 968-69 (Miss. 1986);
McCullum v. State, 487 So. 2d 1335, 1338 (Miss. 1986).
¶41.
In Edwards, the appellant was indicted for attempted armed robbery under the general
21
attempt statute. In noting that Edwards’s indictment included the overt acts committed in
furtherance of the attempt, the supreme court specifically pointed out the following:
We keep in mind that [the] appellant was indicted for a separate and distinct
offense, viz, an attempt to commit a crime. Such a crime consists of three
elements: (1) an intent to commit a particular crime; (2) a direct ineffectual act
done toward its commission; and (3) the failure to consummate its commission.
Edwards, 500 So. 2d at 969 (citing Bucklew v. State, 206 So. 2d 200, 202 (Miss. 1968)). It
is significant that armed robbery may be completed by an attempt to take, just as an
aggravated assault may be completed by an attempt to cause bodily harm. Miss. Code Ann.
§ 97-3-79 (Rev. 2006). The State argues that the above excerpted language from Edwards
stands for the proposition that only an indictment for attempt, that is, general attempt in
violation of Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-1-7, necessitates that the indictment
include an overt act.
¶42.
In McCullum, the appellant was indicted for and convicted of welfare fraud.
McCullum, 487 So. 2d at 1336. On appeal, McCullum argued that she was indicted for
attempted welfare fraud. However, the State proved, and she was convicted of, the completed
act of welfare fraud. Id. at 1338. Rejecting this argument, the supreme court stated the
following:
Without doubt under our law an attempt is an offense separate from the
completed offense and it is indictable and punishable as such. Miss. Code
Ann. § 97-1-7 (1972); Mason v. State, 430 So.2d 857 (Miss.1983).
The argument is wide of the mark here because the principal offense of welfare
fraud is defined to include the attempt to receive an unauthorized welfare
payment. Section 97-19-71(4)(b) provides that among those guilty of welfare
fraud is any person who “attempts to receive . . . unauthorized payment . . . [.]”
22
Attempts are also a part of the principal offenses of welfare fraud as defined in
Sections 97-19-71(2)(b), (3), and (4)(a). Where the principal offense by statute
is defined to include an attempt, an indictment for the principal offense is in no
way defective which employs the word “attempt[.]” See Harris v. State, 445
So.2d 1369 (Miss.1984).
Id. A logical extension of the McCullum court’s analysis includes the State’s argument that
not every completed crime which is defined by statute to include an attempt to commit that
crime must include an overt act in the indictment, as is required for a general attempt, because
general attempt is a separate and distinct crime.
¶43.
Brooks does cite to one case, Joshua v. State, 445 So. 2d 221 (Miss. 1984), in which
the supreme court held that an indictment for aggravated assault was “substantially defective
in that [the indictment] did not set out any alleged overt act whatsoever regarding the
appellant’s attempt to cause bodily harm to the patrolman.” Id. at 223. However, none of the
cases cited in the Joshua analysis stand for the proposition that an overt act must be contained
in an indictment for aggravated assault. For example, the Joshua court relied on Bucklew v.
State, 206 So. 2d at 204, which overturned Bucklew’s attempted embezzlement conviction
because the State failed to prove an overt act showing that Bucklew attempted to embezzle
funds from the city. The question in Bucklew was one of legal sufficiency. Id. Nowhere in
the Bucklew opinion did the court state that an overt act was required to be set forth in the
indictment for attempted embezzlement, where Bucklew was charged under an embezzlement
statute rather than the general attempt statute.
¶44.
The Joshua court also relied on Jackson v. State, 420 So. 2d 1045 (Miss. 1982). In
Jackson, the appellant was convicted of two counts of fourth degree arson, among other
23
charges. Id. at 1045-46. Jackson’s indictment on the fourth degree arson charges stated that
he “willfully, maliciously, unlawfully, and feloniously attempted to burn a building, to-wit:
a store building belonging to J.C. Wooten.” Id. at 1046. The statute Jackson was charged
with violating makes it a crime to “wilfully and maliciously attempt[] to set fire to or attempt[]
to burn . . . any of the buildings or property mentioned in the foregoing sections . . . .” Miss.
Code Ann. § 97-17-9(1) (Rev. 2006). On appeal, Jackson argued that the indictment was
substantially defective for failing to allege an overt act toward the commission of the crime
charged. Jackson, 420 So. 2d at 1046. The Jackson court found that the indictment’s use of
the statutory language was sufficient because the fourth degree arson statute “clearly makes
an attempt to burn the structures described in the indictments a violation of the law if done
willfully and maliciously.” Id. at 1048. The court went on to note that the cases relied on by
Jackson to support his argument that the indictment was void for failure to articulate an overt
act were inapplicable because the indictments in those cases charged violations of Mississippi
Code Annotated section 97-1-7, the general attempt statute. Id. For this reason, Joshua is
contrary to and does not follow Jackson, which is one of the very cases relied upon by Joshua
in reaching the conclusion that an indictment for aggravated assault requires a statement of
an overt act committed by the defendant. Joshua did not distinguish Jackson or overrule
Jackson. See Joshua, 445 So. 2d at 222. Alternatively, Joshua quoted Jackson in stating that
if the offense is fully and clearly defined in the statute, an indictment in the language of the
statute is sufficient. Id. at 223. The Jackson court cited to numerous cases where the supreme
court has held that an indictment was sufficient to charge an offense by using only the words
24
of the statute. Jackson, 420 So. 2d at 1047 (citing Norwood v. State, 258 So. 2d 756 (Miss.
1972); State v. Labella, 232 So. 2d 354 (Miss. 1970); Love v. State, 211 Miss. 606, 52 So. 2d
470 (1951); State v. Needham, 182 Miss. 663, 180 So. 786 (1938); State v. Coltharp, 176
Miss. 883, 170 So. 285 (1936); State v. Snowden, 164 Miss. 613, 145 So. 622 (1933); State
v. S. Ry. Co., 112 Miss. 23, 72 So. 2d 837 (1916)).
¶45.
Applying this established law cited above to the case at bar, the Honorable Jim
Kitchens, circuit judge, reviewed the indictment in this case and found that the indictment
tracked the language of the statute and that the stricken language was not necessary. He found
that the amendment allowing the excess wording to be omitted did not alter the charge in that
the indictment still required the State to prove the elements of the charge as set forth in the
statute for aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer.
¶46.
Because the amendments to the indictment were as to form only, and because the State
was not required to articulate an overt act in the indictment, Brooks has failed to show that
the trial court erred in allowing the amendments.
II. LESSER NON-INCLUDED OFFENSE OF RECKLESS DRIVING
¶47.
I respectfully submit that the trial court did not err in refusing Brooks’s proposed lesser
non-included instruction on reckless driving. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that
if a lesser offense, as opposed to a lesser-included offense, arises from the same operative
facts and has an evidentiary basis, the defendant was entitled to an instruction on the lesser
charge. This jurisprudence, pertaining to a court-created right to a lesser non-included offense
instruction, developed from the unique facts in the case of Griffin v. State, 533 So. 2d 444
25
(Miss. 1988).7 However, Mississippi Code Annotated section 99-19-5 (Rev. 2007) only
requires an instruction on a lesser charge if the lesser charge is a lesser-included offense that
arises from the charge for which a defendant is indicted. Section 99-19-5(1) provides:
On an indictment for any offense the jury may find the defendant guilty of the
offense as charged, or of any attempt to commit the same offense, or may find
him guilty of an inferior offense, or other offense, the commission of which is
necessarily included in the offense with which he is charged in the indictment,
whether the same be a felony or misdemeanor, without any additional count in
the indictment for that purpose.
¶48.
The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that notice of a superior charge in an
indictment will stand for notice of a lesser-included offense. However, the supreme court has
refused to allow notice of a superior charge to suffice for a lesser unindicted offense. Hailey
v. State, 537 So. 2d 411, 416-17 (Miss. 1988). The supreme court found an indictment for
forcible rape did not sufficiently inform Hailey that he might face a charge of felony child
fondling. Id. The supreme court has also held that an indictment for felony child abuse did
not place a defendant on notice as to a possible charge of misdemeanor contributing to the
neglect of a child. Moore v. State, 799 So. 2d 89, 90-91 (¶5) (Miss. 2001). The supreme
court found that if the State proved the elements of felony child abuse, it would not follow that
all the elements of child neglect were also proven. Id. at (¶5) (citing Payton v. State, 642 So.
2d 1328, 1334 (Miss. 1994)). These cases establish that a defendant in a criminal case can
be found guilty of a lesser offense for which he was not indicted, so long as it is necessarily
7
Griffin was indicted for rape, but at trial, he testified that he and the alleged victim
engaged in consensual sex earlier in the evening, but later and at a different physical setting,
they quarreled which culminated in his striking the victim with his hand.
26
a lesser-included offense of the offense charged, or if it was a lesser non-included offense
upon which the defendant requested a jury instruction. Moore, 799 So. 2d at 91 (¶7). Thus,
this court-created right to a lesser non-included instruction effectively allows a defendant to
choose the crime for which he is indicted. Similarly, in this case, reckless driving is not a
lesser-included offense of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer. Reckless driving
has the additional element of operation of a motor vehicle; therefore, the elements are not
encompassed within the charged aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer.
¶49.
The United States Supreme Court rejected the concept of a court-created right to a
lesser non-included offense instruction. In fact, the Supreme Court stated that such a right
would be “not only unprecedented, but also unworkable. Under such a scheme, there would
be no basis for determining the offenses for which instructions are warranted.” Hopkins v.
Reeves, 524 U.S. 88, 97 (1998). As the Hopkins Court discussed, the State has the burden of
choosing which crime to indict a defendant upon, as well as producing evidence to support
each element. If a jury is allowed to find elements proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the
State did not attempt to prove, and even ignored at trial, the jury process is rendered less
rational. Id. at 99 (citing Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 455 (1984)). Our State’s due
process considerations under Article 3, Section 14 of the Mississippi Constitution of 1890,
and Mississippi Code Annotated section 99-19-5, only require lesser-included offense
instructions and in my view only allow such.
¶50.
The current case exemplifies what the United States Supreme Court projected as
unworkable jurisprudence lacking constitutional and statutory legs. It is noteworthy that the
27
record in this case reflects that misdemeanor reckless driving charges were pending in justice
court at the time of trial. Normally, double jeopardy would not attach to two offenses
overlapping from the same transaction or occurrence so long as one of the offenses contained
an element not present in the other. Graves v. State, 969 So. 2d 845, 847 (¶¶8-9) (Miss. 2007)
(citing Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932)).
If the reckless driving
misdemeanor charges had been tried in justice court, no double jeopardy would have attached
to prevent the State from proceeding to trial on the felony charges of aggravated assault on
a law enforcement officer. See Hailey, 537 So. 2d at 416; Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-5(1). The
two offenses are separate and distinct in their elements. Aggravated assault on a law
enforcement officer fails to encompass the elements of reckless driving, i.e., the additional
element of operation of a motor vehicle.
¶51.
An accused should not have the right to search the statute books for some other related,
but not lesser-included, offense with lesser punishment and insist upon an instruction on that
crime. Barber v. State, 743 So. 2d 1054, 1059 (¶19) (Miss. Ct. App. 1999) (Southwick, J.,
dissenting). Otherwise, Brooks in this case should just request a speeding instruction. Why
not? Judge Southwick explained in his dissent in Barber that this extraordinary court-made
doctrine was justified by the court in Griffin because the evidence on the indicted charge was
weak, and there was an enormous disparity in the maximum punishments between the crimes
of rape – life imprisonment – and simple assault – six months’ imprisonment and a fine. Id.
at 1058 (¶¶14-16) (discussing Griffin, 533 So. 2d at 447-48). In Griffin, the defendant
asserted the defense of consensual sex, but admitted to striking the victim with his hand, i.e.,
28
simple assault. Id. at 446.
¶52.
In Barber, Judge Southwick in his dissent argued that the extraordinary court-made
doctrine should not apply because the evidence was not weak and that such a doctrine should
only be applied in restricted circumstances, if at all. Barber, 743 So. 2d at 1059 (¶18). He
explained that the accused should not have the unrestricted right to search the statute books
for some other related, but not lesser-included, offense with a lesser punishment, and insist
upon an instruction on that crime. Id. at (¶19). Judge Southwick wisely counseled to continue
to restrict the applicable situations for utilizing this court-created doctrine of lesser-related
instructions, unless the lesser-offense doctrine is just abolished or abandoned all together. Id.
at 1059 (¶¶18-19).
¶53.
In warning against the use of this “extraordinary” lesser-related-offense-instruction
doctrine, Judge Southwick also points to a related well established criminal law doctrine that
provides that even if the same facts support the conviction of two different crimes with much
different punishments, the grand jury can indict for the greater, and there is no obligation that
a lesser offense also be charged to the jury. Id. at 1058 (¶15). Even where there are two
statutes covering the same crime, and there is a difference in the penalty between the two
statutes, the State is under no obligation to prosecute under the statute with the lesser penalty.
The State may choose to prosecute under either, and so long as the choice is clear and
unequivocal, the defendant has no right to complain. Barber, 743 So. 2d at 1058 (¶16).
¶54.
Utilizing the logic of Griffin, as explained by Judge Southwick, the lesser-related-
offense doctrine should not be applied in the case before us since this case does not meet the
29
first hurdle for use of such an extraordinary doctrine. The evidence in this case supporting
the two counts of aggravated assault upon Deputy Daniels and Trooper Gladney is ample.
The eye-witness testimony of Officer Fultz, Deputy Daniels, Officer Phelps, Officer Coleman,
and Trooper Gladney as to the crash, which ended the chase, and the videotape of the pursuit,
provided a more than sufficient basis from which the jury could find Brooks guilty of two
counts of aggravated assault upon Deputy Daniels and Trooper Gladney. See, e.g., Randolph
v. State, 852 So. 2d 547, 555 (¶16) (Miss. 2002) (“reversal can only occur when the evidence
of one or more of the elements of the charged offense is such that ‘reasonable and fair-minded
jurors could only find the accused not guilty’”).
¶55.
Based on the foregoing, I respectfully dissent.
MYERS, P.J., GRIFFIS AND ROBERTS, JJ., JOIN THIS SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION.
30
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