Flagstar Bank, FSB v. Calvin Danos
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2007-CA-00418-COA
FLAGSTAR BANK, FSB
APPELLANT
v.
CALVIN AND JAMIE DANOS, INDIVIDUALLY
AND AS GUARDIANS AND NEXT OF FRIENDS
OF LAURA MATHERNE, A MINOR, GAVIN
DANOS, A MINOR AND MARISSA DANOS, A
MINOR
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLEES
03/12/2007
HON. R.I. PRICHARD III
LAMAR COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
CAMILLE HENICK EVANS
CHRISTOPHER PAUL PALMER
CRAIG LAWSON SLAY
CATHERINE H. JACOBS
MATTHEW G. MESTAYER
CIVIL - OTHER
DEFAULT JUDGMENT ENTERED
AGAINST FLAGSTAR AND DAMAGES
AWARDED AGAINST IT IN THE AMOUNT
OF $500,000
REVERSED AND RENDERED: 12/02/2008
EN BANC.
KING, C.J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
While the genesis of this appeal is the sale of an allegedly defective manufactured
home, its resolution requires an examination of our law regarding judgments by default.
Flagstar Bank, FSB, (Flagstar) is the last of two defendants in a suit filed by the Danos
family who purchased a manufactured home only to discover after the sale that the structure
had preexisting water damage, which they claim led to mold growth that harmed them.
Flagstar is a Michigan-based banking and mortgage lending corporation that held the
Danoses’ mortgage for a short period. Flagstar is alleged by the Danoses to be vicariously
liable because its alleged agent, an employee of a Lamar County mortgage company,
submitted false and erroneous information to his employer and to Allstate Property and
Casualty Insurance Company (Allstate). The Danoses claim that without the erroneous
information being given to these parties, their loan would never have closed due to the
inability of the property to qualify either for a loan or for insurance.
¶2.
The trial judge entered a $500,000 judgment by default against Flagstar and against
Michael H. Burks, the seller of the trailer home property, after he determined that neither
party had ever appeared nor answered the complaint. Twelve days after the default judgment
was entered, an attorney filed an appearance as counsel for Flagstar and timely filed a motion
to set aside the default judgment. The motion claimed that the Danoses’ service of process
on Flagstar was defective; therefore, the default judgment based upon improper service was
void thereby giving Flagstar good cause to have the default judgment set aside. Further,
Flagstar argued that it had a colorable defense to the merits of the Danoses’ claim in that their
allegations against Flagstar rested solely upon vicarious liability through the actions of a
defendant who was not Flagstar’s employee and more importantly had been dismissed from
the lawsuit. There was no direct allegation against Flagstar in the complaint.
¶3.
The trial court denied the motion, and this appeal ensued. Flagstar raises three issues
on appeal, which we quote verbatim:
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I. Did the trial court err when it entered a default judgment against
Flagstar Bank, FSB for not appearing at docket call or trial when no notice of
trial setting was sent by the Circuit Clerk to Flagstar, and even though the
plaintiffs had not sought entry of judgment by default?
II. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it refused to set aside
the default judgment and judgment against Flagstar Bank, FSB, and did it
abuse its discretion in not considering the three factors for setting aside a
default judgment?
III. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in not setting aside the
$500,000.00 damages award against Flagstar Bank, FSB or not apportioning
damages as to Flagstar?
¶4.
Finding error, we reverse the decision of the trial court and render as to the judgment
against Flagstar.
FACTS
¶5.
In March 2001, Calvin J. Danos and his wife, Jamie A. Danos, began the process to
purchase from Burks a manufactured home and about eight acres of land located at 828 Pine
Grove Road in Picayune, Mississippi. They used Angela Miller of Coldwell Banker Country
Properties (Coldwell Banker) in Picayune as their real estate agent. In an effort to obtain
financing, the Danoses contacted Chris Shirley, a mortgage broker with Amerigo Mortgage,
Inc., (Amerigo) in Gulfport, who began the process of obtaining financing by getting an
appraisal and insurance on the property. After the appraisal was done, the Danoses contacted
Country Living Insurance, Inc., (Country Living) in Poplarville, which issued a homeowners’
policy to them through Allstate.
¶6.
The Danoses closed on the manufactured home and acreage on May 9, 2001, for a
price of $65,000 and began occupying the property the first week of June 2001. Amerigo
made the original loan and then shortly thereafter sold it to Flagstar pursuant to an agreement
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between Flagstar and Amerigo for Flagstar to purchase certain mortgages originated by
Amerigo. Flagstar then apparently sold the mortgage to Chase Manhattan Mortgage, Inc.,
(Chase Manhattan) on November 16, 2001. In early June 2001, heavy rains associated with
Hurricane Allison caused the Danoses’ roof to leak. They investigated and found that the
roof of the trailer had no ridge cap on the center of the roof and that visqueen which had been
put on the roof was directing water down into the walls of the mobile home. As they
attempted repairs, they found more and more rotted wood under the paneling. Odors from
the rotting wood became apparent, and in September 2001, the family started experiencing
respiratory problems. Because the conditions continued, the Danoses hired an inspector who
determined that the mobile home suffered from mildew and mold. To alleviate their health
problems, the family moved into a nearby workshop on the property that was not insulated
and had insufficient lighting. Calvin testified that the time they spent in the workshop
damaged the family relationship due to the living conditions. Also, Jamie testified that the
family suffered allergic reactions which caused them to incur $1,500 in medical bills. The
Danoses filed a claim with Allstate for the damage, which Allstate denied under the “wear
and tear deterioration; molds” provision of the homeowners policy.
¶7.
On March 22, 2004, Calvin and Jamie, individually and as guardians and next friends
of their children, Laura Matherne, Gavin Danos, and Marissa Danos, all minors, filed suit in
the Circuit Court of Lamar County against several defendants. Originally the defendants
were Allstate, which wrote a policy of insurance on the trailer home; Coldwell Banker, a
Picayune, Mississippi real estate company and Miller, a real estate broker employed by
Coldwell Banker in Picayune; Country Living, an insurance agency located in Poplarville,
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which procured the Allstate policy for the Danoses; Amerigo, a mortgage brokering agency
in Lamar County, and Shirley, an employee of Amerigo based in Pass Christian, Mississippi;
Burks, a resident of Picayune, who sold the mobile home to the Danoses that is the subject
of the litigation; and Flagstar, a lending institution incorporated in the state of Michigan,
which held the mortgage on the property and mobile home for a short while. Venue was
placed by the plaintiff in Lamar County as it is the principal place of business of Amerigo,
even though the property involved and all other plaintiffs and defendants were either
nonresident corporations or residents of Pearl River County.
¶8.
Four of the defendants answered the complaint – Allstate; County Living; real estate
broker Coldwell Banker and its employee, Miller; and Amerigo, the mortgage broker/lender
and its employee, Shirley. The same defendants who answered the complaint also engaged
in discovery with the plaintiff for about two years.
¶9.
Each of these four defendants were dismissed from the suit. The first to go were
defendants Miller and Coldwell Banker, having been dismissed from the action on June 7,
2005, as result of a settlement. Defendant Country Living was dismissed from the action
pursuant to an agreement of the parties filed on December 6, 2005. Defendants Amerigo and
its employee, Shirley, were granted summary judgment on September 12, 2006, with the
Danoses agreeing that they “have no grounds to oppose the motion.” The Danoses claimed
that Allstate was negligent for not properly inspecting the property before issuing the
insurance policy. Allstate moved for summary judgment, which was granted on September
13, 2006. The court found that there was no contractual provision requiring Allstate to
inspect the home on behalf of the plaintiffs, nor did the company have a duty to advise them
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of the home’s condition. Allstate admitted that it did not conduct a thorough inspection of
the premises before issuing the policy. However, the court said that any inspection Allstate
would have made would have been for the benefit of Allstate and not for the Danoses. The
Danoses admitted that they had not conducted a thorough inspection of the premises before
they bought it. Also, the court found that the alleged negligent act, Allstate’s failure to
inspect the property before issuing the policy, was outside the circle of foreseeability
necessary to sustain a tort action. “While obtaining insurance was a prerequisite to obtaining
financing, there is no evidence that the plaintiff would not have consummated the purchase
with another insurer, or sought alternative financing,” the trial court said.
¶10.
Only Burks, who sold the trailer to the Danoses, and Flagstar remained as defendants.
Burks was personally served with process on April 15, 2004, by a process server. Burks
never answered the complaint nor took part in discovery. On September 11, 2006, the
Danoses filed an application for entry of a default judgment against Burks for his failure to
plead or answer. Attached to the application was the affidavit of Catherine J. Jacobs, the
attorney for the Danoses, who stated that Burks was duly served with a copy of the summons
and complaint on April 15, 2004, and that more than thirty days had elapsed since Burks was
served; Burks had failed to answer or otherwise defend the action; and the plaintiffs,
therefore, were entitled to an entry of judgment by default against Burks. The clerk’s entry
of default was entered against Burks on the same day, September 11, 2006. A default
judgment was entered against Burks by the trial court in the same judgment as against
Flagstar.
¶11.
Flagstar also did not file an answer. Flagstar was a nonresident corporation with no
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registered agent in the state. The Danoses attempted service by certified mail with restricted
delivery to Albert Gladner the registered agent for Flagstar, at a post office box in Troy,
Michigan. The restricted delivery was signed for, returned, and filed with the Lamar County
Circuit Court on July 13, 2004. The signature on the return receipt is illegible. Attached to
a subsequent pleading was a letter from Robert K. Fleming, the operations coordinator for
Flagstar’s legal department in Troy, Michigan. The letter was addressed to Jacobs, counsel
for the Danoses, at her Ocean Springs, Mississippi address. The letter read as follows:
“Flagstar Bank, FSB (Flagstar) is in receipt of the summons regarding the above referenced
matter. The loan account was sold on November 16, 2001 to Chase Manhattan. You may
contact them at the following address and phone number listed below.” An address for
Chase Manhattan Mortgage, Inc., followed. The plaintiffs never filed an application for
entry of default judgment against Flagstar for failing to answer the complaint; thus, there was
no clerk’s entry of default judgment against Flagstar. However, on September 21, 2006, the
trial judge entered a default judgment against Flagstar. The judgment read as follows:
DEFAULT JUDGMENT
THIS CAUSE having come before the Court for trial on the merits, and
the clerk having called the docket, and on three different occasions called the
Defendant, Flagstar Bank FSB, and said Defendant failed to answer or appear,
it is therefore
ORDERED and ADJUDGED that Default Judgment be and is hereby
entered against the Defendant, Flagstar Bank FSB and in favor of the Plaintiffs
pursuant to Rule 55 (b) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. It is
further
ORDERED and ADJUDGED that the hearing on damages be and is
hereby set over to September 29, 2006 at 11:00 A.M. at the Lamar County
Courthouse in Purvis, Mississippi.
SO ORDERED and ADJUDGED this the 21 day of September, 2006.
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The order was then signed by the trial judge and filed on September 25, 2006. The hearing
on damages was held on September 29, 2006, with Calvin and Jamie testifying and various
documents introduced. Neither Flagstar nor Burks was present or had counsel present. After
the hearing, the trial judge entered a judgment that same day in the amount of $500,000
against Flagstar and Burks, jointly and severally.
¶12.
On October 11, 2006, attorney Christopher P. Palmer of Brandon filed a notice of
entry of appearance as counsel for Flagstar, and on November 15, 2006, Palmer filed a
motion to set aside the default judgment and for additional relief. Flagstar claimed that the
Danoses’ service on it as a nonresident corporation with no Mississippi registered agent was
flawed; thus, good cause existed to set aside the judgment. Flagstar argued that the Danoses
attempted service on Flagstar by mailing a certified letter, restricted delivery requested, to
Gladner, the registered agent for Flagstar at a post office box in Troy, Michigan. The chief
legal counsel for Flagstar submitted an affidavit stating that the registered agent for service
of process upon Flagstar was Gladner. Flagstar’s attorney swore that the return receipt
attached to the summons did not bear the signature of Gladner, but instead it was signed by
Romeo Pena, a mail clerk whose job it was to deliver the mail and who was not an authorized
agent for service of process. Flagstar’s attorney stated that he was familiar with Pena’s
signature. Flagstar’s attorney said that the return receipt was marked “Restricted Delivery”
for Gladner, and Pena had no authority to sign the receipt on Gladner’s behalf. Flagstar said
that because there was not a valid service of process upon it, the judgment of the Lamar
County Circuit Court was void. Further, Flagstar argued that the Danoses did not follow the
procedures of Rule 55 in obtaining its default judgment. Flagstar said that pursuant to Rule
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55(a) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure, a plaintiff must apply to the clerk for an
entry of default and support that application by affidavit or otherwise. Because there was no
application for the default judgment, there also was no entry of default made by the clerk of
court as required by Rule 55(a). Thus, Flagstar argued that the trial court’s entry of default
was faulty because it did not follow the mandatory requirements of Rule 55. Further,
Flagstar argued that the default judgment should be set aside because it had a colorable
defense to the merits of the Danoses’ complaint. Flagstar is mentioned in the complaint only
twice, once in a paragraph stating who the registered agent is for process and another in three
paragraphs that attempt to set out the Danoses’ allegations against Flagstar. Those three
paragraphs read as follows:
45. At all times, hereto, the defendant Angela Miller was acting as agent and
employee of defendant Coldwell Banker as well as the seller, Michael Burks.
Defendant Chris Shirley, at all material times hereto, was acting as agent and
employee of Amerigo Mortgage and Flagstar Bank FSB. While acting as
agents for Coldwell Banker, Amerigo Mortgage and Flagstar Bank FSB,
defendants Miller and Shirley submitted false and erroneous information to
their principals, as well as Allstate Property and Casualty.
46. But for the submission of said false and material information, this real
estate transaction would not have closed due to the inability of the property to
qualify either for a loan or for insurance.
47. As a result of said misrepresentations, whether intentional or erroneous,
the plaintiffs have been caused to suffer property damage as well as personal
harm, as is more fully set forth hereinafter.
¶13.
Flagstar argued that there were no allegations against it other than those founded upon
vicarious liability – a claim that Flagstar’s culpability rests on the actions of defendant
Shirley. Because defendant Shirley had been dismissed from the action on summary
judgment in September 2006, Flagstar argued that the doctrine of res judicata required that
9
the default judgment be set aside. Flagstar said that the essence of summary judgment is that
no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Flagstar asserted the grant of summary judgment to Shirley found that Shirley had
committed no act that would render him liable to the plaintiffs. Therefore, since Flagstar’s
alleged liability rests upon Shirley’s liability, Flagstar could not be held liable to the Danoses
as a matter of law. Further, Flagstar pointed out that there was no agency or employment
relationship among Amerigo, Shirley, or any of the other defendants and Flagstar. Finally,
Flagstar argued that the Danoses would suffer no prejudice if the default judgment were set
aside.
¶14.
The trial court denied the motion to set aside and in a memorandum opinion explained
that the court entered the default judgment because “the defendant failed to appear for a trial
on the merits, and that on three different docket calls, the defendant had failed to appear, or
make any announcements. After entry of the judgment, and consistent with M.R.C.P. 55, this
Court held a hearing on damages, where the defendant also failed to appear.” The court
made a scant finding regarding Flagstar’s claim of lack of jurisdiction because of inadequate
service of process, saying only that: “While the defendant raises numerous other issues
relating to service and prejudice, this Court deems them to be without merit.” The trial court
denied Flagstar’s argument that the record is void as to any entry of default, ruling that
neither an application for default nor a clerk’s entry of fault is required. The court said,
“M.R.C.P. 55(b) expressly allows for a default to be taken if a party fails to appear at the
trial. Here, the record reflects, that the defendant failed to appear at three docket calls, trial
and at writ of inquiry on damages.” The trial court rejected Flagstar’s contention that default
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judgments are not favored and should be set aside when certain factors are shown. The trial
court’s order stated: “[T]his Court does not adopt the position advocated by the defendant
in regards to liberally setting aside default judgments. Setting aside defaults as envisioned
by the plaintiff [sic] would become merely a perfunctory request. Moreover, failure to
uphold default judgments would not foster the important judicial policy of finality of
judgment.” The trial court did not address the issue of whether Flagstar had a colorable
defense to the action. It is from this order that Flagstar appeals.
ANALYSIS
¶15.
We find Issue I raised by Flagstar dispositive; therefore, we will limit our analysis
only to that issue.
¶16.
“Default judgments are not favored, and trial judges have traditionally been lenient
when it comes to relieving a party of the burden of a default judgment.” King v. Sigrest, 641
So. 2d 1158, 1161 (Miss. 1994) (quoting Bell v. City of Bay St. Louis, 467 So. 2d 657, 661
(Miss. 1985)). Conflicting principles are at play when a trial court is faced with a default
judgment. On the one hand the default judgment promotes efficient administration of justice
by requiring a responding party to follow the requirements of Rule 55 of the Mississippi
Rules of Civil Procedure. The default judgment provides a means to deal with a party against
whom affirmative relief is sought who does nothing or very little to respond to the complaint.
On the other hand, however, there is a strong desire to decide cases on the merits rather than
on procedural violations. Manning v. Lovett, 228 Miss. 191, 195, 87 So. 2d 494, 496 (1956).
For this reason, most courts, including our supreme court, disfavor the entry of a default
judgment. This is a reflection of the often stated preference for resolving disputes on the
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merits. “Default is not favored as a way to settle lawsuits. It is the policy of our system of
judicial administration to favor disposition of cases on their merits.” Wheat v. Eakin, 491 So.
2d 523, 526 (Miss. 1986) (citing Bell, 467 So. 2d at 661).
¶17.
Whether to set aside a default judgment is committed to the sound discretion of the
trial court. Lexington Ins. Co. v. Buckley, 925 So. 2d 859, 864 (¶21) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).
However, “this has never meant that the trial judge could do anything he or she wished.”
King, 641 So. 2d at 1162 (quoting Bell, 467 So. 2d at 661). “Sound discretion imports a
decision by reference to legally valid standards [and] [w]here a trial judge in determining a
matter committed to his sound discretion makes his decision by reference to an erroneous
view of the law, this Court has authority to take appropriate corrective action on appeal.” Id.
¶18.
A party seeking to set aside a default judgment turns to Rule 55(c) of the Mississippi
Rules of Civil Procedure which states: “For good cause shown, the court may set aside an
entry of default and, if a judgment by default has been entered, may likewise set it aside in
accordance with Rule 60(b).” Rule 60(b) provides for relief from judgments for various
reasons such as mistakes, fraud, and newly discovered evidence. M.R.C.P. 60(b).
¶19.
With the law concerning default judgments set out we turn to the pivotal issue of
whether the trial court had jurisdiction over Flagstar to enter a judgment against it.
Whether the Service of Process on Flagstar Was Effective
¶20.
A salient requirement of issuing a judgment by default is that the court must have
jurisdiction over the party against whom the default judgment is to be taken. As the
comment to the Rule 55 states: “Before a default [judgment] can be entered, the court must
have jurisdiction over the party against whom the judgment is sought, which also means that
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he must have been effectively served with process. Arnold v. Miller, 26 Miss. 152 (1853).”
M.R.C.P. Rule 55 cmt. Succinctly stated, a court must have jurisdiction obtained by proper
service of process in order to enter a default judgment against a party. McCain v. Dauzat,
791 So. 2d 839, 842 (¶7) (Miss. 2001) (citing Arnold, 26 Miss. at 155). “ Otherwise, the
default judgment is void.” Id. If a default judgment is void, then the trial court has no
discretion and must set the judgment aside. Sartain v. White, 588 So. 2d 204, 211 (Miss.
1991).
¶21.
Flagstar was a nonresident corporation not doing business in Mississippi. The
Danoses attempted service of process by summons issued pursuant to Rule 4(d)(4) of the
Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure by delivering a copy of the summons and complaint to
“an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment
or by law to receive service of process.” Then the Danoses had Flagstar served pursuant to
Rule 4(c)(5) by sending a copy of the summons and the complaint to the person to be served
by certified mail, return receipt requested. This subsection of the civil procedure rule further
states that service “shall be deemed complete as of the date of delivery as evidenced by the
return receipt or by the returned envelope marked ‘Refused.’” M.R.C.P. 4(c)(5).
¶22.
The basis of Flagstar’s argument that the default judgment against it should be set
aside is that it was not properly served because the person receiving process by mail, signing
the return receipt, and mailing it back to the circuit court was a mail clerk and not “an officer,
a managing or general agent, or other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive
service of process” pursuant to Rule 4(d)(4). In support of its argument, Flagstar submitted
the affidavit of its chief legal officer saying that he was familiar with the signature of the mail
13
clerk who signed the return receipt and that it was the mail clerk’s signature on the return
receipt, not the signature of the registered agent. Matthew Roslin, in his affidavit dated
October 31, 2006, stated that he was the chief legal officer for Flagstar and that in April 2004
Flagstar’s registered agent for service of process was Gladner. The affidavit states that the
return receipt attached to the summons for Flagstar did not bear the signature of the
addressee, Gladner. Instead Roslin said that the signature was that of Romeo Pena, a mail
clerk at Flagstar, with whose signature Roslin said he was familiar. Roslin said that Pena’s
job responsibilities were to deliver mail from the mail distribution center to the recipients.
Roslin said that Pena was not authorized to accept service of process for Flagstar, nor was
he an agent for Gladner. “The Return Receipt is marked ‘Restricted Delivery’ for Mr.
Gladner and Romeo Pena had no authority to sign the Return Receipt on Albert Gladner’s
behalf,” the affidavit concluded.
¶23.
The Lamar County Circuit Clerk could not read the signature on the return as is noted
by a July 13, 2004, docket entry that reads: “Summons returned-certified mail as to Flagstar
Bank signed for 4-15-04 by ?, filed.” As noted in the entry there was a question mark where
the clerk places the name of the person returning service.
¶24.
In the face of this denial of proper service, the Danoses offered no counter-affidavits
or other proof regarding the signature of the registered agent or as to its authenticity. Instead,
the Danoses filed a “Response to Motion to Set Aside Judgment” and a “Motion to Strike the
Affidavit.” The Danoses, however, never brought the motion to strike on for hearing as there
is no order in the record ruling on the motion. In the motion to set aside judgment, the
Danoses said that the signature on the return receipt was “largely illegible and resembled the
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initials ‘A.G.’” The only other reference in the motion was that Flagstar sent a letter dated
April 26, 2004, to counsel for the plaintiff advising her that Flagstar had sold the Danoses’
loan account to Chase Manhattan on November 16, 2001.
¶25.
Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(c)(5), which allows out of state service of
summons by certified mail, and Rule 4(d)(4), which identifies the person upon whom service
must be made if the defendant is a foreign corporation, must be read jointly. Brown v.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27445 at *8-12 (S.D. Miss. 2002).1 If
service is attempted by certified mail upon a corporation under Rule 4(c)(5), but is delivered
to a person not designated to receive process under Rule 4(d)(4), then the process fails. Id.
In Rogers v. Hartford Life and Accident Insurance Co., 167 F.3d 933, 940 (5th Cir. 1999),
the federal appeals court considered the interrelationship between Rule 4(c)(5) and Rule 4(d).
The court said:
We begin by examining the plain language of Rule 4(c)(5). See Russell
v. State, 231 Miss. 176, [189], 94 So. 2d 916, 921 [1957] (noting that “the
meaning of statutes is to be sought and ascertained from their language.”)
[superceded by statute on other grounds]. The first sentence of the Rule states
that “a summons may be served on a person outside this state by sending a
copy of the summons and of the complaint to the person to be served by
certified mail, return receipt requested.” [M.R.C.P.] 4(c)(5) (emphasis added).
The Rule then states that “[w]here the defendant is a natural person, the
envelope containing the summons and complaint shall be marked ‘restricted
delivery.’” [M.R.C.P.] 4(c)(5) (emphasis added). The Rule, therefore,
distinguishes between the “person” that physically receives service, and the
actual “defendant.” The two terms are not synonymous.
1
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e)(1) provides that serving an individual within
a federal judicial district may be done by: “following state law for serving a summons in an
action brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located
or where service is made.” Therefore, federal court decisions interpreting Mississippi’s civil
procedure rules are persuasive.
15
Rogers, 167 F.3d at 940. Thus, a plaintiff, when faced with which procedural rule to follow
in serving process pursuant to Rule 4(d), must specifically identify whether the defendant is
a “person” and apply the attendant civil procedure rule and/or identify who is the “the actual
defendant” and follow the appropriate civil procedure rule. In this case, the Danoses
determined that one of the defendants was Flagstar, a foreign corporation not doing business
in Mississippi with no registered agent for service of process. Because Flagstar, the actual
defendant, was a corporation then the civil procedure rule for serving an out-of-state
corporation, Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(d)(4),2 was to be followed. The Danoses
attempted to follow Rule 4(d)(4) but failed because the authorized agent for service of
process was not served. Instead the uncontested evidence shows that service was had upon
a mail clerk. We have affirmed the salient rule that procedural rules relating to service of
process are to be strictly construed. Kolikas v. Kolikas, 821 So. 2d 874, 878 (¶16) (Miss. Ct.
App. 2002) (citing Birindelli v. Egelston, 404 So. 2d 322, 323-24 (Miss. 1981)).
¶26.
If service is attempted upon an agent, this entails an affirmative showing by the
plaintiff that the person served was in fact the agent for service of process before a default
judgment is entered. Hanover Modular Homes of Taft, Inc. v. Corpus Christi Bank & Trust,
476 S.W.2d 97, 99 (Tex. Civ. App. 1972). Just because an individual is an employee of a
2
Rule 4(d)(4) provides in pertinent part:
“Service by sheriff or process server shall be made as follows:
(4) Upon a . . . foreign corporation . . . by delivering a copy of the summons
and of the complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any other
agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process.”
16
defendant “does not cloak that individual with authority to receive process for the
defendant,” and the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to establish that the authority to
receive service of process exists between the defendant and the individual served. Brakke
v. Rudnick, 409 N.W.2d 326, 330 (N.D. 1987); Hanover Modular Homes, 476 S.W.2d at 99,
101. When the return of service in situations other than by personal service is challenged by
an affidavit and there are no counter-affidavits, the return itself is not even evidence and,
absent evidence from the plaintiff, the affidavit must be taken as true and the purported
service of summons quashed. Sullivan v. Bach, 427 N.E.2d 645, 649 (Ill. App. Ct. 1981)
(citing First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n of Chicago v. Brown, 393 N.E.2d 574, 578 (Ill. App.
Ct. 1979)).
¶27.
Applying these general rules to the facts of our case, we find that the Danoses did not
make an affirmative showing that the person who signed for the summons was in fact the
registered agent for service of process for Flagstar. While Flagstar submitted an affidavit that
the person who signed was a mail clerk and not the agent for service of process, the Danoses
only said in a pleading that the signature on the return receipt “resembled the initials ‘A.G.’”
The Danoses point to the fact that their attorney received a letter dated April 22, 2004, from
Fleming, with the legal department at Flagstar advising her that Flagstar was in receipt of the
summons regarding the matter, but that the loan account was sold to another bank on
November 16, 2001. However, the Mississippi Supreme Court has long held that "actual
knowledge by a defendant of the pendency of a suit against him is immaterial, 'unless there
has been a legal summons or a legal appearance.'" Brown v. Riley, 580 So. 2d 1234, 1237
(Miss. 1991) (quoting McCoy v. Watson, 154 Miss. 307, 315, 122 So. 368, 370 (1929)).
17
Thus, the Danoses may not use the letter as a substitute to a legal summons upon Flagstar.
¶28.
The Danoses, as plaintiffs, had the burden to establish that the authority to receive
service of process existed between Flagstar and the individual who was served. By affidavit,
the attorney for Flagstar stated that the person who signed for the process was a mailroom
clerk who was not the agent for service of process. The Danoses submitted no counteraffidavits. Therefore, the Flagstar affidavit from the Flagstar attorney Roslin must be taken
as true, and the purported service of summons on Flagstar quashed.
¶29.
The dissent takes the view that service upon Flagstar was complete upon the delivery
of the certified mail, quoting in support of its argument the last sentence of Rule 4(c)(5),
entitled “Service by Certified Mail on Person Outside State” which reads: “Service by this
method shall be deemed complete as of the date of delivery as evidenced by the return receipt
or by the returned envelope marked ‘refused.’” The dissent says that the certified letter was
signed for by someone whose signature could not be deciphered and summons was returned.
Thus, to the dissent, service was effectuated. However, while quoting in full Rule 4(d)(4),
which sets out how a foreign corporation is to be served, the dissent then makes no analysis
of how serving a mail clerk can meet the requirements of that rule that service be made on
a foreign corporation like Flagstar “by delivering a copy of the summons and of the
complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by
appointment or by law to receive service of process.” The Danoses’ attempt to serve Flagstar
failed when the mailroom clerk signed for the process and the Danoses took no further action
to ensure that the person signing the return receipt was “an officer, a managing or general
agent, or . . . any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of
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process.” Even when told by Flagstar in the affidavit of Roslin that Peno, the mail clerk, had
signed for the summons and that Peno was not authorized by appointment or by law to
receive service of process, the Danoses did nothing. They took no steps to offer a counteraffidavit. We refuse to adopt a corporate “mailbox-type rule” where service upon a foreign
corporation is complete upon delivery as evidenced by the return receipt regardless of who
signs for the corporation. Process upon a corporation must be directed to one of its agents
authorized by it to accept process. As the practice guide in American Jurisprudence 2d states:
“Service of process on a corporation will be quashed upon the filing of an uncontradicted
affidavit that the person served was not the general manager, officer, or agent of a
corporation and had never been authorized to accept service of process on the corporation’s
behalf.” 62B Am. Jur. 2d Process, § 241 (2005).
¶30.
Because the trial court lacked jurisdiction to issue a default judgment, we find that the
judgment of the trial court must be reversed and rendered.
¶31. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LAMAR COUNTY IS
REVERSED AND RENDERED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED
TO THE APPELLEES.
CHANDLER, BARNES, ISHEE, ROBERTS AND CARLTON, JJ., CONCUR.
IRVING, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY LEE
AND MYERS, P.JJ., AND GRIFFIS, J.
IRVING, J., DISSENTING:
¶32.
The majority finds that process on Flagstar Bank, FSB (Flagstar) was defective and,
on that basis, reverses and renders the default judgment in the amount of $500,000 ordered
by the trial court in favor of Calvin and Jamie Danos and their minor children. The majority
concludes that process was defective because the mailroom clerk at Flagstar signed for the
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restricted letter or package (containing the complaint and summons) that was addressed to
Albert Gladner, Flagstar’s registered agent for service of process. This finding is premised
on the contents of an affidavit submitted by Flagstar’s chief legal officer as a part of
Flagstar’s motion to set aside the default judgment that had been rendered against it after it
failed to answer the Danoses’ complaint. In finding that process was defective because the
mailroom clerk signed for the letter addressed to Gladner, the majority, in my opinion,
ignores or misconstrues Rules 4(d)(4) and 4(c)(5) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil
Procedure, which specify to whom and how service of process may be served upon a
domestic or foreign corporation. Therefore, I dissent. I would affirm the judgment of the
trial court.
¶33.
I begin with an analysis of the rules quoted above. Rule 4(d)(4) identifies the person
to be served and provides that service by a sheriff or process server shall be made as follows:
Upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other
unincorporated association which is subject to suit under a common name, by
delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an officer, a
managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment
or by law to receive service of process.
Rule 4(c)(5) provides for various methods of service of the summons and complaint
including the following:
Service by Certified Mail on Person Outside State. In addition to service by
any other method provided by this rule, a summons may be served on a person
outside this state by sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint to
the person to be served by certified mail, return receipt requested. Where the
defendant is a natural person, the envelope containing the summons and
complaint shall be marked “restricted delivery.” Service by this method shall
be deemed complete as of the date of delivery as evidenced by the return
receipt or by the returned envelope marked “Refused.”
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(Second emphasis added).
¶34.
It is clear from a reading of the plain language of Rule 4(c)(5) that where a defendant
is a natural person the envelope must be marked restricted delivery. The defendant in this
case, Flagstar, is a corporation, not a natural person. Therefore, Rule 4(c)(5) does not
mandate that the envelope containing the summons and complaint sent to Flagstar be marked
restricted delivery; however, the rule does not prohibit marking the envelope restricted
delivery. When the defendant is a corporation, Rule 4(c)(5) only requires that the summons
and complaint be sent by certified mail, return receipt requested. Of course, the summons
and complaint must be addressed to the corporation’s registered agent for service of process,
as was done in this case.
¶35.
As stated, the majority relies upon the affidavit of Flagstar’s chief legal officer that
stated that the mailroom clerk, Romeo Pena, signed for the certified letter and that Pena “is
not, and has never been, authorized to accept service of process for Flagstar Bank.” The fact
that Pena was not, and never had been, an agent for service of process for Flagstar is beside
the point. The certified letter was addressed and sent to Flagstar’s registered agent for
service of process — Gladner. It is not contended in the affidavit that Pena did not have the
authority to pick up mail at the post office for Gladner. Even if such an allegation had been
made, it would be inconsequential. This is because Rule 4(c)(5) does not speak to the issue
of whether someone other than the registered agent for service of process for a corporation
may sign for a certified letter addressed to the registered agent.
¶36.
Finally, it cannot be legitimately doubted that the certified letter was received by
Gladner because in a letter dated April 22, 2004, Robert K. Fleming, Legal Department
21
Operations Coordinator, advised counsel for the Danoses, inter alia, that “Flagstar Bank, FSB
(Flagstar) is in receipt of the summons regarding the above referenced matter.” The majority
finds that this letter cannot take the place of a valid summons and complaint being served
upon Flagstar. I agree, but the importance of the letter is not that it serves in lieu of service
of the summons and complaint upon Flagstar, but that it proves that the certified letter that
was properly addressed to Flagstar’s registered agent for service of process was in fact
received by the registered agent. Rule 4(c)(5) provides: “Service by [certified mail] shall be
deemed complete as of the date of delivery as evidenced by the return receipt or by the
returned envelope marked “Refused.” The return receipt showed that the letter was signed
for by someone whose signature could not be readily deciphered. However, Flagstar’s chief
legal officer was able to decipher the otherwise illegible signature, advising that it was signed
for by Flagstar’s mailroom clerk. As stated, the letter was sent restricted delivery, but it did
not have to be. The United States Postal Service should not have allowed the mailroom
clerk to sign for the letter. Nevertheless, that failure on the part of the postal service does not
affect the legality or effectiveness of the process on Flagstar, because a certified letter, return
receipt requested, was served on its registered agent for service of process, even though it
was physically picked up by someone else for the registered agent. It is apparent that the
majority equates the physical pickup of the certified letter by Pena with a failure of service
of the certified letter on Gladner. That is simply not the case. As stated, for service to have
been complete and effective under Rule 4(c)(5), all that was required was for the letter to
have been sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, not restricted delivery, addressed
to Flagstar’s registered agent for service of process. That in fact was done in this case.
22
Therefore, process was deemed complete when the certified letter was signed for and picked
up by Pena.
¶37.
For the reasons stated, I dissent. I would affirm the trial court’s judgment, for it is
clear that Flagstar slept on its responsibility to respond to the Danoses’ lawsuit.
LEE AND MYERS, P.JJ., AND GRIFFIS, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.
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