Willie Earl Lane v. Gertrude Henderson
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2004-CA-00612-COA
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF WILLIE
LANE, DECEASED: WILLIE EARL LANE A/K/A
WILLIE CLANTON
APPELLANT
v.
APPELLEE
GERTRUDE HENDERSON
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
2/19/2004
HON. WILLIAM JOSEPH LUTZ
MADISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
JAMES MORTIMER CREWS
SAMUEL SUTHERLAND GOZA
WILLIAM CHARLES BELL
CIVIL - WILLS, TRUSTS, AND ESTATES
CHANCELLOR ENTERED JUDGMENT
SETTING ASIDE CONVEYANCE OF REAL
PROPERTY.
REVERSED AND RENDERED - 10/18/2005
BEFORE BRIDGES, P.J., GRIFFIS AND BARNES, JJ.
BARNES, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
Willie Earl Lane (“Willie Earl”) appeals the judgment of the Madison County Chancery Court
which set aside a conveyance of real property to Willie Earl on the grounds of undue influence. We find
that the chancellor manifestly abused his discretion in finding that there was a confidential relationship
between Willie Earl and the grantor, Willie Lane. Because there was no confidential relationship, no
presumption of undue influence arose. Therefore, we reverse and render.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
¶2.
Willie Lane died on April 7, 2002, at the age of ninety-five. Following his death, one of his
daughters, Gertrude Henderson (“Henderson”), petitioned the Madison County Chancery Court to be
appointed administratrix of Willie Lane’s estate and petitioned the court to grant letters of administration.
Both petitions were granted. After being appointed as administratrix of Willie Lane’s estate, Henderson
petitioned to set aside a conveyance of real property which Willie Lane made to his son,1 Willie Earl, prior
to his death. The property in question is a 47.9 acre tract of land located in Madison County, Mississippi.
Willie Lane conveyed this tract via quitclaim deed to Willie Earl on August 13, 1999, reserving in himself
a life estate. In her petition, Henderson alleged that this conveyance was caused by undue influence which
arose from a confidential relationship, that the conveyance should therefore be nullified and set aside, and
that the property should be added to the hotchpot of the Willie Lane estate.
¶3.
The issue of whether a confidential relationship existed at the time of the conveyance was tried
before the chancery court on October 29, 2003. Both Henderson and Willie Earl testified at trial and, as
may be expected, their testimonies sharply conflicted. Willie Earl testified that he had maintained a close
relationship with his father throughout his life, and that he (Willie Earl) had always cared for and maintained
the property in question, even when he was young. Willie Earl testified that, around the time of the property
conveyance, his father “would always let me know what he was going to do . . . . He never done anything
without me knowing about it.” Willie Earl admitted to driving his father to the doctor for periodic checkups
and to “places to take care of his own business.” He noted, however, that his father nevertheless
maintained his independence, even at a very advanced age. Willie Earl’s testimony reflects that, up until
the age of ninety-four, Willie Lane was able to drive himself around town, was solely responsible for his
1
Although she did not raise the issue at trial, Henderson’s pleadings indicate that she is contesting
Willie Earl’s status as an heir of Willie Lane, and therefore, impliedly, his status as Willie Lane’s son.
2
personal finances, and was in generally good health, aside from a diagnosis of prostrate cancer in 1992.
Uncontradicted testimony showed that Willie Lane moved in with Willie Earl on or about March 2000,
apparently because Willie Lane’s house had burned down. From that point, Willie Lane was cared for by
Willie Earl and his wife, Dorothy, until 2002 when Willie Lane was placed in a nursing home.
¶4.
Henderson’s testimony was that Willie Lane came to her on or about April 2000, and stated that
Willie Earl had “stole everything he had” including “everything in the bank” and “my land.” As to Willie
Lane’s mentaland physicalcondition, Henderson testified that he “couldn’t cook food for himself or nothing
like that. If you prepared the food for him, he could fix a plate, like that. But when it c[a]me to washing
his clothes, he had to have somebody to do that for him.” But she also testified that ever since she could
remember, Willie Lane was able to go to the grocery store on a weekly basis.
¶5.
The events surrounding the signing of the quitclaim deed and actual conveyance of the property on
August 13, 1999, are unclear. Henderson and Willie Earl both seemed to agree that the deed was drafted
and signed in the office of attorney George Nichols. Willie Earl testified that he was not present at the
signing of the deed, but that he knew that his father was going to convey the property to him because his
father had previously informed him of his intentions. However, in a previous deposition, Willie Earl stated
that he had been present in the room with his father when his father signed the deed.2 In Nichols’s pre-trial
deposition, he admitted that he thought that Willie Earl had provided the information to prepare the
quitclaim deed.
¶6.
Henderson’s testified that she learned of the conveyance in April 2000, when she was purportedly
told by Willie Lane that Willie Earl had “stolen” his land. She then stated that, almost two years later, on
February 12, 2002, she payed Nichols a visit and confronted him about the allegedly fraudulent
2
This contradictory testimony weighed heavily in the chancellor’s decision.
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conveyance. According to Henderson’s testimony, Nichols acknowledged to her that he had prepared
the deed in question, and that he apologized to her for facilitating the transaction. Under Henderson’s
version of the facts, Nichols told her that Willie Earl had told him that he was Willie Lane’s only heir, and
that, based on this knowledge, Nichols agreed to draft the deed and supervise the conveyance.
¶7.
Nichols and his secretary testified at trial. Both stated that they had absolutely no knowledge of
the transaction in question. While they admitted, based on the signatures on the document, that the
quitclaim deed was prepared by Nichols and signed in Nichols’s office, neither had independent
recollection of the circumstances surrounding the transaction. Nichols did testify, however, to a rigorous
procedure he follows for the preparation of any conveyance or will when an older and possibly less
independent client is involved. When examined by Henderson’s counsel, Nichols denied having met with
Henderson regarding the deed, and testified that he had no recollection of ever having met Henderson.
¶8.
After hearing the testimony, the chancellor immediately issued a bench ruling. He found that Willie
Earl and Willie Lane lived together for about three years, that Willie Lane was old, that Willie Earl took
care of Willie Lane to some extent, that Willie Earl’s wife, Dorothy, cooked for Willie Lane and spent a
lot of time with him when he lived with them, and that Willie Earl had a close relationship with Willie Lane.
He also found that Willie Lane “knew what he was doing,” that he could still drive himself, that he “did his
own stuff pretty well,” and that he was “physically strong and probably fairly mentally strong for a person
of his age . . . .” Based on these findings, the chancellor ruled that a confidential relationship existed
between Willie Lane and Willie Earl. Having found a confidential relationship existed, the court then turned
to whether Willie Earl had rebutted the presumption of undue influence with clear and convincing evidence.
4
The Court found that Willie Earl did not rebut the presumption, primarily because he was not a credible
witness.3 Willie Earl timely appealed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶9.
We will not disturb a chancellor’s findings of fact unless the findings are clearly erroneous,
manifestly wrong, or if the chancellor abused his discretion. Woodell v. Parker, 860 So. 2d 781, 785
(¶10) (Miss. 2003). We will not reverse the ruling of the chancery court where the chancellor’s decision
is based upon substantial evidence contained in the record. Norris v. Norris, 498 So. 2d 809, 814 (Miss.
1986).
ISSUE AND ANALYSIS
¶10.
Willie Earl raises three issues on appeal. First, he argues that the chancellor erred in finding that
a confidential relationship existed between himself and Willie Lane at the time of the conveyance in
question. Second, he argues that the chancellor erred by shifting the burden of showing that no undue
influence existed at the time of the conveyance to him. Third, he argues that, even assuming a confidential
relationship did exist, the chancellor erred in finding that he was not able to overcome the presumption of
undue influence. Henderson contests each point, arguing that the chancellor properly found the existence
of a confidential relationship, and that Willie Earl failed to overcome the resulting presumption of undue
influence. We find that Henderson did not present clear and convincing evidence of the existence of a
confidential relationship, and that the chancellor’s ruling therefore constituted manifest error.
¶11.
Mississippi law clearly recognizes that “an inter vivos gift is a perfectly lawful means of transferring
real property in this state.” Anderson v. Burt, 507 So. 2d 32, 36 (Miss. 1987) (citing Longtin v. Witcher,
3
The chancellor stated, “Probably the clincher was that when Mr. Willie Earl Lane was being
examined and questioned by [Henderson’s attorney], his memory failed on almost every relevant question.
But when he was being examined by his own lawyer . . . his memory was much, much better.”
5
352 So. 2d 808, 810-11 (Miss. 1977). Gifts of real property between family members are a normal
occurrence, and our courts will not act when a conveyance from a parent to a child is a purely voluntary
act. Id. In fact, “[a] deed from a parent to a child alone and of itself raises no presumption of undue
influence since, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the parent is presumably the dominant party.
This is true even though the parent is aged, or aged and infirm.” Thomas v. Jolly, 251 Miss. 448, 454-55,
170 So. 2d 16, 19 (1964).
¶12.
Our courts will act, however, if it is shown that a confidential relationship existed between the
grantor and grantee at the time of the conveyance. Anderson, 507 So. 2d at 36. The supreme court has
stated:
Whenever there is a relationship between two people in which one person is in a position
to exercise dominant influence upon the other because of the latter’s dependency upon the
former, arising either from weakness of mind or body, or through trust, the law does not
hesitate to characterize such a relationship as fiduciary in character.
Madden v. Rhodes, 626 So. 2d 608, 617 (Miss. 1993). “The party asserting that a confidential
relationship exists has the burden of establishing such a relationship by clear and convincing evidence.”
Foster v. Ross, 804 So. 2d 1018, 1021 (¶11) (Miss. 2002); see also Holmes v. O’Bryant, 741 So. 2d
366, 371 (¶21) (Miss. Ct. App. 1999) (clear and convincing evidence required to prove confidential
relationship). If a confidential relationship is established by the moving party, a presumption of undue
influence arises, and the burden shifts to the non-moving party to prove by clear and convincing evidence
that the conveyance in question was not tainted by undue influence. Anderson, 507 So. 2d at 36.
¶13.
The court looks to a number of factors in determining whether a confidential relationship exists.
These factors include:
(1) whether one person has to be taken care of by others, (2) whether one person
maintains a close relationship with another, (3) whether one person is provided
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transportation and has their medical care provided for by another, (4) whether one person
maintains joint accounts with another, (5) whether one is physically or mentally weak, (6)
whether one is of advanced age or poor health, and (7) whether there exists a power of
attorney between the one and another.
Wright v. Roberts, 797 So. 2d 992, 998 (¶18) (Miss. 2001); In re Estate of Dabney, 740 So. 2d 915,
919 (¶12) (Miss. 1999); In re Conservatorship of Moran, 821 So. 2d 903, 906-07 (¶16) (Miss. Ct.
App. 2002). In the instant case, the chancellor relied on these factors in making his bench ruling.
Specifically, the chancellor found that (1) Willie Earl and Dorothy took care of Willie Lane to some extent
during the three years that Willie Lane lived with them, (2) Willie Earl and Willie Lane had a close
relationship, (3) Willie Lane “could still drive his car and did his own stuff pretty well,” (4) Willie Earl and
Willie Lane shared bank accounts, but that these were payable on death accounts, not joint accounts, (5)
Willie Lane “was fairly physically strong and probably fairly mentally strong for a person of his age . . . ,”
(6) Willie Lane was of an advanced age at the time of the conveyance, and (7) there was no power of
attorney.
¶14.
We believe that the key factor overlooked by the chancellor in his ruling was that Willie Lane did
not move in with Willie Earl until March of 2000, months after the conveyance of the property in question,
which took place on August 13, 1999. Much of the testimony elicited at trial concerned Willie Lane’s
health and dependence after this transfer had already taken place. Clearly the question at trial should have
been whether a confidential relationship existed at the time of the transfer, not after the transfer had taken
place. Since the fact that Willie Earl and Dorothy cared for Willie Lane during the three years that he lived
with them is irrelevant in determining whether a confidential relationship existed at the time of the
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conveyance, we are left with little testimony that supports the existence of a confidential relationship at the
time of the transfer.4
¶15.
The only factors remaining which support the chancellor’s decision that a confidential relationship
existed were that Willie Earl and Willie Lane had a “close” relationship, and that Willie Lane was old. At
trial, Willie Earl did testify that he and his father shared a close relationship, and that Willie Earl was
responsible for maintaining the property in question. However, he stated that the relationship was that of
a normal father and son, and quite correctly noted that any father and son should share such a relationship.
There was no showing that this relationship was one where Willie Earl exerted a domineering influence over
his father. Willie Lane did not move in with Willie Earl until March, 2000, and Willie Earl’s testimony that
he cared for Willie Lane in such ways as driving him around town, buying groceries for him, and driving him
to the doctor concerns this later period, not the time on or about August 13, 1999, when the deed was
actually executed.5 In fact, Willie Earl testified that Willie Lane voluntarily moved in with him because Willie
Lane’s house burned down, not because Willie Lane required care. Dorothy’s entire testimony is relevant
only to the approximately three years that Willie Lane lived in her home, a period after the conveyance had
already occurred. No evidence was offered that Willie Lane depended on Willie Earl for necessities, that
4
Even absent the chancellor’s error in determining the relevant time frame of the alleged confidential
relationship, it does not appear that the chancellor placed a clear and convincing evidentiary burden on
Henderson for determining that a confidential relationship existed. The chancellor correctly stated that
Willie Earl had to overcome the presumption of undue influence by clear and convincing evidence but made
no reference to the clear and convincing standard of proof required of Henderson to establish the existence
of a confidential relationship in the first instance.
5
Willie Earl testified that he took his father to the Veterans Administration when his father was
ninety-three. Again, it appears that this would have occurred on or about the time that Willie Lane moved
in with Willie Earl, since Willie Lane died in 2002 at the age of ninety-five.
8
Willie Earl was in a position of dominance, or that Willie Earl exerted undue influence over his father on or
about August 13, 1999.
¶16.
The only testimony offered by Henderson which concerned the time period prior to the signing of
the deed, specifically, the time period following the death of Willie Lane’s wife in 1992, was her statement
that:
When it came down to doing things for my father, my father couldn’t cook food for himself
or nothing like that. If you prepared the food for him, he could fix a plate, like that. But
when it c[a]me to washing his clothes or ironing his clothes, he had to have somebody to
do that for him. But when it c[a]me to going to the grocery store, he was a person that,
every [sic] since I can remember, even when my mother was living, my father went in the
grocery store and made the groceries on a weekly basis . . . .
This testimony, even when taken as true and uncontested, establishes only that Willie Lane may have
needed the services of an assistant to prepare his meals and wash his clothes. There is no connection made
that Willie Earl was the one supplying the assistance prior to March 2000, or that any assistance was even
necessary, since Willie Lane could still drive himself around town to buy the things he needed. Given the
dearth of testimony regarding Willie Lane’s dependence on others prior to March 2000, we must find that
he maintained his independence at least up to that point. Ironically, Henderson herself vigorously contested
that Willie Earl and his father ever shared a close relationship. This being the case, we presume that Willie
Lane was still the dominant party at the time of the conveyance, and the “close” relationship between the
two was not proven to be a confidential relationship which gives rise to a presumption of undue influence.
See Thomas, 251 Miss. at 455-55, 170 So. 2d at 19 (holding that a parent is presumed to be the dominant
party, and mere gift from parent to child does not give rise to presumption of undue influence); Olmstead
v. Olmstead, 233 Miss. 621, 628, 103 So. 2d 399, 402 (1958) (holding that the mere existence of a
parent/child relationship is not necessarily proof that a confidential relationship exists).
9
¶17.
The fact that Willie Lane was old at the time of the conveyance is likewise insufficient standing alone
to support the chancellor’s finding of a confidential relationship. The chancellor found that Willie Lane was
strong mentally and physically, and that he was still self-sufficient and strong-willed in many respects, such
as driving himself around town and managing his own money, even in the years that he lived with Willie Earl
and Dorothy. Certainly these are not sufficient findings with which Henderson could meet her burden of
proving a confidential relationship by clear and convincing evidence. These findings only establish that
Willie Lane was an elderly man who, at the time of the conveyance, was mentally coherent, independent,
in good physical health, and presumably still occupied the dominant position of “father” in his relationship
with Willie Earl.
¶18.
Aside from the chancellor’s findings that Willie Earl and Willie Lane had a close relationship, and
that Willie Lane was old, the other findings of fact point toward the conclusion that a confidential
relationship did not exist. The chancellor found that Willie Lane could drive himself and take care of himself
well, that he was in good mental and physical shape, that he did not share bank accounts with Willie Earl,
and that there was no power of attorney. The only other testimony which could bear on the chancellor’s
decision was the testimony offered regarding the events surrounding the actual conveyance.
¶19.
The chancellor found, and we agree, that these events are a mystery. Willie Earl, in a deposition
taken before trial, admitted that he was present in the room when his father signed the deed conveying the
47.9 acre tract, and even suggested that he had provided the information to attorney Nichols for the
preparation of the deed. At trial, his testimony changed, and he suddenly denied having been present in
the building when Willie Lane signed the deed. He also testified at trial that his father drove himself to
attorney Nichols’s office, and that he only knew that his father was transferring the property to him because
his father told him. Henderson denied that Willie Lane drove himself to attorney Nichols’s office, but
10
offered no first-hand knowledge to support her claim. Attorney Nichols denied having any knowledge
whatsoever of the transaction, and did not recognize or remember Willie Lane, Willie Earl, or Henderson.
Henderson testified that she was unaware of the transaction until 2000, but then testified that the earliest
time she took action and investigated was two years later when she purportedly confronted attorney
Nichols. If we believe Henderson’s testimony that she took action in 2002 by confronting attorney Nichols
about the transaction, her testimony conflicts with that of Nichols, who claimed that he had never met with
Henderson regarding the deed and he did not recognize her. Willie Earl’s testimony is suspicious, but we
must bear in mind that Henderson was required to carry the burden of proving a confidential relationship
by clear and convincing evidence. Her contradicted testimony was simply insufficient to bolster Willie
Earl’s witness stand-reformation to the level of clear and convincing proof of a confidential relationship.
At best, she has merely proven suspicious circumstances.
¶20.
We do not lightly disturb the efficacy of an otherwise valid deed. Anderson, 507 So. 2d at 36.
In the instant case, Henderson has failed to offer clear and convincing evidence that a confidential
relationship existed at the time of her father’s conveyance of the 47.9 acre tract to Willie Earl. Because
Henderson failed to meet her burden, we find that the chancellor abused his discretion in finding that a
confidential relationship existed. We therefore reverse, render, and hereby set aside the order of the
chancery court voiding the August 13, 1999, deed from Willie Lane to Willie Earl Lane.
¶21. THE JUDGMENT OF THE MADISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT IS
REVERSED AND RENDERED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE
APPELLEE.
KING, C.J., BRIDGES AND LEE, P.JJ., IRVING, MYERS, CHANDLER, GRIFFIS
AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR.
11
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