William Dwayne Salter v. State of Mississippi
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2002-CA-02004-COA
WILLIAM DWAYNE SALTER
APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF TRIAL COURT JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
CERTIORARI FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLEE
10/26/2002
HON. DALE HARKEY
GEORGE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ROBERT JAMES KNOCHEL
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: W. GLENN WATTS
ROBERT KEITH MILLER
CIVIL - POST-CONVICTION RELIEF
MOTION FOR POST CONVICTION
COLLATERAL RELIEF IS DENIED.
AFFIRMED - 12/16/2003
EN BANC.
THOMAS, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
William Dwayne Salter, represented by counsel, appeals an order of the Circuit Court of George
County denying his petition for post-conviction relief. Aggrieved, Salter asserts the following issues on
appeal:
I.
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ACCEPTING SALTER'S PLEAS OF GUILTY TO
KIDNAPING AS THERE WAS NO FACTUAL BASIS FOR THE COURT'S
ACCEPTANCE OF SAID PLEAS AND THE CONFINEMENT OF THE ALLEGED
VICTIMS WAS CLEARLY INCIDENTAL TO THE ROBBERY AND DID NOT
CONSTITUTE KIDNAPING.
II.
SALTER WAS NOT AFFORDED MINIMAL DUE PROCESS AT HIS
SENTENCING HEARING AND WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF
COUNSEL AT SENTENCING.
III.
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO MAKE SURE SALTER HAD
KNOWLEDGE OF THE CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF THE CHARGES AGAINST
HIM AND TO MAKE SURE THAT HE FULLY UNDERSTOOD THE CHARGES
AGAINST HIM.
FACTS
¶2.
William Dwayne Salter was indicted on July 17, 2000, for burglary, two counts of armed robbery
and four counts of kidnaping. This indictment was based upon evidence that Salter had broken into the
First State Bank of Lucedale, Mississippi. Once inside the bank, Salter waited for the bank employees to
arrive. Once the employees arrived, Salter held the employees at gun point, forced three of them into the
vault where he made them lie on the floor, stole $37,000 from the bank, and then intimidated one of the
employees into giving him her car keys. Salter then used her car to escape.
¶3.
On April 16, 2001, Salter pled guilty to the charges brought against him in the Circuit Court of
George County. The trial court questioned Salter and found that he had earned his G.E.D. and had taken
two years of college courses, that he understood the constitutional rights he was waiving by pleading guilty,
that he understood the maximum and minimum sentences he could receive, and that he had not been
promised or coerced into pleading guilty. The trial court also questioned Salter regarding the factual basis
for the plea.
¶4.
The bank employees who were the victims of Salter's crimes were then heard by the trial court.
The prosecution presented evidence regarding Salter's detailed sketch of the bank as well as the help he
had provided investigators regarding the remaining money and stolen vehicle as well as showing them how
he gained access to the bank through the roof. After the trial court accepted Salter's plea as voluntarily and
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intelligently entered, Salter's counsel then requested a pre-sentence investigation and pointed out that Salter
had a psychiatric history. Salter's counsel did not attempt to show that Salter was incompetent or insane,
but that he had cooperated with the investigation and was trying to rehabilitate himself. The trial court
examined Salter's previous medical history and Salter testified that he had been in the hospital for taking
"some pills."
¶5.
The trial court denied the motion for a pre-sentence report. Salter was sentenced to four thirty-
year concurrent sentences on the kidnaping and armed robbery charges, and a seven year consecutive
sentence for burglary to be served in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. On April
15, 2002, Salter filed a motion for post-conviction relief which was summarily denied by the trial court.
The trial court found that there was no basis for relief, based upon the transcript of Salter's guilty plea
hearing. From that denial of relief, Salter perfected his appeal to this Court.
ANALYSIS
I.
DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN ACCEPTING SALTER'S PLEAS OF GUILTY TO
KIDNAPING AS THERE WAS NO FACTUAL BASIS FOR THE COURT'S
ACCEPTANCE OF SAID PLEAS AND THE CONFINEMENT OF THE ALLEGED
VICTIMS WAS CLEARLY INCIDENTAL TO THE ROBBERY AND DID NOT
CONSTITUTE KIDNAPING?
¶6.
Salter asserts that there was no factual basis for the kidnaping charges against him and that the trial
court erred in accepting his guilty pleas to said charges. According to Salter, the kidnaping was merely
incidental to the commission of the armed robbery, and was not a separate and distinct crime. In support
of his argument, Salter points this Court to Cuevas v. State, 338 So. 2d 1236 (Miss. 1976). In that case,
Cuevas was a prisoner that escaped from the Scott County Jail. Id. at 1237. During his escape, Cuevas
entered an automobile agency and took one of the employees at gunpoint from the service department of
the dealership to the parts department. Id. The Mississippi Supreme Court held:
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If forcible detention or movement is merely incidental to a lesser crime than kidnapping,
such confinement or movement is insufficient to be molded into the greater crime of
kidnapping. An illustration might well be a strong-armed robbery where the victim is
detained and perhaps moved a few feet while being relieved of his wallet. The detention
and movement would not support kidnapping albeit with force and unlawful. On the other
hand, if the confinement or asportation be not merely incidental to a lesser crime, but a
constituent part of the greater crime, the fact of confinement or asportation is sufficient to
support kidnapping without regard to distance moved or time of confinement.
Id. at 1238.
¶7.
The question at bar, therefore, is whether Salter's actions were incidental to a lesser crime or were
a constituent part of the greater crime. According to Salter's own testimony, he put the employees of the
bank in the vault so that he could effectuate his escape and was armed with a handgun at the time he did
so. Several bank employees testified that they were taken at gunpoint, forced into the bank vault, and
made to lie down on the floor. One employee testified that she thought she was about to be killed when
Salter made her lie face down on the floor of the vault. Before leaving, Salter closed the bank vault door.
¶8.
Mississippi Code Annotated Section 97-3-53 (Rev. 2000) directs that kidnaping occurs when "any
person who shall without lawful authority forcibly seize and confine any other person, or shall inveigle or
kidnap any other person with intent to cause such person to be secretly confined or imprisoned against his
or her will." By taking the employees against their will to the bank vault, Salter fulfilled this definition. As
stated in Cuevas, the distance of asportation is not important, but rather the fact of asportation as it relates
to the unlawful activity. Cuevas, 338 So. 2d at 1238. Salter did not merely move the employees a few
feet as he took the money. He took them at gunpoint and forced them into the confined area of the bank
vault and forced them to lie on the ground, and shut the door on them as he left.
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¶9.
The trial court did not err in accepting Salter's guilty plea in regard to the charge of kidnaping. This
issue is without merit.
II.
WAS SALTER NOT AFFORDED MINIMAL DUE PROCESS AT HIS
SENTENCING HEARING AND EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AT
SENTENCING?
¶10.
Salter argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel at his sentencing hearing, because
both he and his mother were willing to testify regarding his mental health and provide mitigating evidence
before sentencing. Salter's trial counsel made a motion for a pre-sentence investigation which was denied.
According to Salter, nothing else was said on the matter despite the fact that both he and his mother were
available and willing to testify. The record, however, shows that the trial judge asked Salter's counsel what
information a pre-sentence investigation would provide. Salter's counsel then spoke at length about Salter's
mental health and mitigating evidence. The trial court then questioned Salter briefly, and determined that
there was nothing else to be gained from a pre-sentence investigation and denied the motion.
¶11.
In order to prove ineffective assistance of counsel, Salter must establish by a preponderance of the
evidence that (1) counsel's performance was defective, and (2) that defect was so deficient that it
prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Moody v. State, 644 So.
2d 451, 456 (Miss. 1994). Salter faces a strong yet rebuttable presumption that counsel performed
adequately, and he must show a reasonable probability that barring counsel's errors, the result of the trial
would have been different. Moody, 644 So. 2d at 456. This Court looks at the totality of the
circumstances, with deference towards counsel's actions, to find a factual basis for the claim. Id. Should
we find that Salter's counsel was ineffective, the appropriate remedy is remand for a new trial. Id.
¶12.
Salter has failed to show that his counsel's performance was ineffective or that he was prejudiced
as required for him to show under the test set forth in Strickland. Salter's counsel did attempt to mitigate
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Salter's sentence by informing the judge of the "circumstances surrounding the incident" as Salter stated in
his affidavit. The trial court was well informed of Salter's prior problems. This issue is without merit.
III.
DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN FAILING TO MAKE SURE SALTER HAD
KNOWLEDGE OF THE CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF THE CHARGES AGAINST
HIM AND THAT HE FULLY UNDERSTOOD THE CHARGES AGAINST HIM?
¶13.
Salter alleges that the trial court erred in failing to make sure he had full knowledge of the critical
elements of the charges against him. The burden of proving that a guilty plea was involuntary is on the
defendant and must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Terry v. State, 839 So. 2d 543, 545
(¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2002). A plea is considered "voluntary and intelligent" if the defendant is advised
about the nature of the charge against him and the consequences of the entry of the plea. Alexander v.
State, 605 So. 2d 1170, 1172 (Miss. 1992). "Admission of guilt is not a constitutional requirement for a
guilty plea." Reynolds v. State, 521 So. 2d 914, 917 (Miss. 1988). "What is required is an intelligent and
voluntary plea and an independent evidentiary suggestion of guilt." Id.
¶14.
Salter was able to meet with counsel and go over the indictment of the charges against him. The
trial court questioned Salter on the record fulfilling the requirements of Uniform Rules of Circuit and County
Court Practice 8.04(A)(4). At the time of trial, Salter was thirty years old, had completed the eleventh
grade, obtained his G.E.D., attended two years of college courses, and indicated he was not under the
influence of any medication, alcohol, or drugs. Salter testified that he was indeed pleading guilty to the
charges read to him and also testified regarding his actions at the bank, as did several witnesses. Salter
has failed to meet his burden of proof. This issue is without merit.
¶15. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GEORGE COUNTY DENYING
POST-CONVICTION RELIEF IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE
ASSESSED TO THE APPELLANT.
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BRIDGES, LEE, IRVING, MYERS AND GRIFFIS, JJ., CONCUR. SOUTHWICK,
P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY McMILLIN, C.J.,
KING, P.J., AND CHANDLER, J.
SOUTHWICK, P.J., DISSENTING:
¶16.
The majority finds that Salter could be convicted both of robbery and of kidnaping. I find that the
crimes were too closely intertwined to be the basis for separate convictions. Therefore, I respectfully
dissent.
¶17.
The controlling precedent, indeed, the only relevant precedent, is Cuevas v. State, 338 So. 2d
1236 (Miss. 1976). The opinion is not very enlightening. This is the operative language:
If forcible detention or movement is merely incidental to a lesser crime than
kidnapping, such confinement or movement is insufficient to be molded into the greater
crime of kidnapping. An illustration might well be a strong-armed robbery where the victim
is detained and perhaps moved a few feet while being relieved of his wallet. The detention
and movement would not support kidnapping albeit with force and unlawful. On the other
hand, if the confinement or asportation be not merely incidental to a lesser crime, but a
constituent part of the greater crime, the fact of confinement or asportation is sufficient to
support kidnapping without regard to distance moved or time of confinement.
Id. at 1238-39. The court concluded that if detaining or moving a victim a few feet was merely incidental
to the other crime, then kidnaping cannot be separately charged. The Court referred to "lesser" crimes than
kidnapping. The problem would arise regardless of the relative severities.
¶18.
The other situation covered by the Cuevas statement is that when the confinement or asportation
is a "constituent part" of the other crime, then kidnapping may also be charged. The meaning of that,
particularly in distinction to the first part of the rule being announced, is confusing. Was the court saying
that if the kidnaping elements are central to the other crime, then both the other crime and kidnapping may
be charged? That appears backwards.
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¶19.
To understand better what the court meant, it is necessary to examine closely something else that
Cuevas said: "See People v. Adams, 389 Mich. 222, 205 N.W.2d 415 (1973), for a well-reasoned case
persuasive to the above point of view." An examination of the favored precedent, then, may uncover the
mysteries created by the summary of the law in Cuevas.
¶20.
The first point to make about Adams is that the "merely incidental language" appears in that opinion
but the "constituent part" phrase does not. The latter phrase may have been an attempt by the Mississippi
Supreme Court to explain situations in which the kidnaping elements are not merely incidental, and the
phrasing chosen does not fully do so.
¶21.
The Adams case concerned a prison riot, in which Adams and others took guards and threatened
to kill them. Guards were moved around some within the prison. After a few hours the inmates gave up.
Adams was convicted of kidnaping. The state court of appeals held that the guard in question, who was
seized and moved about 1,500 feet by prisoners armed with knives to a fifth floor prison hospital for
purpose of reducing risk of escalation, was not kidnapped.
¶22.
The Michigan Supreme Court found a fact issue and sent it back for a new trial, but the higher court
agreed in large part with the intermediate court. It went through a lengthy discussion of kidnaping. It
identified what it called "absurd and unconscionable results" in some of the cases.
It is obvious that virtually any assault, any battery, any rape, or any robbery involves some
'intentional confinement' of the person of the victim. To read the kidnapping statute
literally is to convert a misdemeanor, for example, assault and battery, into a capital
offense. A literal reading of the kidnapping statute would permit a prosecutor to aggravate
the charges against any assailant, robber, or rapist by charging the literal violation of the
kidnapping statute which must inevitably accompany each of those offenses.
Id. at 420.
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¶23.
The Michigan court discussed the rules adopted in California and New York. One California case
found that forcing a robbery victim to drive five city blocks in order to facilitate the robbery was not a
kidnaping: "The true test in each case is not mere mileage but whether the movements of the victims
'substantially increase the risk of harm' beyond that inherent in the crime of robbery itself." Id. at 420
(quoting People v. Timmons, 482 P. 2d 648, 651 (Cal. 1971)). The Michigan court then quoted the New
York rule:
1. The movement element must not be "merely incidental" to the commission of another
underlying lesser crime.
2. The movement of a "more complicated nature" may sustain a kidnapping charge.
3. Statutory kidnapping continues to include "traditional" or "conventional" kidnapping
abductions designed to effect extortions or accomplish murder.
Id. at 421 (quoting People v. Miles, 245 N.E. 2d 688, 694 (N.Y. 1969)).
¶24.
The Michigan court said that "if the movement is merely incidental to the commission of another
underlying lesser crime, it will not sustain kidnapping. We feel that this is the critical and significant criterion
and regard the other two criteria illustrative and not controlling." Id. Whether asportation "substantially
increases the risk to the victim above those to which a victim of the underlying crime is normally exposed"
is not a determinative criterion.
¶25.
This is probably the ultimate set of considerations that Michigan adopted
1. Since the language of the first part of the kidnapping statute by itself is so general
as to be susceptible of defining minor crimes as well as kidnapping, where appropriate,
asportation must be interpolated to achieve the Legislature's intention to define the major
crime of kidnapping.
2. The movement element is not sufficient if it is "merely incidental" to the
commission of another underlying lesser crime.
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3. If the underlying crime involves murder, extortion or taking a hostage, movement
incidental thereto is generally sufficient to establish a valid statutory kidnapping.
4. If the movement adds either a greater danger or threat thereof, that is a factor
in considering whether the movement adequately constitutes the necessary legal
asportation, but there could be asportation without this element of additional danger so
long as the movement was incidental to a kidnapping and not a lesser crime.
5. Where appropriate, secret confinement or some other non-movement factor
may supply a necessary alternative to asportation to complete statutory kidnapping.
6. Whether or not a particular movement constitutes statutory asportation or
whether there is an appropriate alternative element must be determined from all the
circumstances under the standards set out above and is a question of fact for the jury.
Adams, 205 N.W.2d at 422-23.
¶26.
Though our kidnaping statute does not require asportation, neither did the Michigan statute. What
the Michigan court was saying is that when kidnaping is an integral part of another crime, then something
other than temporary seizure or slight movement is needed before both crimes can be charged. Else, there
are problems of "constitutional overbreadth," which I take to be problems of multiplicity. Therefore,
requiring someone not to move in order that another crime may be committed is not kidnaping, even though
the kidnaping statute states that a forcible seizure of another person constitutes the crime. Miss. Code Ann.
§ 97-3-53 (Rev. 2000). That is because the other crime and the kidnaping are too interwoven. Even
requiring someone to move if that is "merely incidental" to the other crime also cannot become the separate
crime of kidnaping.
¶27.
My conclusion is that when Cuevas adopted the phrase "merely incidental" to explain when
kidnaping may not be separately charged alongside another crime, it was clearly applying Adams. The
court strayed in its phrasing when it created the term"constituent part" to describe the situation when both
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may be charged. In fact, the best way to describe situations when both may be charged is simply to
determine if the kidnaping is not merely incidental to the other crime.
¶28.
In applying the Adams test to our case, it is immediately obvious that "merely incidental" is not the
brightest line that could have been drawn. Incidental is a matter of degree. Was the locking up of the
victims by Salter incidental or not? The better view to me is that telling people to move around inside the
bank, even into the bank vault, did not have significance independent of the bank robbery itself. It did not
increase the danger to the employees, and may even have reduced the danger to some extent. The distance
moved was all within the bank itself; this was not a hostage situation, but just a securing of the victims for
long enough until an escape could be made.
¶29.
What I also find from Adams is that if the State did not seek to charge for bank robbery, the
interwoven nature of that crime and kidnaping would not be a problem. The acts within the bank could be
charged as kidnaping if the robbery itself were not pursued as a charge. It is only when deciding whether
one crime or two were committed that this special rule for kidnaping applies.
¶30.
The Adams court would make the determination of the separateness of the crimes an issue for the
jury. Though Cuevas referred to Adams as a valid explanation of what it was attempting to accomplish,
the procedures for implementing the approach might not have been adopted. Even if some cases would
make a jury issue of whether the kidnaping is incidental to the other crime, I conclude here as a matter of
law that the movement within the bank was incidental to the robbery and did not create a separate crime.
McMILLIN, C.J., KING, P.J., AND CHANDLER, J., JOIN THIS SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION.
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