Morris Forrest v. State of Mississippi
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2002-KA-00683-COA
MORRIS FORREST A/K/A BOOKIE A/K/A BOOKE
APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
APPELLEE
DATE OF TRIAL COURT JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
CERTIORARI FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
4/17/2002
HON. C. E. MORGAN, III
MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
LESLIE JONES MARTIN
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: BILLY L. GORE
DOUG EVANS
CRIMINAL - FELONY
SALE OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE,
COCAINE, AND SENTENCED TO SERVE
TWENTY-FIVE YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF
THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS. DEFENDANT IS ORDERED
TO PAY ALL COURT COSTS, FEES, AND
ASSESSMENTS.
AFFIRMED - 10/14/2003
EN BANC.
LEE, J., FOR THE COURT:
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶1.
On April 17, 2002, Morris Forrest was convicted of the sale of a controlled substance, cocaine,
by a jury in the Montgomery County Circuit Court. Forrest was charged and convicted as a second or
subsequent offender under the sentence enhancement provisions of Mississippi Code Annotated
Section 41-29-147 (Rev. 2001), and received twenty-five years to be served in the custody of the
Mississippi Department of Corrections. Forrest now appeals to this Court asserting the following issues:
(1) the lower court erred in failing to enforce rules established by Batson v. Kentucky by allowing the State
to use all of its peremptory challenges on prospective black jurors; (2) the lower court erred in allowing
the State to introduce evidence of crimes not charged against him; (3) the lower court erred in allowing the
testimony of two eyewitnesses when their credibility was sufficiently impeached and when their testimony
provided the only basis for the jury's conviction.
FACTS
¶2.
Forrest was the subject of a controlled buy operation. On May 23, 2001, Forrest picked up
Dorris Faye Banks at a store in Winona. They proceeded to the Hitching Post Motel, where they drove
to the rear of the building. Steven Solomon, the undercover agent in charge of the controlled buy
operation, and Chris Blaylock, the confidential informant, drove in and parked next to Forrest's car.
Blaylock left the car, walked over to the driver's side of Forrest's car, introduced Solomon to Forrest and
Banks, and then asked Forrest if "he had the stuff." Forrest was seen counting out the "stuff" and pouring
it into his own hands. After receiving the cocaine from Forrest, Banks then got out of Forrest's car and
handed Solomon fifteen rocks of crack cocaine. Solomon gave Banks $300, which she proceeded to give
to Forrest. This transaction was recorded on audiotape and played for the jury.
DISCUSSION OF ISSUES
I. DID A BATSON VIOLATION OCCUR IN ALLOWING THE STATE TO USE ALL OF
ITS PEREMPTORY CHALLENGES ON BLACK PROSPECTIVE JURORS?
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¶3.
With his first issue, Forrest, who is a black male, claims that the State used all four of its
peremptory challenges to exclude prospective black jurors. Forrest also contends that the race-neutral
reasons supplied by the State for excusing these four black jurors was inadequate and no outside proof was
offered to substantiate its reasons. Our standard of review requires a reversal only if the factual findings
of the trial judge are "clearly erroneous or against the overwhelming weight of the evidence." Tanner v.
State, 764 So. 2d 385 (¶ 14) (Miss. 2000). Any determination made by a trial judge under Batson v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), is accorded great deference because it is "based, in a large part, on
credibility." Coleman v. State, 697 So. 2d 777, 785 (Miss. 1997). The term "great deference" has been
defined in the Batson context as meaning an insulation from appellate reversal of any trial findings which
are not clearly erroneous. Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1346, 1349 (Miss. 1987).
¶4.
The Batson decision provides procedural directives for the trial court to follow in detecting and
disallowing the practice of using peremptory challenges to remove members of an identified racial group
from jury service based upon nothing more than their racial identification. To successfully assert a Batson
claim, the following procedure must occur:
First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor has exercised
peremptory challenges on the basis of race. Second, if the requisite showing has been
made, the burden shifts to the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral explanation for
striking the jurors in question. Finally, the trial court must determine whether the defendant
has carried his burden of proving purposeful discrimination.
Berry v. State, 728 So. 2d 568 (¶ 11) (Miss. 1999) (citing Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 35859 (1991)). "When the prosecution gives race-neutral reasons for its peremptory strikes, the sufficiency
of the defendant's prima facie case becomes moot." Manning v. State, 735 So. 2d 323 (¶ 28) (Miss.
1999). Furthermore, if the defendant offers no rebuttal, the trial court may base its decision solely on those
reasons given by the prosecution. Id. at (¶ 29).
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¶5.
As is the proper procedure, Forrest objected to the State's exercising its peremptory challenges
against prospective black jurors. The judge noted that all of the State's strikes were against black females
and ruled that Forrest had made a prima facie case. The prosecution then proceeded with its raciallyneutral reasons for doing so as required by Batson.
¶6.
The prosecution's first peremptory challenge was exercised against juror number four, Gina Bays.
The prosecution stated that when Forrest walked into the courtroom during jury selection, he smiled and
waved at Miss Bays and she responded by smiling and waving back at him. Miss Bays admitted that she
was related to Forrest, that she sees Forrest regularly, and that she was also the cousin of his girlfriend.
The prosecution also stated that it had information that Miss Bays was involved in drug trafficking with
Forrest. After hearing these reasons and with no rebuttal by the defendant, the judge found these reasons
to be race-neutral. As the Mississippi Supreme Court has held that knowing the defendant is a sufficiently
race-neutral reason for challenging potential jurors, we cannot find that the judge was in error in accepting
the prosecution's reasons. See Porter v. State, 616 So. 2d 899, 907 (Miss. 1993); Griffin v. State, 607
So. 2d 1197, 1203 (Miss. 1992).
¶7.
The second peremptory challenge was used against juror number five, Miss Robinson. The
prosecution stated that Miss Robinson had two outstanding warrants for her arrest at the time of the venire.
The prosecution believed the warrants charged Miss Robinson with false pretense. Forrest's rebuttal
claimed that being charged with a crime is no reason to exclude a potential juror. The judge then noted
that, although this reason would not suffice to excuse Miss Robinson for cause, it was a sufficiently raceneutral reason to survive a Batson challenge. We cannot find that the judge erred in accepting the
prosecution's peremptory challenge to Miss Robinson.
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¶8.
The third peremptory challenge was used against juror number twelve, Lisa Woods Herman. The
prosecution struck Miss Herman because she was an alderman for the City of Duck Hill. The prosecution
stated that it was familiar with Miss Herman's public opinions because she had "been in the paper, been
a lot of controversy, a lot of turmoil about the police department, law enforcement." Forrest's only rebuttal
was to claim that Batson prohibits the State from challenging black jurors. The judge noted that over the
years Batson had been expanded to include more valid race-neutral reasons and that the reason provided
by the prosecution was sufficiently race-neutral to survive a challenge. We cannot find that the judge was
in error by accepting the prosecution's peremptory challenge against this particular juror.
¶9.
The fourth and final peremptory challenge was used to strike juror number fifteen, Miss Evangeline
Simpson. The prosecution struck Miss Simpson because she had been friends with Forrest's mother for
years. The prosecution also stated that it believed Miss Simpson was related to Maurice Simpson, an
escaped fugitive, and that she was related to Forrest because her maiden name was Forrest. Forrest's only
rebuttal was similar to his rebuttal with Miss Herman, that Batson prohibits the State from challenging black
jurors. The judge found that knowing Forrest's mother was a sufficient race-neutral reason to strike Miss
Simpson. As the supreme court has also held that knowing the defendant's mother is a valid race-neutral
reason for striking a juror, we cannot find that the judge erred in accepting the prosecution's peremptory
challenge. See Jasper v. State, 759 So. 2d 1136 (¶ 15) (Miss. 1999); Manning v. State, 735 So. 2d
323 (¶ 32) (Miss. 1999).
¶10.
We find no evidence that the trial judge acted erroneously in allowing the prosecution's peremptory
challenges to stand; thus, this issue is without merit.
II. DID THE LOWER COURT ERR IN ALLOWING THE STATE TO INTRODUCE
EVIDENCE OF CRIMES NOT CHARGED AGAINST FORREST?
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¶11.
With his second issue, Forrest contends that other crimes not charged against him were heard by
the jury through the playing of an audiotape, the testimony of a witness, and a remark made by the State
during their closing argument. Forrest initially made three motions in limine, of which one is at issue. The
motion in limine requested that there be no mention of any crimes not charged against him. Forrest wanted
to keep Blaylock, the confidential informant, from testifying that he knew Forrest from past drug purchases.
The State responded that its proof would be limited to show Blaylock knew Forrest, but not due to past
drug purchases. The lower court sustained this motion in limine and instructed the State to inform Blaylock
not to mention any crimes other than the one charged.
¶12.
One of Forrest's arguments is that on the audiotape of the crime, Blaylock stated that he was calling
Forrest because he had bought drugs from him before. However, during the trial, Forrest stated that he
had listened to the entire tape and had no objection to the tape being introduced into evidence. In fact,
Forrest wanted the tape presented to the jury in its entirety and never objected while it was playing. We
cannot find error where Forrest has objected to the information contained on the audiotape for the first time
on appeal to this Court.
¶13.
Forrest also mentions the testimony of Solomon, the undercover agent, as another instance where
his prior criminal acts were mentioned. In response to the State's question, "What was the purpose of
having the confidential informant there?", Solomon replied, "To introduce myself to members of the
community who might be selling drugs." There was never any contemporaneous objection by Forrest to
this statement and we fail to see how this reply by Solomon would necessitate a mistrial.
¶14.
The last argument by Forrest is that the State made improper remarks concerning prior criminal
acts during its closing argument. The remarks Forrest refers to consist of blanket statements about drug
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dealers being paranoid and only wanting to sell to people they know. Once again Forrest failed to object
to this statement and we also fail to see how these statements would necessitate a mistrial.
¶15.
We must make note of the fact that, while on the stand in his own defense, Forrest admitted to
having been convicted of a previous drug offense and that he was on probation when the sale in question
occurred. Even though Forrest admitted to a prior drug crime conviction, the lower court called for a
limiting instruction and polled each member of the jury to make certain they would not consider this
previous conviction in determining his guilt or innocence. We can only conclude that any prejudice resulting
from any of these statements, the most prejudicial of which was made by Forrest himself, was cured upon
the polling of the jury and the addition of a limiting instruction.
III. DID THE LOWER COURT ERR IN ALLOWING THE TESTIMONY OF TWO
WITNESSES WHERE THEIR CREDIBILITY WAS IMPEACHED AND WHERE THEIR
TESTIMONY PROVIDED THE ONLY BASIS FOR THE JURY'S CONVICTION?
¶16.
In his last issue, Forrest contends that his conviction should be reversed for lack of credible
evidence based on two reasons: first, that Solomon did not actually see Forrest in possession of the
cocaine, and second, that the testimony of Blaylock and Banks was successfully impeached and should
have been excluded. As Forrest argues that the jury verdict was against the overwhelming weight of the
evidence, we look to our standard of review.
In determining whether a jury verdict is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence,
this Court must accept as true the evidence which supports the verdict and will reverse
only when convinced that the circuit court has abused its discretion in failing to grant a new
trial. Only in those cases where the verdict is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of
the evidence that to allow it to stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice will this
Court disturb it on appeal.
Dudley v. State, 719 So. 2d 180 (¶ 8) (Miss. 1998).
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¶17.
Forrest claims that he successfully impeached the testimony of Blaylock and Banks because they
each admitted on the witness stand that they suffered from drug addiction, had been previously convicted
of crimes, and were both receiving a benefit from testifying against Forrest. However, Forrest goes no
further in this argument beyond his conclusory assertion that the witnesses were impeached nor does he
point to any portion of the record that demonstrates the complete impeachment of these witnesses'
credibility. The only specific part of the record Forrest mentions concerns Blaylock's being paid for his
services as a confidential informant and Bank's pleading guilty to the same crime charged against Forrest.
¶18.
However, it is the duty of the jury to consider all the evidence before it, including that evidence
which tends to impeach a witness's credibility, and then to decide what weight and worth to give to any
particular witness's testimony. Quay v. Archie L. Crawford and Shippers Exp.,Inc., 788 So. 2d 76 (¶
30) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001). Once the jury resolves any differences presented by the evidence, both the
trial court and appellate court are obligated to give substantial deference to the jury's decision. Estes v.
State, 782 So. 2d 1244 (¶ 28) (Miss. Ct. App. 2000). In this case, the jury chose to believe the testimony
of Blaylock and Banks implicating Forrest in the crime. We cannot find that the credibility of Blaylock and
Banks was impeached such that no rational juror could possibly accept their statements as true. The jury
believed Blaylock, Banks, and Solomon, and, therefore, we find Forrest's claim that the verdict was against
the overwhelming weight of the evidence to be without merit.
¶19. THE JUDGMENT OF THE MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT OF
CONVICTION OF SALE OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE AND ENHANCED SENTENCE
OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS IS AFFIRMED. COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE TAXED TO
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
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McMILLIN, C.J., SOUTHWICK, P.J., BRIDGES, THOMAS, MYERS, CHANDLER
AND GRIFFIS, JJ., CONCUR. KING, P.J., DISSENTS WITH A SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION JOINED BY IRVING, J.
KING, P.J., DISSENTING:
¶20.
With appropriate regard for the majority, I believe that it has erred, and I therefore dissent.
¶21.
The majority states that it finds no fault with the trial judge's handling of the defendant's Batson
objection. Such a position is in my judgment wrong.
¶22.
In reviewing this matter, perhaps it is best to read the actual relevant portions of the transcript on
jury selection. That information, which is contained in the trial transcript, is as follows:
BY MR. HILL: Yes, sir. Your Honor, as to juror number 4, which was State's
peremptory challenge number one, Gina Marie Bays, the first thing that drew my attention
to her this morning is that she was seated on the front row with the jury panel. When the
defendant walked in, he walked to her, smiled at her and waved at her. She smiled, made
eye contact with him and smiled and waved back at him.
I immediately knew then that they were at least acquainted. Upon questioning her,
she admitted that she smiled and waved at him and admitted she knew him. She is a friend
of his girlfriend. She is related to him, blood relation to him. I have information that she
is a -- involved in drug trafficking with the defendant. And for that reason -- for those
reasons, I don't want her on the jury.
BY THE COURT: Rebuttal?
BY MR. FRANKLIN: (no response)
BY THE COURT: Rebuttal?
BY MR. FRANKLIN: No, sir.
BY THE COURT: Okay. I find that is race-neutral. Number five, Miss Robinson.
BY MR. HILL: I am informed that Miss Robinson has two active and outstanding
warrants for her arrest right now. I think they are for false pretense. I have not
investigated -- I hadn't seen the actual warrants, but I have talked with people in law
enforcement who tell me they were looking for her to arrest her and brought it to their
9
attention her name was on this list. We have two outstanding warrants for her arrest, I
believe, for false pretense. For that reason, I don't want her on the jury.
BY MR. FRANKLIN: Your Honor, I would like to make rebuttal to that. This
witness -- I mean this prospective juror has been through all of the examinations by all of
us. She has not answered one question that I have a note about on my notes. I don't
believe she opened her mouth.
The fact that a person who sits on a jury panel is accused of a crime is no reason
to, to challenge her. You wouldn't grant that challenge for cause. Because she is one of
four of this defendant's race that have been selectively excluded from hearing this case, we
don't believe that is a race neutral reason.
Certainly, we would object to that. I don't think what he just said meets the
criteria under Batson for giving race-neutral reasons. This is a black female who never
opened her mouth. And simply because the fact she is accused or charged with a crime
is absolutely no reason for exclusionary challenge under Batson in this case for trial.
BY THE COURT: Well, it wouldn't for cause, but it's subject to peremptory as
long as it's a race-neutral reason.
BY MR. HILL: Let me just say for the record that my understanding of the
issuance of a warrant by magistrate means they found probable cause to believe that
person -BY THE COURT: I already ruled. Let's move on. Twelve.
BY MR. HILL: Twelve. Lisa Woods Herman. She is an alderman for the city of
Duck Hill. And we are very familiar with Miss Herman's public opinions. And she has
been in the paper, been a lot of controversy, a lot of turmoil about the police department,
law enforcement. And we believe that she is ultra liberal in her thinking, as far as law
enforcement is concerned. And for that reason, we would challenge her.
BY MR. FRANKLIN: Here again, Your Honor, this is one of four challenges
they have made against black citizens of this county. The only thing I can state for the
record is that Batson prohibits them from doing exactly what they are doing here. the only
way they are gong to be stopped from doing this is from a ruling from Your Honor.
BY THE COURT: Okay. But under Batson and the progeny after it, they have
expanded Batson to the point it adds more criteria than it did in the past. That is a raceneutral reason right there. And so they are entitled to strike her. Fifteen, Miss Simpson.
BY MR. HILL: Miss Simpson. We have discussed Miss Simpson as a juror on
this case, Your Honor. Two things -- two major reasons. Number one is that she knows
the defendant's mother and was friendly -- on friendly terms with the defendant's mother.
The next is we believe that she is kin to Maurice Simpson, who is a fugitive from justice.
10
He is an escaped fugitive. And number three and probably more important than those two
is the fact that we are informed her maiden name is Forrest. She is a Forrest herself and
didn't bring that to our attention when we were inquiring about that.
BY THE COURT: She never was asked that. She was asked if she was kin to
him. There were other people named Forrest on this jury that were not kin to him.
BY MR. HILL: I am not aware of any Forrest that wasn't kin to him. I think our
information established they were all some kind of kin. Anyway, we believe she is kin and
has the same last name as the defendant -- maiden name.
BY MR. FRANKLIN: Again, Your Honor, this witness was extensively
questioned. She absolutely gave no reason at all to warrant her not -- by her responses
to the questions to warrant her not being placed on this jury. She is one of four challenges,
all black. This defendant is black. Batson prohibits that. And we object and take
exception to their reasons given for this peremptory challenge.
BY THE COURT: She stated she knows his mother. And that, in and of itself,
would be sufficient for them to strike her as peremptory. That is a race-neutral reason.
What do you say to number one?
¶23.
Having read this portion of the transcript, I am unconvinced that the trial judge properly
dealt with Forrest's Batson objection. Batson requires that the reasons for peremptory challenges
be facially neutral and not a subterfuge for racial discrimination. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79,
96-97 (1986).
¶24.
When a Batson issue is raised, our trial judges are required to make an on the record determination
as to (1) whether the reason is facially race neutral, and (2) whether a facially race neutral reason is being
used to mask an intent to discriminate. Hatten v. State, 628 So. 2d 294, 298 (Miss.1993).
¶25.
Even a cursory reading of the record demonstrates that the trial judge failed to make a proper
on the record determination. The extent of the trial court's on the record determination is contained
in the following statements by the trial judge:
BY THE COURT: Well, it wouldn't for cause, but it's subject to peremptory as
long as it's a race-neutral reason.
11
*
*
*
*
BY THE COURT: Okay. But under Batson and the progeny after it, they have
expanded Batson to the point it adds more criteria than it did in the past. That is a raceneutral reason right there. And so they are entitled to strike her.
*
*
*
*
BY THE COURT: She stated she knew his mother. And that, in and of itself, would be
sufficient for them to strike her as peremptory. That is a race-neutral reason.
¶26.
The failure to conduct a proper Batson analysis at worst violates the equal protection rights of the
defendant, Bogan v. State, 811 So. 2d 286 (¶ 12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001), and at best is an invitation to
mischief by the prosecution. State v. Gaitan, 536 N. W. 2d 11, 20 (Minn. 1995) (Page, J., dissenting).
This can readily be seen as relates to Lisa Woods Herman, the Duck Hill alderwoman. The reason given
by the State for excluding Miss Herman was:
BY MR. HILL: Twelve. Lisa Woods Herman. She is an alderman for the city of Duck Hill. And
we are very familiar with Miss Herman's public opinions. And she has been in the paper, been a
lot of controversy, a lot of turmoil about the police department, law enforcement. And we believe
that she is ultra liberal in her thinking, as far as law enforcement is concerned. And for that reason,
we would challenge her.
¶27.
There is nothing in the record to reflect any statements which might have been made by Miss
Herman or the context within which those statements were made. There is nothing in the record to show
the truth or falsity of any remarks by Miss Herman. In short there is nothing in the record on this issue,
except she thinks and the prosecution appears to find that unacceptable in a juror.
¶28.
This beyond question demonstrates that the trial court did not meet its obligation under Hatten to
make an on the record determination of (1) whether the reason for the peremptory challenge is facially race
neutral, and (2) whether a facially race neutral reason was merely a pretext to mask a discriminatory intent.
Hatten v. State, 628 So. 2d at 298. This failure by the trial court significantly impairs this Court’s
performance of its appellate responsibility. Tobias v. State, 584 So. 2d 1276, 1279 (Miss. 1991).
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¶29.
For these reasons, I dissent.
IRVING, J., JOINS THIS SEPARATE OPINION.
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