Mississippi Department of Transportation v. Susan Trosclair
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2002-CA-00263-COA
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION, STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
v.
APPELLANT
SUSAN TROSCLAIR AND BRIDGET TROSCLAIR
(BAILES)
APPELLEES
DATE OF TRIAL COURT JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
CERTIORARI FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
10/22/2001
HON. KOSTA N. VLAHOS
HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
PATRICK R. BUCHANAN
JOSEPH H. MONTGOMERY
LAMPTON O. WILLIAMS
CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
VERDICT AND DAMAGES FOR THE
PLAINTIFF
REVERSED AND REMANDED - 07/29/2003
EN BANC
BRIDGES, J., FOR THE COURT as to sections A, B, C, and D:
¶1.
Susan Trosclair and Bridget Trosclair Bailes filed a lawsuit on March 2, 1995, against the
Mississippi Department of Transportation (The Department). The lawsuit arose when Susan and
Bridget were injured in a one-car accident that occurred on December 3, 1993. The Department filed
a motion to dismiss for failure to give timely notice and failing to file within one year of the date of
injury. The Department also filed a summary judgment motion addressing the issues of notice,
estoppel, limitations and the constitutionality of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act. Bridget and Susan
filed a motion for partial summary judgment, requesting the court to find that the notice of claim and
complaint were timely filed. The trial court denied the Department's motion to dismiss and their
summary judgment motion and granted Bridget and Susan's partial summary judgment motion. The
Department filed a second motion for summary judgment which was later granted by the trial court.
On appeal, the Mississippi Supreme Court reversed the trial court's decision and remanded the case.
Trosclair v. Mississippi Dep't of Transp., 757 So. 2d 178 (Miss. 2000)
¶2.
On the morning of trial, the parties verbally stipulated that there were no longer any issues
in this litigation pertaining to whether or not the Department received proper and/or timely notice
of the claims and/or whether or not this litigation was timely commenced. On September 24, 2001,
as required by the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, this case was tried as a bench trial before the
Honorable Kosta N. Vlahos. On October 23, 2001, the judge found in favor of Bridget and Susan
and awarded Susan $47,250 and Bridget $2,750. It is from that judgment that the Department now
appeals to this Court. The issues on appeal are as follows:
STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES
I. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT DETERMINED THAT THE DEFENDANT WAS
NEGLIGENT?
II. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT RETURNED A VERDICT AGAINST THE
DEFENDANT FOR FAILURE TO PLACE WARNING SIGNS?
III. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT RETURNED A VERDICT AGAINST THE
DEFENDANT FOR FAILURE TO PLACE ADEQUATE WARNING SIGNS?
IV. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT RETURNED A VERDICT AGAINST THE
DEFENDANT WHEN THE DANGEROUS CONDITION WAS OPEN AND OBVIOUS?
V. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT FAILED TO FIND THE PLAINTIFF BRIDGET
TROSCLAIR BAILES, NEGLIGENT?
VI. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR BY FAILING TO APPORTION A PERCENTAGE OF FAULT
TO THE PLAINTIFF?
VII. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT FAILED TO ENTER FINDINGS OF FACT AND
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW?
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VIII. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN FINDING IN FAVOR OF THE PLAINTIFF WHEN
THERE WAS SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE?
FACTS
¶3.
On December 3, 1993, Bridget was driving in a southerly direction on Highway 49 in
Harrison County, Mississippi. Bridget was accompanied by Susan, her aunt by marriage. Bridget
and Susan were en route to Alabama to pick up Susan's daughter-in-law and this was Bridget's first
time driving on Highway 49.
¶4.
On or about November 2, 1993, the Department had started a maintenance asphalt paving
project on the southbound lanes of Highway 49. The project was to be a 1.5 inch overlay over nine
miles of the highway. The main overlay work was completed on approximately November 29, 1993.
As Bridget and Susan headed south, they suddenly came upon the newly asphalted highway which
did not have any yellow side stripe on the left or median margin of the highway, no white edge stripe
on the right or shoulder margin of the highway, and only intermittent three to six inch small white
marks placed near the approximate center of the twenty-four foot wide pavement at indeterminate
lengths. There was also no temporary center striping of four foot lengths on the highway.
¶5.
Bridget testified that she was driving on the newly paved highway for a little over a mile
when she felt her right tire fall off the road. When Bridget tried to correct the situation, by steering
her vehicle back onto the highway, her right front tire blew, causing her to lose control, and
ultimately causing her vehicle to overturn.
¶6.
Ruby Lynn Morris, who lived approximately five and a half miles from the scene of the
accident and traversed Highway 49 daily, testified that she had observed Bridget's vehicle go off the
road, come back on, and then off, again only to then flip and land in a tree. After seeing the
accident, Morris pulled over to the side of the road to offer assistance and when she ran down off
the pavement, she realized she had to get down off the pavement; it was in fact a step-off. She had
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to step down five to six and a half inches. Morris also stated that she did not recall seeing any traffic
control signs on the day of the accident.
¶7.
Michael A. Trosclair, Bridget's father, went to the scene on the night of the collision and
inspected the entire area and observed that there were no markings or warnings in the project area.
He also went back to the project site the next day in daylight and confirmed that there were no
warning signs in the area. Michael testified that for at least 500 feet along the site of the accident
there was a shoulder drop-off of three inches or more. Michael documented the drop-off where
Bridget's tire left the road with a photograph, which showed the distance from the ground to the top
of the asphalt to be the same distance as the length of a Cross pen, approximately 5.5 inches.
ANALYSIS
¶8.
In discussing these eight issues, it is more intelligible to combine certain issues. In addition,
because of the division of this Court on the questions involving the Department's and Bridget's
negligence, those issues are discussed last.
¶9.
I begin with the discussion of issues II, III, and IV which present the question:
Section A.
DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT HELD THAT THE MDOT'S ACTIONS DID NOT
FALL UNDER A GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY EXEMPTION PROVIDED BY THE
MISSISSIPPI TORT CLAIMS ACT?
¶10.
This case was brought under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, which allows negligence
actions against state agencies under certain circumstances. Simpson v. City of Pickens, 761 So. 2d
855, 860 (¶15) (Miss. 2000). There is also a requirement that, if the matter comes to trial, it will be
conducted as a bench trial. Id. In this situation, "the trial court sits as finder of fact and, when the
court's factual determinations are challenged on appeal, the reviewing court must consider the entire
record and is obligated to affirm where there is substantial evidence in the record to support the trial
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court's findings." City of Newton v. Lofton, 840 So. 2d 833, 835 (¶6) (Miss. 2003); Ezell v. Williams,
724 So. 2d 396, 397 (¶4) (Miss. 1998); Mississippi State Hosp. v. Wood, 823 So. 2d 598, 601 (¶7)
(Miss. Ct. App. 2002). "The findings of the trial judge will not be disturbed unless the judge abused
his discretion, was manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous or an erroneous legal standard was applied.
City of Newton, 840 So. 2d at 835-36 (¶6); Stanton v. Delta Reg'l Med. Ctr., 802 So. 2d 142, 145
(¶6) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).
¶11.
"The standard of review for a judgment entered following a bench trial is well settled. 'A
circuit court judge sitting without a jury is accorded the same deference with regard to his findings
as a chancellor, and his findings are safe on appeal where they are supported by substantial, credible,
and reasonable evidence.'" City of Newton, 840 So. 2d at 836 (¶7); City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So.
2d 373, 376 (¶9) (Miss. 2000) (citing Puckett v. Stuckey, 633 So. 2d 978, 982 (Miss. 1993); Sweet
Home Water & Sewer Ass'n v. Lexington Estates, Ltd., 613 So. 2d 864, 872 (Miss. 1993); Allied
Steel Corp. v. Cooper, 607 So. 2d 113, 119 (Miss 1992)). "This Court reviews errors of law, which
include the proper application of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, de novo." City of Newton, 840 So.
2d at 836 (¶7).
¶12.
The principal Mississippi Code Annotated section relevant to this issue is Mississippi Code
Annotated section 11-46-9 (a-x) (Rev. 2002). This section is used to determine liability exemptions
of governmental entities and their employees acting within the scope of their duties. Further, the
pertinent subsections that apply include sections 11-46-9 (1) (v) and (w). These sections state:
(1) A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and scope of
their employment or duties shall not be liable for any claims:
(v) Arising out of an injury caused by a dangerous condition on the property of the
governmental entity that was not caused by the negligent or other wrongful conduct
of an employee of the governmental entity or of which the governmental entity did
not have notice, either actual or constructive, and adequate opportunity to protect or
warn against; provided, however, that a governmental entity shall not be liable for the
failure to warn of a dangerous condition which is obvious to one exercising due care;
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(w) Arising out of the absence, condition, malfunction or removal by third parties of
any sign, signal, warning device, illumination device, guardrail or median barrier,
unless the absence, condition, malfunction or removal is not corrected by the
governmental entity responsible for its maintenance within a reasonable time after
actual or constructive notice.
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9 (1) (v) and (w) (Rev. 2002).
¶13.
After reviewing all of the evidence, the trial judge determined that Bridget and Susan's
injuries were caused by the negligence of the Department. The following facts and circumstances
were established by the evidence: (A) there was a dangerous 3-5 inch drop-off along the irregular
edge of the pavement that extended over 500 feet; (B) the hazardous condition resulting in the 3-5
inch drop-off and irregular pavement edge was created by the negligence and wrongful conduct of
the Department employees; (C) the evidence clearly established that the Department through its
employees, either knew or should have known that this dangerous drop-off and irregular edge existed
prior to the accident; (D) since the final paving in this area had been completed on November 29 or
30, the Department had adequate opportunity to protect or warn against the hazard created by the
drop-off and irregular pavement area; and (E) the Department is liable for failing to warn of this
dangerous condition since, as shown by the testimony, the hazard was not obvious to anyone
including the investigating officer Otis Kaufman, and Ruby Lynn Morris, who was driving her
vehicle behind Susan and Bridget.
¶14.
The trial court, sitting as the jury, determined that the condition was not open and obvious,
which is required for immunity to apply. The trial judge, before overruling a motion for a directed
verdict, stated:
The time line that she [Bridget] had to react and discern that it was open and obvious
is 1.1 mile and she's going 55 miles per hour. . . . At 60 miles per hour you're going
a mile a minute, at 60. [sic] At 66 I guess you're going 1.25 or something like that
a minute. So that's the time line that they had to go from a road that's marked to a
road that's not marked as far as, you know, something that's open and obvious . . . I
just think this is a tough question because with all due respect to Mr. Buchanan we've
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got to rely on what I tell the jury; you are to evaluate the worth and credibility and
believability of the testimony. In doing so you're supposed to use your good sense.
And all of a sudden you're driving on a highway that is perfectly marked and, you
know, within 1.1 miles you go off a roadbed that is not properly marked. I don't know
how open and obvious it was in that narrow time frame of whatever seconds or
minutes there were there that she came across this situation.
As stated above, there was also evidence that there were no warning signs or devices at the
construction site or area in question which could have alerted Bridget to the dangerous condition.
Based on evidence that the condition was not obvious and lacked adequate warning signs or devices,
this Court finds that the trial judge made reasonable fact findings.
¶15.
The trial court applied the correct legal standard and absent a showing that the findings of
the trial court were manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous or that the trial court abused its discretion,
the trial court's findings should not be disturbed.
Section B.
VII. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT FAILED TO ENTER FINDINGS OF FACT AND
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW?
¶16.
Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 52(a) specifically states:
In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury the court may, and shall upon the
request of any party to the suit or when required by these rules, find the facts
specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon and judgment shall be
entered accordingly.
¶17.
In Tricon Metals & Services, Inc. v. Topp, 516 So. 2d 236, 239 (Miss. 1987), the court stated
that in cases of any significant complexity the trial court generally should find the facts specially and
state separately its conclusions of law. However, the case sub judice is far from complex, and since
the court did not make findings on its own accord, the only other option would be upon the request
of any party to the suit.
¶18.
The Mississippi Supreme Court stated that when a party requests specific findings of fact and
conclusions of law in its post trial motions, it is error for the trial court to fail to make such findings.
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Patout v. Patout, 733 So. 2d 770, 773 (¶17 ) (Miss. 1999). After a thorough examination of the
entire record and an even closer look at the defendants' post-trial motion, we fail to find any request
made for specific findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Section C.
VIII. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN FINDING IN FAVOR OF THE PLAINTIFF WHEN
THERE WAS SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE?
¶19.
It should first be stated that the issue of spoliation of evidence was not raised before the trial
court nor was the issue raised in the Department's notice of appeal. The Mississippi Supreme Court
has repeatedly held that an issue not raised before the lower court is deemed waived and is
procedurally barred. Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643, 658 (Miss. 1996); Cole v. State, 525 So.2d 365,
369 (Miss.1987), cert. denied, Cole v. Mississippi, 488 U.S. 934 (1988). "Counsel may not sit idly
by making no protest as objectionable evidence is admitted, and then raise the issue for the first time
on appeal." Davis, 684 So. 2d at 658 Since this issue concerning spoliation of evidence was not
properly and timely raised, the Department is precluded from raising the issue for the first time on
appeal.
¶20.
However, to be thorough, we continue. In Stahl v. Wal-mart Stores, Inc., the court held that
"in the absence of bad faith--i.e., evidence of culpability on the part of the spoliator--then there can
be no adverse influence or presumption . . . even when there is prejudice to the innocent party."
Stahl v. Wal-mart Stores, Inc., 47 F. Supp. 2d 783, 787 n.3 (S.D. Miss. 1998). The court has further
held that "it is a general rule that the intentional spoliation or destruction of evidence relevant to a
case raises a presumption, or, more properly, an inference, that this evidence would have been
unfavorable to the case of the spoliator." Tolbert v. State, 511 So. 2d 1368, 1372-73 (Miss. 1987)
(quoting Washington v. State, 478 So. 2d 1028, 1032-33 (Miss. 1985)). "Such a presumption or
inference arises, however, only when the spoliation or destruction was intentional and indicates fraud
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and a desire to suppress the truth, and it does not rise where the destruction was a matter of routine
with no fraudulent intent." Id.
¶21.
The Department claims that the plaintiffs and their attorney failed to preserve critical
evidence; they failed to retain the tire that they allege sustained a blowout when it struck the raised
area of the pavement as they entered the roadway. The relevant facts in the case sub judice show,
the date of the accident was December 3, 1993, with the complaint being filed on March 3, 1995,
and through the development of this case until the trial in September 2001, the Department never
requested the production of the tire. Nor was there any inquiry concerning the tire in any of the
discovery propounded by the Department. When defense counsel first raised questions concerning
the tire at trial, Bridget's father explained what happened to the tire and it is clear that had the request
for production been timely, the tire probably could have been located for the Department.
¶22.
It is clear that there was no intent to destroy the tire or to deprive the Department of the
opportunity to inspect it. With there being no evidence of culpability on the part of the plaintiffs,
and even if the Department was given the presumption, the overwhelming evidence in this case was
sufficient to rebut the presumption and fully supports the judgment of the trial court.
Section D.
I. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT DETERMINED THAT THE DEFENDANT WAS
NEGLIGENT?
¶23.
In regards to these issues concerning negligence, both parties cite the Mississippi Supreme
Court case Jones. v. Miss. Dep't of Transp., 744 So. 2d 256 (Miss. 1999). However, it is the finding
of this Court that this case fully supports the judgment of the trial court in assigning fault to the
Department. In Jones, there was a one vehicle accident that occurred at a "T" intersection and there
was no stop sign at the end of the road nor were there any traffic control signs warning oncoming
traffic that it was approaching a "T" intersection. Jones, 744 So. 2d at 258 (¶2). The driver failed
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to stop, crossed the intersection, and crashed into a ditch. Id. As in the case sub judice, Jones raised
the issue of whether the placement of traffic control devices was a discretionary act entitling the
Department to protection from suit under the Tort Claims Act. During an extensive analysis of the
claim, the court provided the following:
Even prior to the enactment of § 11-46-9 (1) (w), a governmental entity had a duty
to warn of a dangerous condition of which it has notice. In Coplin v. Francis, 631
So. 2d 752, 755 (Miss. 1994), this Court held that even where a government
employee's actions are deemed to be discretionary, rather than ministerial, the
question may remain as to whether the public was afforded adequate warnings of the
dangerous condition.
Federal law also supports our conclusion. Applying a similarly worded exception to
the FTCA, a federal district court has held: The discretionary function exemption is
intended to protect public policy objectives. It would run counter to the discretionary
function exemption to second-guess or micro-manage the kinds of steps appropriate
to maximize safety in government facilities, even where the decisions are made
below policy level. Within that broad discretion, reasonable steps of a type
determined by management to minimize risks of personal injury are necessary.
Failure to take any such steps where feasible is negligent and not within the
discretionary function exemption, even though the particular nature of the appropriate
steps is discretionary.
Id. at 263-64 (¶¶22-23)(citations omitted).
¶24.
The evidence found in the record fully supported the trial court's findings that a proximate
cause of the accident and the plaintiffs' injuries was the negligence of the Department in creating the
dangerous condition and failing to protect or warn against the hazard. The facts in evidence that
support this contention are as follows: (1) under Mississippi Code Annotated section 65-1-65 and
section 65-1-67, the Department had duties to the public including: to maintain the highway, not to
create a hazardous condition on the highway, and to protect and warn against any hazard on the
highway; (2) the condition of the right edge of the highway and the shoulder presented a dangerous
condition; (3) witnesses testified to the seriousness of the situation including the lack of striping on
the road and the lack of warning signs or signals; (4) there is evidence that also supported the
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plaintiff's claim that the Department's breach of its duties was the proximate cause of the accident;
and (5) there was also testimony that Bridget was a careful and prudent driver and was driving
straight ahead in the right-hand lane when her right front tire dropped off the highway.
¶25.
Whether the plaintiff had any fault in bringing about the accident is discussed below.
SOUTHWICK, P. J., writing for the court as to section E:
Section E.
V. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT FAILED TO FIND THE PLAINTIFF BRIDGET
TROSCLAIR BAILES, NEGLIGENT?
VI. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR BY FAILING TO APPORTION A PERCENTAGE OF FAULT
TO THE PLAINTIFF?
¶26.
When the Trosclairs brought suit, they claimed that the Department was solely at fault. In
reply, the Department alleged that Bridget, the driver, was solely at fault. At trial, the dispute was
whether both were at fault.
¶27.
Those who are negligent and proximately contribute to an injury should be allocated a
percentage of fault. Miss. Code Ann. § 85-5-7 (Rev. 1999). The comparative negligence principle
includes allocation of fault to a plaintiff. Based on the evidence before us, the failure to allocate at
least some of the fault to Bridget rises to the level of manifest error.
¶28.
The record contains undisputed evidence of the following:
a. It was daytime and the weather was clear;
b. The plaintiffs realized that they had entered an stretch of road being repaved;
c. A drop-off from the fresh pavement to the unpaved shoulder was obvious, though the
degree of elevation change was not clear; and
d. The edge of the pavement was clearly observable.
11
¶29.
The plaintiffs take these facts, add some contested ones, and argue a number of failures of
the Department. This Court has already explained why it finds the record to support that a proximate
cause of injury was the Department's various failures. Even though the Department has been found
to have failed in its responsibilities, in order for us to affirm we must also conclude that the plaintiff
was without fault that was a proximate cause of the injury.
¶30.
The obviousness of fresh pavement was admitted. The temporary center line markings were
clear in the plaintiffs' own photographic exhibits. Bridget admitted that she could clearly see the
edge of the fresh black pavement against the unpaved shoulder. The pictures introduced into
evidence confirm the admission. Nothing the Department did caused her to run off the road, but the
Department's failures may have caused her not to realize the full extent of the danger of doing so.
¶31.
Roads that are undergoing repair are not required to be closed. Because of the importance
of highways in modern life, the balance that has been struck is largely to leave roads open and make
other adjustments such as slower speeds and occasional detours. The balance also requires that a
driver upon entering a road she knows is undergoing repair to exercise vigilant caution. Graves v.
Johnson, 179 Miss. 465, 176 So. 256, 259-60 (1937).
¶32.
This duty was first recognized when the highway system was much different than today.1
Still, this enhanced care required of motorists who encounter highway construction has been noted
many times since 1937. E.g., Reeves v. W.E. Blain and Son, Contractors, 276 So. 2d 461, 463 (Miss.
1973). Though Graves concerned a highway whose usable surface came to an end, the principle has
been stated more generally "that when one is sufficiently warned that a public thoroughfare is under
construction or undergoing repairs, he should exercise a vigilant caution and keep a constant lookout
1
Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Sutton, 753 So. 2d 1105, 1120, 1124-25, 97-CA-00634-COA
(¶¶ 61-66) (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 7, 1999) (Southwick, P.J., concurring; opinions withdrawn upon
granting of writ of certiorari); aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 765 So.2d 1269 (Miss. 2000).
12
for dangers incident to the progress of the work." Bush Const. Co., Inc. v. Blakeney, 350 So.2d
1370, 1373 (Miss. 1977). Bush involved a situation much like that which faced the Trosclairs,
though in Bush the presence of highway construction warning signs was admitted while here it was
disputed. In Bush the "highway was being resurfaced by layers of asphalt and at the point
complained of the surface had been substantially raised but dirt had not been pulled up to the level
of the road causing a dangerous and hazardous drop-off to those using the road." Id. at 1370-71.
Whatever reasonably warns a driver of construction invokes the need for vigilance.
¶33.
In Bush the contractor was found not to be negligent at all. In our case some fault on the part
of the Department has been upheld. That does not exonerate the driver. A motorist on a freshly
paved highway on which additional work is obviously remaining, cannot be found faultless when
she in good weather, on a straight stretch of road, and without other explanation runs off the new
pavement onto the unpaved and lower shoulder. The plaintiff-driver admitted that she knew that
there was a drop-off. Bridget argues that she did not know that the drop-off was especially severe.
The Court has concluded that the absence of warnings of the severity of the difference in elevation
could properly be found a proximate cause of the accident. Still, under the evidence presented, some
drop-off was anticipatable to a reasonable, non-negligent driver. Part of the needed anticipation is
to drive in a manner so as to avoid running off the road.
¶34.
Bridget alleges that had center and side stripes been present, the accident would not have
occurred. However, since the edge of the roadway was clearly visible, it does not matter that a
painted line might have more colorfully noted that edge. As to markings on the road center, even
though both plaintiffs testified that there was no center striping, the plaintiffs' own photographs taken
the day after the accident reveal intermittent splotches of white on the road center. Those are the
proper temporary center line markings during repaving. Miss. Code Ann. § 65-1-67 (Rev. 2001).
13
Therefore, when Bridget argues that the absence of a temporary center stripe caused her more
zealously to hug the outer edge of the pavement than she would have preferred, the factual predicate
for her argument does not exist. The undisputed testimony establishes that Bridget was traveling
at the speed limit for the area despite these concerns and was passing slower traffic in the
construction area. If the striping was such as to cause doubts about maintaining her position on the
roadway, then the obligation of care was to slow down.
¶35.
The operator of a motor vehicle has a duty to keep the vehicle under proper control and to
drive at a speed which is reasonable under the conditions that she faces. Upchurch ex rel. Upchurch
v. Rotenberry, 761 So.2d 199, 205 (Miss. 2000)(such an instruction was proper statement of law).
Bridget did not meet the "vigilant caution" standard for drivers on roads under construction.
¶36.
Therefore, even though this Court has found the Department to be negligent in the manner
that it repaved this stretch of highway, Bridget also must be allocated some fault. Bridget responds
to the issue by asserting that the failure to assign her any fault was correct in part because the policy
limit for the Department was $50,000. Thus, to allocate her fault might have kept her and Susan
from making a total recovery. Two matters are important in response. First, the comparative
negligence scheme is not to be manipulated by lowering percentages of plaintiff fault or increasing
total damages in order to allow plaintiffs and their attorney to share in an award of all damages. A
plaintiff who is at fault is not supposed to be compensated for all her damages since she contributed
to them. Secondly, the trial judge found total damages to the plaintiffs to be $63,500. It would
appear that this failure to apportion fault did affect the total recovery. The total damages were not
much more than the policy limit. Even after allocating some fault to the Department, a fair appraisal
of the plaintiff's fault may have caused the total recovery to be less than the policy limit.
¶37.
We reverse and remand so that fault may be allocated to both parties.
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¶38. THE JUDGMENT OF THE HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS
REVERSED AND REMANDED. COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE
APPELLEES.
LEE AND IRVING, JJ., CONCUR IN TOTO.
SECTION C: ALL JUDGES CONCUR.
SECTION E: SOUTHWICK, P.J., WRITING FOR THE COURT JOINED BY
McMILLIN, C.J., CHANDLER AND GRIFFIS, JJ.
SECTIONS A, B, AND D: SOUTHWICK, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY McMILLIN, C.J., CHANDLER AND GRIFFIS, JJ.
SECTION E: BRIDGES, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION
JOINED BY KING, P.J., THOMAS AND MYERS, JJ.
SOUTHWICK, P.J., DISSENTING AS TO SECTIONS A, B, AND D:
¶39.
Respectfully, I dissent to Sections A, B, and D of the Court's opinion. Under a statutory
exemption, a governmental entity is not liable in tort if a supposedly dangerous condition that
otherwise would cause liability was obvious to a reasonably observant person. The trial judge
implicitly found that the dangerousness of the drop-off from the new pavement was not obvious.
I believe that was error. I also address a motion regarding the trial judge's need to make findings of
fact and conclusions of law.
1. Governmental Immunity
¶40.
Tort claims against the Department and other governmental entities are controlled by statute.
Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-46-1 through 11-46-23 (Rev. 2002). Among the provisions is a section
containing a variety of exemptions from liability. Included are claims such as the following:
Arising out of an injury caused by a dangerous condition on property of the
governmental entity that was not caused by the negligent or other wrongful conduct
of an employee of the governmental entity or of which the governmental entity did
not have notice, either actual or constructive, and adequate opportunity to protect or
15
warn against; provided, however, that a governmental entity shall not be liable for the
failure to warn of a dangerous condition which is obvious to one exercising due care.
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(v) (Rev. 2002).
¶41.
The related but non-statutory "open and obvious" defense applicable to private parties is a
component of comparative negligence. It is not a complete bar to recovery unless the plaintiff's
failure to notice an obvious defect is the sole proximate cause of injury. Tharp v. Bunge Corp., 641
So. 2d 20, 25 (Miss. 1994). The approach of the governmental immunity statutes is rather different
than usual negligence rules. The legislature declared that sovereign immunity would bar liability in
tort except as waived in the Act. Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-46-3 & 11-46-5 (Rev. 2002). The statutory
defense that there is no obligation to warn of an obviously dangerous condition is an absolute bar
to recovery based on a failure to warn. See Jim Fraiser, "A Review of the Substantive Provisions
of the Mississippi Governmental Immunity Act," 68 MISS. L. J. 703, 829-830 (1999).2
¶42.
The exemption is in two parts. First, it provides that if the dangerous condition on
government property was not caused by a negligent or wrongful act of an employee, then there is no
liability. Whether it is negligence to leave an overlay of pavement five and a half inches above the
level of the adjacent unpaved shoulder is one question. Another is that even if it was not negligence
to have such a drop-off during the road work process, it might be negligence not to have warning
signs notifying of the change in levels. The second principal part of the exemption concerns
dangerous conditions "of which the governmental entity did not have notice, either actual or
constructive, and adequate opportunity to protect or warn against . . . ." Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-
2
The author of the article referred to an unpublished and thus non-precedential opinion:
Id., citing Barfield v. Calhoun City, 704 So.2d 468 (table), 95-CA-01312-COA (Miss. Ct. App.,
Nov. 18, 1997). Since then, this Court again raised the question of the applicability of Tharp to a
city's immunity under § 11-46-9(1)(v), but said that the issue need not be resolved "since the trial
court made a reasonable fact finding that this condition was not an obvious one." City of Newton
v. Lofton, 840 So. 2d 833, 837 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).
16
9(1)(v) (Rev. 2002). Since the first part of the exemption provides that there is no liability if it was
not a governmental employee who created the hazard, the issue of notice and warnings may apply
only to hazards that were created by such an employee. Regardless, our allegedly dangerous
condition was created by a governmental employee.
¶43.
I find no potential negligence here other than the absence of warning signs. Therefore, if the
signs would merely have warned of the obvious, there is no liability. As the statute states, the issue
is not whether the dangerous condition was obvious to this particular plaintiff, but instead the issue
is whether it was obvious to someone exercising "due care." Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(v) (Rev.
2002). The evidence is uncontradicted that the highway was obviously incomplete. Witnesses,
including driver Bridget Trosclair Bailes, testified to fresh, dark asphalt at the site. There was a
temporary set of intermittent white splotches near the approximate road center, but no stripes on the
sides of the road. Without doubt, the highway was undergoing construction or repair.
¶44.
For the plaintiffs to recover, there must have been a dangerous condition that was not obvious
and for which some warning was needed. If warnings of a non-obvious danger were needed, some
liability on the part of the Department may exist.
¶45.
The trial judge made no findings, a point that complicates our task. Such findings would
have aided our review as opposed to being superfluous as the majority holds. If he found that the
danger of running off the road was not obvious at all, then I would conclude that was error. If he
found that Bailes had maintained vigilant caution regarding her driving, I would find that to be error.
However, if on remand the trial the court identified what it was that the Department committed or
omitted that contributed to the accident, then I would evaluate that for support in the evidence.
2. Findings
17
¶46.
A procedural rule requires that after a bench trial, findings of fact and conclusions of law are
to be entered if requested:
In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury the court may, and shall upon the
request of any party to the suit . . . , find the facts specially and state separately its
conclusions of law thereon and judgment shall be entered accordingly.
M.R.C.P. 52(a). The principal dispute on the point is whether the Department made an adequate
request. Instead of making a distinct motion, the Department alleged as an issue in its motion for
new trial that it was error not to make findings of fact and conclusions of law. The motion was
denied without comment on the alleged error regarding findings.
¶47.
The order in which the decision of the trial court was announced was two pages long.
Almost the entire first page discussed the $50,000 limit on the Department's insurance policy. Then
without stating why the Department was liable, the court wrote that after "due consideration of the
evidence, the Court has determined" that one plaintiff suffered $60,000 in damages and the other
$3,750. The remainder of the order reduces the total damages proportionately to the policy limit.
Which among the theories of causation and liability led to the result is unstated.
¶48.
Two issues arise from the manner in which the Department raised the issue. First, this was
not a "request" to make findings as stated in Rule 52(a), but an allegation of error for not having
made findings. Even after the judge read this motion closely and considered the import of the point,
there may have been doubt whether this should be considered a request. Since we are remanding,
it is not necessary to reach a definite conclusion as to the sufficiency of this form of request. Still,
trial judges should be willing to make findings even if arguably the request has not been properly
made, to assist both the parties and an appellate court in understanding the judgment.
¶49.
The other problem is that Rule 52(a) was not mentioned. I find no credible basis on which
to make the failure to cite the rule as controlling. No Mississippi precedent that I have found has
18
required that the rule be specifically mentioned. This rule is neither obscure nor complicated. Even
without citation to the rule, an explicit request for findings after entry of the judgment in a bench trial
sufficiently alerts the trial judge that Rule 52 is being invoked.
¶50.
This is the mirror image of the position the Court has already taken, that the form in which
the trial judge makes the findings is not central to compliance with Rule 52(a).
The purpose of the Rule is to obtain a detailed explanation of a bench trial result
when requested. It does not matter that the court dictated one in open court for the
court reporter to transcribe, or dictated one while in chambers for a secretary to type.
It is the content that matters, not the place at which the judge is sitting when
expressing his reasoning.
Davis v. Dooley, 829 So.2d 712, 715 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002). Thus, the objection to the findings that
they had to be contained in a writing separate from the transcript was rejected. Id. at 715-16.
¶51.
We should reject that the request has to be in a separate writing from the motion for new trial.
Substance, not form unless it provides demonstrable value, controls here.
¶52.
Considering that the findings issue was buried in a motion containing several allegations of
error, the trial judge's failure to respond was understandable. Since we are remanding for further
proceedings, I will simply note that any future request by either party should more closely conform
to the requirements of Rule 52 in order to avoid any ambiguity.
McMILLIN, C.J., CHANDLER AND GRIFFIS, JJ., JOIN THIS SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION.
BRIDGES, J., DISSENTING AS TO SECTION E:
¶53.
With respect to my colleagues in the majority, I am of the opinion that they reached a wrong
decision regarding the reversal and remand of the judgment of the Harrison County Circuit Court.
I am concerned with the reasoning and case law presented in the majority's opinion, and believing
that the record provides ample evidence to affirm the trial court's judgment, I dissent.
19
¶54.
My concern is in the discussion of issues I, V, and VI, which involve whether the trial court
erred when it determined that the defendant was negligent, whether the trial court erred when it failed
to find the plaintiff, Bridget Trosclair, and whether the trial court erred by failing to apportion a
percentage of fault to the plaintiff. While I agree with the majority that fault should be allocated to
the Department, I strongly disagree that fault should be allocated to Bridget as well. I feel that the
allocation of fault is well within the discretion of the fact finder and in this case he chose not to
assign fault with the driver.
¶55.
It may appear that Bridget may have been negligent in her driving but the facts in the record
indicate that she was going the speed limit of 55 m.p.h. and driving in a careful and prudent manner.
The Department's appellate brief claims that the investigating trooper documented that Bridget's
inattention while driving contributed to this accident. However at trial, the trooper testified that,
when he arrived at the scene twenty minutes after being notified of the accident, he first went down
to check on the occupants of the vehicle and then tried to locate where the vehicle ran off the road.
After that he started to fill out his report and in the report where it stated contributing circumstances,
he filled in driver inattention. The trooper also testified that since the accident report was a form,
he had to mark something. This writer does not see how the trooper could have observed her driving
when he arrived at the scene twenty minutes after the accident happened. Taking the above stated
facts as a whole, we find that the trial judge obviously considered this matter in making his decision.
¶56.
Under the facts in the record, I feel apportionment for the alleged liability of Bridget Trosclair
Bailes would be inappropriate. It is also evident in the record that the trial court judgment took into
consideration the statutory liability limits set out in Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-46-15
(1) (a) in making the award. This section states:
(1) In any claim or suit for damages against a governmental entity or its
employee brought under the provisions of this chapter, the liability shall not exceed
20
the following for all claims arising out of a single occurrence for all damages
permitted under this chapter:
(a) For claims or causes of action arising from acts or omissions
occurring on or after July 1, 1993, but before July, 1, 1997, the sum of Fifty
Thousand Dollars ($50,000) . . . .
¶57.
Even if Bridget may have been negligent, I feel the trial court judge certainly considered this
in making his decision.
¶58.
Therefore, I find that these issues are without merit and the trial court's decision should be
affirmed as to all issues. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
KING, P.J., THOMAS AND MYERS, JJ., JOIN THIS SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION.
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