Hilda Darlene Thompson v. Cordis Melvin Thompson, Jr.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2000-CA-00087-COA
HILDA DARLENE THOMPSON
v.
CORDIS MELVIN THOMPSON, JR.
DATE OF TRIAL COURT
JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
CERTIORARI FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLANT
APPELLEE
12/17/1999
HON. J. LARRY BUFFINGTON
SIMPSON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
LINDA PILCHER ROBINSON
W. TERRELL STUBBS
CIVIL - CUSTODY
MOTHER'S PETITION FOR CHILD CUSTODY
MODIFICATION DENIED.
AFFIRMED - 11/06/2001
11/27/2001
BEFORE SOUTHWICK, P.J., THOMAS, AND IRVING, JJ.
SOUTHWICK, P.J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. A little less than two years after a final judgment of divorce awarded custody of two daughters to their
mother, the father filed for a modification. An order temporarily changing custody was entered, but four
years passed before a final hearing was held. At the final hearing, the chancellor held that the mother had to
prove a material change in circumstances since the date of the temporary order. She failed to do so, and the
father received custody.
¶2. As to the older daughter, who indicated a preference to live with the father, no error is alleged. As to
the younger daughter, we find that it was essentially admitted that a material change in circumstances had
arisen at the time of the temporary change. Despite some procedural questions about who carried the
burden of proof at the later final hearing, we hold that placing permanent custody with the father was not an
abuse of discretion. We affirm.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
¶3. Hilda Darlene Thompson and Cordis Melvin Thompson were divorced in February 1993. Mrs.
Thompson was awarded custody of the parties' two minor children, Brandi and Jennifer.
¶4. Mr. Thompson filed a petition for modification in November 1994. The older daughter, Brandi,
indicated a preference to live with her father. That change in custody is not contested on appeal. As to the
younger daughter, Jennifer, the court sought to be aided in its determination by appointing an expert to
assess the entire Thompson family. The court's expert stated that Mrs. Thompson suffered from severe
depression in addition to post-traumatic stress syndrome. He recommended that custody of both daughters
be changed to the father.
¶5. Mrs. Thompson filed for a continuance to allow her additional time to obtain her own expert. A
continuance was granted in May 1995, but a temporary order was also entered that gave custody of
Jennifer to Mr. Thompson.
¶6. For reasons that are not apparent from the record, a period of three years passed without any recorded
action. In July 1998, Mrs. Thompson petitioned the court to set the matter for trial. After a continuance that
allowed Mr. Thompson to depose his former wife's expert, a hearing was held over two days in August
1999. Substantial evidence was received from the mother's expert regarding her present mental condition.
The expert also asserted that at the time of the 1995 temporary change in custody, Mrs. Thompson had not
been emotionally capable of having custody of her child. The expert asserted, however, that she was now
sufficiently recovered from her severe depression and post-traumatic stress syndrome to regain custody.
¶7. The court found that there had been no material change in circumstances since the entry of the 1995
temporary order. On the record the chancellor reviewed factors that the Supreme Court has enumerated
for assessing custody issues. An order was entered allowing Mr. Thompson to retain custody of Jennifer.
DISCUSSION
I. Requirements for Modification of Custody
¶8. To modify a previous child custody order, there are three prerequisites; (1) the initial burden is on the
party seeking the change to demonstrate that there has been a material change in the circumstances affecting
the child; (2) the change that has occurred must be detrimental to the children's welfare; and (3) the
chancellor must find that the change in custody is in the best interest of the children. Bredemeier v.
Jackson, 689 So. 2d 770, 775 (Miss. 1997). In deciding whether there has been a material change, the
totality of the circumstances should be considered. Id. If under this totality a material change has occurred,
the court must make a separate assessment on whether this change is one that adversely affects the children.
Id.
¶9. A chancellor's decisions in these matters will not be disturbed on appeal unless the finding is manifestly
wrong or is not supported by substantial credible evidence. Polk v. Polk, 589 So. 2d 123, 129 (Miss.
1991).
¶10. This Court has recently been sharply divided in a modification appeal. The Court in opinions written
by three different judges unanimously agreed that precedents such as these continued to set out the
applicable test. Sturgis v. Sturgis, 792 So. 2d 1020 (¶¶ 13, 26, & 35) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001). The point
of division was in explaining the role of the dominant Mississippi precedent on determining at least initial
custody, and that is Albright v. Albright, 437 So. 2d 1003, 1005 (Miss. 1983). In Sturgis, the chancellor
found a material change in circumstances adverse to the interests of the child but then did not mention all the
Albright factors before deciding to alter custody. Sturgis, 792 So. 2d 1020 at (¶ 18). A majority of the
Court found that to be reversible error. Id. at (¶¶ 21 & 27-28).
¶11. In the case before us now, the chancellor after the final hearing never found a change in circumstances
but went directly to the Albright factors to determine that the father should receive custody. What was
procedurally unusual was that the chancellor considered the 1995 temporary custody order to have the
effect of a permanent order. The party who then challenged that permanent-temporary order had to show a
material change in circumstances. Mrs. Thompson, who was seeking the reinstatement of the original
custody, put on substantial medical testimony that she had been medically unable to have custody in 1995.
The purpose of that evidence was to set the foundation for her doctor's testimony that she had by 1999
adequately recovered and was unlikely to relapse into depression.
¶12. Once the chancellor here found no material change in circumstances since the date of the temporary
decree, he nonetheless re-evaluated the Albright elements. When a petition seeking a modification alleges
that a change in circumstances has occurred, it is quite likely if not inevitable that the change will be in one
or more of the Albright factors. A hearing for modification of custody is not an invitation just to reconsider
the initial balancing of the relevant circumstances. For example, if the chancellor's initial custody decision
was a relatively close one with each parent having similar strengths under the Albright analysis, a decision
later to grant a change in custody is not supposed to be based just on a new weighing of those same factors
that might now show a slight preference for the other parent. The Supreme Court has said that "only
parental behavior that poses a clear danger to the child's mental or emotional health can justify a custody
change." Morrow v. Morrow, 591 So. 2d 829, 833 (Miss. 1991).
¶13. Even with a finding of a material change in circumstances, there is another step:
Even though the chancellor finds a material adverse change in circumstances, a change in custody is
not automatic. That finding is merely the first step, the one which then authorizes and indeed
challenges the chancellor to then go forward and determine whether the best interests of the child
justify a change of custody.
Tucker v. Tucker, 453 So. 2d 1294, 1297 (Miss. 1984). Whether all the Albright factors must be
reweighed on the record in a modification decision was considered in Sturgis, but there was no majority of
the court on that issue. Sturgis, 792 So. 2d 1020 at (¶ 21). In the present case, the chancellor described
each factor on the record and thus the necessity that he do so is moot.
¶14. We find this to be the applicable law. We now apply it to the chancellor's actions.
II. Validity of This Custody Modification
¶15. To determine whether the chancellor applied the proper legal standards and had adequate evidence to
support the decision to change custody, we examine the custody proceedings in chronological order.
A) The initial custody agreement was incorporated into the divorce decree of February 25, 1993.
Mrs. Thompson was given sole custody of the parties' two minor children.
B) Custody of both children remained with the mother until the father requested modification on
November 28, 1994. The older daughter, Brandi, exercised her statutory right as a minor over the
age of twelve to indicate her preference. Her election was to live with her father. The chancellor made
the change and neither party contests Brandi's custody.
C) A hearing on Mr. Thompson's motion to modify the custody of the younger daughter Jennifer was
held on February 27, 1995. The court appointed an expert to assess the entire family. The expert
recommended that custody of the younger daughter also be given to the father. A continuance was
granted so that the mother could obtain her own expert to contest the opinion of the court's expert.
However, the court entered a temporary order giving custody to the father. That May 18, 1995 order
is critical on this appeal. These are its only relevant parts:
Defendant/Petitioner [Mr. Thompson] is hereby granted temporary custody of the parties' minor child,
Jennifer Dawn Thompson, effective May 15, 1995, at 9:00 a.m., with the Defendant/Petitioner to
pick up said child after normal school hours on said date or if said chid fails to attend school, he shall
be allowed to pick up said child at Plaintiff/Respondent's home on said date.
Pending the final hearing in this cause, or until further order of this Court, Defendant/Petitioner shall
not be required to pay any child support.
¶16. Two critical matters are obvious. First, the change in custody was temporary. Secondly, the order was
not based on an explicit finding of material change in circumstances.
¶17. The basis and effect of a temporary custody order is explained by one treatise-writer:
The power of the Chancellor to issue temporary decrees covering child custody may be exercised
either in term time or in vacation. At the hearing on the motion, the movant must be able to testify to
the court's satisfaction that the need for a temporary order arises out of conditions present at the time.
Mississippi is clearly a state that concerns itself with the best interest of the child and custody is one of
the primary methods by which the state expresses her interest in those children. . . . Upon the filing of
a motion asking for temporary custody the court will hear whatever evidence is necessary, in the
sound discretion of the court, and may look into the circumstances of the parties pertaining to the care
and custody and surroundings that will effect the child pending litigation and after, hearing both parties,
will award temporary custody to the party that will best serve the interest of the child.
N. Shelton Hand Jr., Mississippi Divorce, Alimony and Child Custody § 22-1, 526 (1998). Though these
statements are primarily describing the proceedings for a post-separation and pre-divorce custody decision,
the point is equally applicable for a post-divorce hearing in which the allegation is made that an immediate
but non-permanent decision to change custody is needed.
¶18. In 1995 the chancellor granted temporary custody to Mr. Thompson. The order does not express the
reason for this temporary change of custody that lasted for four years. A reasonable inference is that the
temporary change of custody was ordered as a result of the court appointed expert's report recommending
that custody be given to the father. We learn more about the medical problems leading to the 1995 change
from the testimony put on by Mrs. Thompson at the 1999 hearing. It was all but admitted by the expert that
the chancellor had little choice but to make a change in 1995, though the legal effect of that change at the
later 1999 hearing is contested.
¶19. Although we find no precedent in which a permanent custody order has been interrupted by a
temporary custody order, such action is consistent with the broad authority of the chancery court to protect
the best interests of children within its jurisdiction. The length that the temporary change remained in effect is
troubling. "Generally, the temporary order for custody will be effective only until the next term of court, but
in a practical sense the temporary order will be allowed to stand until the case is determined on the merits if
there is no undue delay." Hand, Mississippi Divorce at 527. Yet we find no error on the part of the
chancellor that caused the delay.
¶20. The final step chronologically was the hearing in August 1999, on the merits of modification of the
custody. The chancellor announced that it was Mrs. Thompson's obligation to prove a material change in
custody adverse to the interests of the child. This ruling was despite that she had custody under the only
permanent order in the case, though interrupted by the four-year old temporary order. Mrs. Thompson in
July 1998 filed a motion that among other matters asserted that Mr. Thompson remained responsible to
show a material change in circumstances from the 1993 custody order. The chancellor disagreed, but his
pretrial rulings on the burdens of proof were not reduced to an order. Instead, they are referenced in other
filings. We describe his approach.
¶21. The record reveals that on March 2, 1999, a status conference was held. Both in a pleading that was
filed and in an oral statement at the final hearing, Mrs. Thompson's attorney indicated that the chancellor
ruled that the long passage of time since the 1995 temporary decree caused that decree to assume the role
of a permanent change in custody. Also, since the younger child indicated a preference to be in the custody
of her mother, that constituted in itself a substantial change in circumstances from the custody established by
the 1995 temporary order. It would then be the obligation of the father to show that despite this change in
circumstances, that it was not in the child's best interest to be placed in the mother's custody.
¶22. To place the chancellor's procedural rulings within the framework of what is required at custody
modification hearings, we again summarize the required three steps. (1) The burden is on the party seeking
the change to demonstrate that there has been a material change in the circumstances affecting the child. (2)
The change that has occurred must be detrimental to the child's welfare. (3) A change in custody must be in
the child's best interest. Bredemeier, 689 So. 2d at 775. Even prior to these three steps analytically, the
chancellor had converted the 1995 temporary order into a permanent one. That made the mother the
moving party seeking a modification.
¶23. The chancellor held that the first two steps had been satisfied by the statement of the preference of a
child over the age of twelve. A child over the age of twelve has the right to have her custody preference be
given weight.
[I]f the court shall find that both parties are fit and proper persons to have custody of the children, and
that either party is able to adequately provide for the care and maintenance of the children, and that it
would be in the best interest and welfare of the children, then any such child who shall have reached
his twelfth birthday shall have the privilege of choosing the parent with whom he shall live.
Miss. Code Ann. § 93-11-65 (Supp. 2000).
¶24. The Supreme Court has said that this statute permits a child of the right age to choose the custodial
parent if "the choice was in [the child's] best interest and the other requirements of the statute were met"; if
"the chancellor denies a child his choice of custodial parent under § 93-11-65, then the chancellor must
make on-the-record findings as to why the best interest of the child is not served." Polk v. Polk, 589 So.
2d 123, 130 (Miss. 1991). This ruling suggests that the first two factors of a change in custody can be
satisfied by the child's own preference, and the chancellor must then explain on the record if the choice is
not honored. It also was the ruling of this chancellor, that it would be the obligation of the father to indicate
why a change in conformity with this statement of preference was not in the child's best interest.
¶25. Regardless of the procedural steps that took the court to the decisive issue, we agree the issue was
properly identified. Had a substantial change in circumstances occurred since the original permanent decree
in 1993, even if the change had occurred several years before the final hearing, and if so, what was in the
best interest of the child? What finally the chancellor faced was the essential question of whether the
considerable improvement in the mother's condition, a condition that her own witness said had in 1995
made her unable to have custody, should cause her to regain custody. It does not ultimately matter whether
the chancellor considered that as a 1999 change in custody from a 1993 permanent custody decree that
had been suspended by a 1995 temporary decree, or instead as a 1999 reconfirmation of custody from a
1995 decree that had already permanently changed the 1993 custody. The significant problems arising from
depression that the mother admittedly had been suffering permitted a permanent change in custody. That
change, according to the expert's testimony, would have been justified in 1995, even though the order
stated that the change had then been temporary. The long passage of time with custody in the father created
its own need to consider the temporary order as more than that.
¶26. We hold that the chancellor was within the broad powers granted him to consider the testimony both
in 1995 and in 1999 as revealing a material change in circumstances from the original 1993 custody decree,
and those circumstances were adverse to the best interest of the child. We could look at the permanent
change as not occurring until 1999, but that is of no moment. The concerns for the mother as a custodial
parent existed. As the Supreme Court has held, it is not enough to require a change in custody that a parent
show that she has recovered or been rehabilitated from whatever problems previously made custody
improper. Improvement in the condition of the non-custodial parent does not justify making a change.
Touchstone v. Touchstone, 682 So. 2d 374, 377 (Miss. 1996). Though the mother may in 1999 still
technically have been the custodial parent, for purposes of precedents such as Touchstone, the fact that she
had not been the de facto custodial parent for four years is important.
¶27. We affirm the chancellor's implicit finding that a substantial change of circumstances had occurred
since 1993, and had manifested itself by 1995. We further affirm that the child's statement of a preference in
1999 should be given substantial weight, but that the chancellor placed on the record the reasons why he
did not find that it was in the child's best interest to honor that preference.
¶28. The chancellor also indicated that having found no material change in circumstances since the date of
the temporary order, there was no need to weigh the Albright factors. Out of an abundance of caution,
concerned about what an appellate court might require, he reviewed those factors all the same. The result
was to find that the factors favored custody with the father.
¶29. We should not be interpreted as holding that a temporary custody order normally should be given the
status for modification purposes of a permanent order. At least when the temporary order predates the
divorce, a showing of a material change in circumstances is not later required for entering an entirely
different order when the divorce is granted. Williams v. Williams, 656 So. 2d 325, 330 (Miss. 1995). The
very reason for the order to be made temporary, no matter whether entered before or after the divorce, is
that some exigency exists that requires immediate action. It may not be possible to have available for review
all the relevant evidence by that time. Once a final and more deliberate hearing on custody is conducted, the
party who initially obtained the temporary order has the burden to prove the need for a permanent change.
¶30. Yet here, the parties and the chancellor together allowed the hearing on permanent custody to be
delayed for four years. By then, this no longer was a temporary emergency order but had acquired incidents
of permanency. We do not know, but find it to be a reasonable, that the mother and her physician may not
have believed that an earlier attempt to regain permanent custody would have been effective because of
continuing health problems. Regardless of the reason, the chancellor would not have been performing his
equity tasks to ignore the passage of time.
¶31. We hold that the chancellor did not abuse his discretion in finding that in 1999 a substantial change had
arisen in Mrs. Thompson's circumstances since 1993, that was adverse to the interest of the younger
daughter Jennifer. That change was sufficiently shown as having persisted to 1999, even though the expert
testimony was that Mrs. Thompson was much improved from the nadir in her condition. Having found a
substantial change adverse to the child, the court was also well within its discretion to hold, after a review of
all the Albright considerations, that it was in Jennifer's best interest to remain with her father.
¶32. THE JUDGMENT OF THE SIMPSON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT IS AFFIRMED.
ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE APPELLANT.
McMILLIN, C.J., BRIDGES, THOMAS, LEE, IRVING, MYERS, CHANDLER AND
BRANTLEY, JJ., CONCUR. KING, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.
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