Bradford Seafood Company v. Anthony Alexander
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2000-WC-00585-COA
BRADFORD SEAFOOD COMPANY
v.
ANTHONY ALEXANDER
DATE OF TRIAL COURT
JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
CERTIORARI FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLANT
APPELLEE
03/10/2000
HON. ROBERT H. WALKER
HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
STEPHEN J. MAGGIO
BEN F. GALLOWAY III
CIVIL - WORKERS' COMPENSATION
AFFIRMED WORKERS' COMPENSATION
COMMISSION
AFFIRMED - 05/22/2001
6/12/2001
BEFORE SOUTHWICK, P.J., MYERS, AND CHANDLER, JJ.
MYERS, J., FOR THE COURT:
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶1. This is the second appeal from Bradford Seafood Company surrounding the back injury of Anthony
Alexander. Alexander worked as an oyster shucker for Bradford Seafood and injured his back in March of
1993 while lifting a bag of oysters. Bradford Seafood denied compensability for the injury. Its claim was
that there were fewer than five employees and the business was involved in aquacultural (farming) pursuits
thus exempting it from the requirement of providing workers' compensation insurance to its employees.
¶2. A hearing was held before Administrative Law Judge W.A. Thornton to resolve the issues of whether
Alexander was an employee of Bradford Seafood and whether Bradford Seafood was an employer subject
to the Mississippi Workers' Compensation Act (Act). Without reaching a decision as to whether Bradford
Seafood was subject to the Act, Alexander's claim was dismissed when Judge Thornton ruled that
Alexander was an independent contractor and not an employee.
¶3. Alexander then petitioned the Workers' Compensation Commission for review of the administrative
judge's order. The Commission affirmed the administrative judge's order. Alexander filed an appeal in the
Circuit Court of Harrison County which also affirmed the order of the administrative judge. Finally,
Alexander appealed to the Mississippi Supreme Court which assigned the case to this Court. We reversed
the decision of the Harrison County Circuit Court finding that Alexander was indeed an employee of
Bradford Seafood covered by the Act. Alexander v. Bradford Seafood Co., 691 So. 2d 1032 (Miss. Ct.
App. 1996)(table). The case was remanded to the Commission for the determination and the supervision of
the compensation due Alexander.
CASE AT BAR
¶4. In the order signed by Administrative Law Judge Linda Thompson, three issues were listed for
determination. They are: (1) whether Bradford Seafood Co., Inc. was subject to the Mississippi Workers'
Compensation Act on March 26, 1993; (2) whether Anthony Alexander sustained a work-related injury to
his lower back and neck on March 26, 1993; (3) the existence/extent of disability resulting to the work
injury.
¶5. The mandate of this Court penned by Judge Frank Barber stated very clearly that "[t]his cause is
remanded to the Workers' Compensation Commission solely for determination and supervision of the
compensation due the Appellant." We denied Bradford Seafood's motion for rehearing. Bradford Seafood
then petitioned the supreme court for writ of certiorari based on the farmer and farm laborers exemption
contained in Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-5 (Rev. 2000)(1). After the initial grant of certiorari, the supreme
court, on its own motion, met en banc and vacated the grant of certiorari. The Commission then remanded
the case to Administrative Law Judge Thompson.
¶6. The administrative law judge found it necessary to clarify the issues. In her decision, she found that
Bradford Seafood was involved with the commercial processing of oyster meat, not farming or aquaculture,
and thus subject to the Act. The administrative judge also found that Alexander did sustain a work related
injury and that he suffered from permanent total disability as a result of that injury. Bradford Seafood was
found to be liable for all medical services and supplies related to Alexander's workers' compensation claim.
The Mississippi Workers' Compensation Commission affirmed the order of the administrative judge.
¶7. Once again Bradford Seafood sought relief by appealing the ruling of the administrative judge and the
Workers' Compensation Commission to the Circuit Court of Harrison County alleging that the Commission
erred in failing to find that Alexander was a farm laborer. The Harrison County Circuit Court affirmed the
lower decision and Bradford Seafood appealed once again to the Mississippi Supreme Court. The issue
presented by the appellant is whether Anthony Alexander was a "farm laborer" pursuant to Miss. Code
Ann. § 71-3-5 (Rev. 2000) and, therefore, not subject to the Mississippi Workers' Compensation Act.
DISCUSSION
¶8. It is of great import to note that only one issue was decided in Bradford Seafood's first visit to our
Court: whether Alexander was an independent contractor or an employee of Bradford Seafood. On the
second visit we are faced with another question of law which would directly impact the ruling in the first
matter. Though we remanded for a determination of the amount of benefits, we find it appropriate that the
Commission first examined the effect of Bradford's separate defense raised in its original answer to
Alexander's petition to controvert and not yet ruled upon at any level. The question is whether Bradford
Seafood is a farming business and thus Alexander a farm laborer exempted under Miss. Code Ann. § 71-35 (Rev. 2000). We hold that Bradford Seafood is in the business of processing oysters and Alexander as
their employee is not exempted under the Act.
¶9. Our review of the Workers' Compensation Commission is limited. We must determine whether there is
substantial evidence to support the Commission's findings. If there is a deficit record or amount of evidence
in the record and the decision is unsupported , the Commission will be found to have been arbitrary and
capricious. We may also review their decision if there has been a misinterpretation or misreading of the
applicable law. Hurdle and Son v. Holloway, 749 So. 2d 342, 346 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999). The
Commission will be affirmed if the appellate court determines there is significant credible evidence
supporting their decision. Natchez Equip. Co. v. Gibbs, 623 So. 2d 270, 273-74 (Miss. 1993).
¶10. Mr. Jordan Bradford owns Bradford Seafood and Oyster Farms, Inc. The sole crop is oysters. He
raises oysters in the beds at Oyster Farms, Inc. They are then harvested and shipped to Mississippi to
Bradford Seafood for processing. The farming of the oysters occurred in Louisiana at Oyster Farms, Inc.
Their removal from their beds occurred in Louisiana by Oyster Farms, Inc. The farming operation ceased
and the processing operation began once that crop of oysters came over to the Mississippi Gulf Coast to be
shucked and readied for sale as Bradford's Brand Oysters.
¶11. Is Bradford Seafood in the business of processing(2) or manufacturing(3) oyster meat?
In considering what constitutes a manufacture or manufacturing, . . . generally there are three main or
essential elements: (1) An original substance or material, frequently referred to as raw material. (2) A
process whereby the original material is changed or transformed. (3) An article or substance which,
by reason of being subjected to the processing, is to some extent different from the original substance
or material.
Stafford v. U.S. Cattle Corp., 389 So. 2d 923, 925 (Miss. 1980)(quoting Lopanic v. Berkeley Coop.
Gin Co., 191 So. 2d 108, 113 (Miss. 1966)).
Any factory or person engaged in the canning, processing, freezing, drying or shipping of oysters, fish,
saltwater crabs or saltwater shrimp shall be considered a seafood processor and shall obtain a license
and pay an annual privilege tax . . . . The privilege of a processor shall also include the privileges of a
wholesaler . . . .
Miss. Code Ann. § 49-15-29(2) (Rev. 2000).
¶12. Bradford Seafood takes an oyster and removes it from its shell in order to sell the meat. By reason of
being subjected to this process, taking the meat out of the shell, the oyster is forever altered. Bradford
Seafood does manufacture oyster meat. Bradford Seafood further processes this oyster meat by washing it,
packing it in tubs with water and then selling it. According to statutory definition, Bradford Seafood is in the
business of processing seafood. Miss. Code Ann. § 49-15-29(2) (Rev. 2000)(see also Stafford v. U.S.
Cattle Corp., 389 So. 2d 923, 925-26 (Miss. 1980))(holding that corn feed in a grain silo was not
significantly different from the original raw material and could not be categorized as a manufactured product
because it was merely stored there).
¶13. Bradford Seafood contends that the oyster is not fully harvested until such time as it is removed from
its shell. If that were really the case, then every restaurant that shucked oysters would be helping Bradford
Seafood farm their oysters. When a farmer takes seed cotton to be ginned it is then processing his cotton
crop. The removal of seeds from the cotton boll allows for the cotton to be baled and the seed to be further
processed as needed. Cotton gin owners take out Workers' Compensation insurance on the employees at
their gins. See Wilkins v. Wood, 229 Miss. 553, 556, 91 So. 2d 560, 561 (Miss. 1956)(holding that a
sharecropper killed while taking his own crop to lessor's gin was not an employee of the gin and exempted
as a farm laborer). Under Bradford Seafood's theory, the cotton would not be considered fully harvested
until the bales reach cloth manufacturers.
¶14. Bradford Seafood is an oyster processing enterprise operated for the purpose of readying oyster meat
for shipment to purchasers. "[T]he exemption does not apply to the processing of agricultural products
when carried on commercially." Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-5 (Rev. 2000).
¶15. Our position is implied in our previous opinion. However, in order to avoid confusion, we will state our
opinion in clear terms. We fully agree with the lower court and its ruling that Bradford Seafood Co., is in the
business of processing oyster meat for commercial use and therefore not exempt from the Act. The people
employed as oyster shuckers are employees as defined in the Mississippi Workers' Compensation Act.
Anthony Alexander was an employee of Bradford Seafood and Bradford Seafood is responsible for paying
Alexander's damages as determined by the Commission.
¶16. The award of benefits at the rate of $97.02 per week beginning March 26, 1993, and continuing for
450 weeks(4); all penalties and interests on all due and unpaid compensation benefits; and providing of
medical services and supplies as required by the nature of Alexander's injury and the process of his
recovery therefrom pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-15 (Rev. 2000), General Rule 12 and the
Medical Fee Schedule, including the outstanding charges of $31,976.70 shall be paid in accordance to
rulings of the Workers' Compensation Commission.
¶17. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HARRISON COUNTY THAT
BRADFORD SEAFOOD IS A BUSINESS COVERED UNDER THE WORKERS'
COMPENSATION ACT AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PAYING WORKERS'
COMPENSATION BENEFITS TO ANTHONY ALEXANDER IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS
OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE APPELLANT.
McMILLIN, C.J., KING AND SOUTHWICK, P.JJ., PAYNE, BRIDGES, THOMAS,
IRVING AND CHANDLER, JJ., CONCUR. LEE, J. NOT PARTICIPATING.
1. Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-5 (Rev. 2000) provides "Application -Every person, firm and private
corporation including any public service but excluding, however, all non profit charitable, fraternal, cultural
or religious corporation or associations, that have in service five (5) or more workmen or operative
regularly in the same business or in or about the same establishment under any contract of hire, express or
implied . . . . Domestic servants, farmers and farm labor are not included . . . but this exemption does not
apply to the processing of agricultural products when carried on commercially."
2. A series of operations performed in the making or treatment of a product. The American Heritage
College Dictionary, 3rd edition 1993.
3. To make or process (a raw material) into a finished product . . . . Id.
4. Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-13(2) provides the, "Maximum and minimum recovery . . . ."
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