KENNETH MITAN V NEW WORLD TELEVISION INC
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
KENNETH MITAN and TECORP
ENTERTAINMENT,
UNPUBLISHED
November 12, 2002
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v
NEW WORLD TELEVISION, INC., NEW
WORLD DETROIT, INC. d/b/a WJBK-TV
CHANNEL 2, RICH FISHER, BILL BONDS,
HUEL PERKINS, MIKE REDFORD, MICHAEL
VORIS and MORT MEISNER,
No. 225530
Wayne Circuit court
LC No. 97-710748-NZ
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: White, P.J., and Neff and Jansen, JJ.
NEFF, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
I concur with the majority regarding the disqualification issue, but respectfully dissent
with regard to the special master issue. This case is replete with efforts by plaintiffs to
obfuscate, delay, defeat and otherwise frustrate the orderly progress of this case to conclusion.
To now reward their efforts with a reversal of the trial court’s disposition flies in the face of our
goal of the orderly administration of justice and would amount to a waste of the significant time,
effort and expertise of the special master and the trial judge. I would affirm the trial court or, in
the alternative, remand to the trial court for further proceedings to give plaintiffs further
opportunity to contest the findings and recommendations of the special master.
A
It should be noted that the plaintiffs not only stipulated to the appointment of the special
master, they, in fact, requested that the court appoint a special discovery master “so we can get
this case moving” and they did not object to the subsequent order delegating authority to the
special discovery master. In addition, while the order appointing the special master speaks to his
authority to issue binding decisions and rulings, it is clear that the master and the parties
understood that the trial court had the final discretion with regard to all matters in the case as is
evidenced by the facts that the master filed a motion with the trial court for adoption of his
findings and plaintiffs filed objections which they were given the opportunity to air in a hearing
before the trial judge. Error requiring reversal must be that of the trial court, and not error to
which the aggrieved party contributed by plan or negligence. Harville v State Plumbing &
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Heating, Inc, 218 Mich App 302, 323-324; 553 NW2d 377 (1996). The facts of this case
demonstrate that plaintiffs at the very least contributed to any error either by plan or negligence
and they should not be permitted to gain advantage as a result.
B
In my view, the three cases relied on by the majority are distinguishable and do not
compel the conclusion that the trial court improperly delegated its authority to the special
discovery master.
1
In Brockman v Brockman, 113 Mich App 233; 317 NW2d 327 (1982), the parties agreed
that a retired circuit judge would sit as “an acting circuit court judge” and the entire case was
heard by the retired judge, including a nine day trial. This court properly held that only the
Supreme Court has the authority to appoint a retired judge to sit as a court in a civil action.
In this case, the special master was appointed for the sole purpose of conducting the
discovery phase of the case and he was not designated and did not sit as an acting or de facto
judge and he did not act as a court; he merely steered the case through a very tortuous and
difficult discovery process and made recommendations to the trial judge based on his findings.
The fact that the trial judge adopted the findings is evidence not of an improper delegation of
authority, but of the completeness, fairness and propriety of the findings.
2
In Carson Fisher Potts and Hyman v Hyman, 220 Mich App 116; 559 NW2d 54 (1996),
the trial court assigned broad judicial powers to an expert witness, which powers were outside
the scope of duties of an expert. In essence, the appointment permitted the expert to adjudicate
the case. Again, the facts are very different here. The special master was not appointed as an
expert, but as a much-needed aide to the trial court in managing the discovery process. He did
not have powers or duties outside that limited role and his findings and recommendations were
advisory only.
3
In Oakland County Prosecutor v Beckwith, 242 Mich App 579; 619 NW2d 172 (2000),
the prosecutor did not agree or stipulate to the appointment of the special master and in no way
could have been construed as harboring or inviting error in the appointment.
C
Responding to the merits of plaintiffs’ challenges to the order of the trial court, I find no
error.
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1
Plaintiffs contend that they were denied their right of due process because the special
master and the trial court failed to conduct evidentiary hearings with respect to the discovery
sanctions. Due process generally requires notice and an opportunity to be heard in a meaningful
time and manner. Traxler v Ford Motor Co, 227 Mich App 276, 288; 576 NW2d 398 (1998). It
does not necessitate a full trial-like proceeding, but rather a hearing to allow a party the chance to
know and respond to the evidence. Id. Plaintiffs had sufficient opportunity to present their
objections to the trial court concerning the special master’s decisions.
2
Plaintiffs claim error with respect to various discovery sanctions. This Court reviews a
trial court’s imposition of discovery sanctions for an abuse of discretion. Bass v Combs, 238
Mich App 16, 26; 604 NW2d 727 (1999). Whether a trial court has the authority to impose
particular sanctions is a question of law subject to review de novo. Persichini v William
Beaumont Hosp, 238 Mich App 626, 637; 607 NW2d 100 (1999).
MCR 2.313(B)(2) provides that a court may “order such sanctions as are just.” Severe
sanctions are generally appropriate only when a party flagrantly and wantonly refuses to
facilitate discovery. Bass, supra at 26. If a trial court imposes sanctions, the record should
reflect that the court gave careful consideration to the factors involved and considered all its
options in determining a just and proper sanction. Id. Factors to be considered in determining an
appropriate sanction are: (1) whether the violation was willful or accidental; (2) the party’s
history of refusal to comply with discovery requests; (3) prejudice to the other party; (4) actual
notice to a party of the witness and the length of time to trial; (5) whether the party has a history
of engaging in deliberate delay; (6) the degree of the party’s compliance with other provisions of
the order; (7) an attempt by the party to timely cure the defect; and (8) whether a lesser sanction
would better serve the interests of justice. Id. at 26-27, quoting Dean v Tucker, 182 Mich App
27, 32-33; 451 NW2d 571 (1990).
a
Plaintiffs first argue that the court abused its discretion in dismissing Tecorp’s claims on
the basis that plaintiffs failed to produce Keith Mitan, Kenneth Mitan’s brother, for a deposition.
I find no abuse of discretion given plaintiffs’ languor in responding to the order to produce Keith
Mitan for deposition and plaintiffs’ history of circumventing other discovery requests.
The special master issued his first discovery order in this matter on March 17, 1999.
Over the course of the next seven months, the master presided over numerous discovery disputes,
held several lengthy hearings, and ultimately sanctioned plaintiffs for their repeated
noncompliance with his discovery orders. On September 28, 1999, the master ordered the
deposition of Keith Mitan to take place on October 1, 1999, and ordered that should Tecorp fail
to produce Keith Mitan for deposition, Tecorp’s complaint would be stricken and a judgment of
no cause of action entered against it. On October 1, 1999, the special master found that although
Keith Mitan appeared at the time and place set for the deposition, he refused to comply with the
previous order requiring his deposition.
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Plaintiffs’ arguments that they had no control over Keith Mitan because he was merely a
“former employee” of Tecorp are hardly credible. The evidence established that Keith Mitan
handled the day to day business operations of Tecorp and was a key witness with regard to
plaintiffs’ claimed damages. Keith Mitan himself argued various reasons for his failure to
appear for the deposition.
MCR 2.313(D)(1) provides that just sanctions may be imposed where a party or an
officer, director or a managing agent of a party fails to appear for depositions following proper
notice. MCR 2.313(D)(1); Rogers v J B Hunt Transport, Inc, 466 Mich 645, 653; 649 NW2d 23
(2002). MCR 2.313(B)(2)(c) authorizes a court to enter an order dismissing an action or
rendering a judgment by default against the disobedient party. Rogers, supra; Bass, supra at 26.
The special master considered the nature and effect of plaintiffs’ noncompliance with the
discovery orders in determining the appropriate sanction. Given the close relationship between
Keith and Kenneth Mitan and their plethora of conflicting excuses for their refusal to facilitate
discovery as ordered, their actions reflect a deliberate circumvention of legitimate discovery
sought by defendants. There was no abuse of discretion in the determination that the sanction of
dismissal best served the interests of justice. Id. at 26, 35.
I reject plaintiffs’ argument that MCR 2.313(D)(1) was not a basis for sanction because
the court failed to consider evidence regarding notice to the witness before adopting the special
master’s discovery orders. This issue was not addressed before the trial court, and plaintiffs fail
to fully argue the merits of this issue on appeal. “Insufficiently briefed issues are deemed
abandoned on appeal.” Etefia v Credit Technologies, Inc, 245 Mich App 466, 471; 628 NW2d
577 (2001). “A party may not leave it to this Court to search for authority to support its
position.” McPeak v McPeak (On Remand), 233 Mich App 483, 495-496; 593 NW2d 180
(1999).
b
Plaintiffs argue that the court abused its discretion in precluding Mitan from asserting any
claims for damages derivative of Tecorp on the basis of the dismissal for failing to produce Keith
Mitan for deposition. I find no abuse of discretion.
Mitan stated in discovery responses that Keith Mitan was the person with knowledge of
Tecorp’s damages. However, Mitan’s cooperation with regard to the deposition was merely
superficial, i.e., filing a motion to compel Keith Mitan’s appearance, but nonetheless refusing to
subpoena him. The sanction was just and appropriate. Bass, supra at 26.
Plaintiffs further argue that the sanction was not tailored to address the wrongful conduct
of the party being sanctioned and that the court improperly sanctioned Mitan individually for
Tecorp’s alleged misconduct. The pertinent discovery request required plaintiffs to produce
documents concerning a lawsuit between Tecorp Entertainment and Heartbreakers, the landlord
at Lucky’s bar and the liquor license holder. The request was directed to Mitan as well as
Tecorp.
Given the close nexus between Mitan and Tecorp, and the fact that Keith Mitan
represented Tecorp in the Heartbreakers litigation and shared offices with Kenneth Mitan, the
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failure to respond to this discovery request is properly attributed to Mitan as well as Tecorp. It
was defendants’ contention that discovery concerning the Heartbreakers litigation would show
the real reason Lucky’s was evicted from its building and went out of business, and that it was
unrelated to defendants’ broadcasts. Because Mitan failed to respond to the discovery request,
he was properly precluded from asserting any damages based on a claim that defendants’
broadcasts drove Tecorp out of business. This sanction was just and appropriate. Id.
c
Plaintiffs argue that because Theresa Mitan was a former employee of Tecorp, as with
Keith Mitan, it was an abuse of discretion to sanction plaintiffs for her failure to appear for
deposition. Further, such sanction was akin to dismissing significant portions of plaintiffs’
claims and was overly severe.
In sanctioning plaintiffs, the special master reasoned that, as with Keith Mitan, the close
nexus between Mitan and his mother Theresa, and indications that she still did work for Tecorp
or Mitan’s other businesses, warranted an adverse finding. Further, plaintiffs had not shown
good faith in expediting discovery and had shown no good reason for failing to produce Theresa
Mitan for deposition.
The same reasoning applies here as above with the claim as to Keith Mitan. The sanction
was appropriate and just because, as the special master noted, it defies logic for Theresa Mitan to
take the position that she would have cooperated to help her son, with whom she lived and had
business associations, if only she had been subpoenaed.
The discovery was critical to defending against plaintiffs’ defamation claim based on
defendants’ reports of check bouncing practices. In his September 30, 1999 deposition, Mitan
testified that his mother helps out with his businesses sometimes. It was Mitan’s position that
although his businesses had frequently bounced checks, it was not intentional or for the reasons
reported by defendants. It was mostly because his mother, who was primarily responsible for the
checking accounts, had thirty to forty-five checking accounts to handle at the same time for his
businesses and she was unable to handle them properly. Under these factual circumstances, and
given plaintiffs’ history of thwarting discovery, the sanction of an adverse finding was just and
appropriate. Id. at 26-27.
d
Plaintiffs argue that they were unfairly severely sanctioned for failing to produce
litigation documents for lawsuits in which they had been involved despite their efforts to secure
these records from their various forty-nine attorneys. The sanction of an adverse finding that
plaintiffs engage in litigation to avoid their payment obligations was not an abuse of discretion.
The bulk of plaintiffs’ response effort was devoted to showing that the request was an
overwhelmingly burdensome impossibility.
The special master stated that this discovery request related to defendants’ desire to show
plaintiffs’ business practice of purchasing businesses, and then engaging in litigation to avoid
their payment obligations. He acknowledged that the request was overbroad, but he expected
plaintiffs to make a good faith effort to respond in a timely fashion, which did not occur. As
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with other discovery requests, plaintiffs’ responses were merely superficial despite the special
master’s repeated efforts and orders to effect a minimal response. The record supports the
special master’s reasoning and findings.
Plaintiffs’ assertion that the court failed to consider any less Draconian sanctions is in
error because the special master gave ample consideration to possible sanctions, and to counsel’s
suggestions, at the September 16, 1999 hearing prior to imposing the sanction.
The sanction was just and appropriate. Id. MCR 2.313(B)(2) provides that if a party fails
to obey a discovery order, the matter addressed by the order or designated facts may be taken as
established, the disobedient party may be precluded from asserting designated claims or
defenses, or introducing designated matters into evidence. MCR 2.313(B)(2)(a), (b). Because
plaintiffs thwarted key discovery on the issue of Mitan’s business practices involving litigation,
the adverse finding of fact and the preclusion of evidence at trial was not an abuse of discretion.
e
Plaintiffs argue that the sanctions of a finding that Mitan suffered no economic damages
and was precluded from introducing evidence of economic damages was an abuse of discretion.
They contend that the sanction was unfair because the records sought were not within plaintiffs’
possession, custody or control so as to be subject to production under MCR 2.310(B).
The pertinent document request sought Mitan’s tax returns from 1994 through 1999. It
was undisputed that the state police in Marquette had seized Mitan’s computers and his financial
records. However, plaintiffs indisputably had an alternative source for copies of the returns. As
the special master noted, even if the returns were seized and could not be obtained from the state
police, plaintiffs could have obtained copies from the Internal Revenue Service, and they offered
no valid reason for failing to do so. The sanctions were imposed only after the special master
determined that plaintiffs refused to otherwise cooperate in obtaining the requested financial
records.
Given plaintiffs’ repeated delays and failure to abide by their own discovery
commitments and the special master’s orders, the sanction was not an abuse of discretion.
Plaintiffs were aware that a sanction would be imposed for their failure to produce the returns by
September 30, 1999, and they ultimately set forth no valid justification for their noncompliance.
The sanctions were just and appropriate in that plaintiffs’ claimed damages were for lost
income and defendants’ efforts to discover information vital to a proper defense were frustrated
by plaintiffs, the noncompliance was not inadvertent, and a lesser sanction would be inadequate
because the time for discovery had expired. Bass, supra at 26-27; Welch v J Walter Thompson
USA, Inc, 187 Mich App 49, 52-54; 466 NW2d 319 (1991).
f
Finally, plaintiffs challenge the sanctions precluding them from offering the testimony of
any non-party witness concerning damages. Plaintiffs complain that this sanction was unjustly
harsh and an abuse of discretion given that the documents at issue had been seized by the state
police and were not within plaintiffs’ possession, custody or control. I find no abuse of
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discretion given plaintiffs’ delays in responding to discovery, the lengthy proceedings addressing
this matter, and plaintiffs’ lack of good faith effort to comply with repeated discovery orders of
the special master.
Contrary to plaintiffs’ assertions, the willfulness of their failure to respond to discovery
requests concerning damages, and the prejudice to defendants, was fully considered before the
imposition of this sanction. Plaintiffs’ failure to respond to damages discovery cannot be
attributed to the seizure of records by the state police, which the special master found was merely
a “fortuitous circumstance” amid plaintiffs’ continued discovery delays and refusal to otherwise
respond.
The record shows that the special master’s sanction was not an abuse of discretion.
Reversal of the sanction and the dismissal are unwarranted given the finding that plaintiffs’
failure to respond to discovery requests was willful, tantamount to knowing concealment, and
not merely accidental or involuntary. Bass, supra at 26, 34-35; Richardson v Ryder Truck
Rental, Inc, 213 Mich App 447, 451-454; 540 NW2d 696 (1995).
3
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in favor of
defendants. This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s grant of summary disposition pursuant to
MCR 2.116(C)(10). Spiek v Dep’t of Transportation, 456 Mich 331, 337; 572 NW2d 201
(1998). Summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is properly granted when there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Smith v
Globe Life Ins Co, 460 Mich 446, 454; 597 NW2d 28 (1999). The court considers the pleadings,
affidavits, depositions, admissions and other documentary evidence in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party. Id. The party opposing the motion then has the burden of showing by
evidentiary proofs that a genuine issue of material fact exists. Id. at 455.
Plaintiffs first argue that summary disposition of Mitan’s defamation claims should be
reversed because there were genuine issues of material fact whether Mitan violated Michigan
liquor laws by purchasing liquor from retail stores for resale as reported by defendants.
The elements of a defamation claim are (1) a false and defamatory statement concerning
the plaintiff, (2) an unprivileged publication to a third party, (3) fault amounting at least to
negligence on the part of the publisher, and (4) either actionability of the statement irrespective
of special harm (defamation per se) or the existence of special harm caused by the publication
(defamation per quod). Burden v Elias Bros Big Boy Restaurants, 240 Mich App 723, 726; 613
NW2d 378 (2000); Ireland v Edwards, 230 Mich App 607, 614; 584 NW2d 632 (1998).
Summary disposition of Mitan’s defamation claim was proper because plaintiffs have failed to
establish a genuine dispute that the alleged defamatory statement was false, which is fatal to their
claim.
Defendants submitted the affidavit of a former Lucky’s employee, Ron Bruno, who
averred that while he “was employed at Lucky’s, bar management would send employees to
retail shops to purchase beer or liquor if the bar was running short.”
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Plaintiffs filed Mitan’s affidavit, stating essentially that the accusations concerning the
liquor purchases were false. Mitan’s affidavit does not create a genuine material dispute. First,
Mitan, in the same affidavit stated that he was not involved in the day to day business of Tecorp,
which operated Lucky’s, so his statement carries little weight absent any evidence of his personal
knowledge of the bar’s day to day operations. Second, Mitan’s mere statement that the report
was false is insufficient to avoid summary disposition. Plaintiffs are incorrect that the standard
for summary disposition is whether a record “might be developed” on which reasonable minds
could differ and whether “the nonmoving party’s claim is impossible to support.” Smith, supra
at 455, n 2.
When the burden of proof at trial would rest on the nonmoving party, the nonmovant may
not rest upon mere allegations or denials in the pleadings, but must, by documentary evidence,
set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Karbel v Comerica Bank,
247 Mich App 90, 97; 635 NW2d 69 (2001). Plaintiffs’ reliance on Mitan’s affidavit, which
they admit is the same denial contained in their pleadings, is insufficient to survive a motion for
summary disposition. An affidavit submitted in support of or in opposition to a motion must 1)
be made on personal knowledge, 2) state with particularity facts admissible as evidence, and 3)
show affirmatively that the affiant, if sworn as a witness, could testify competently to the facts
stated in the affidavit. MCR 2.119(B)(1), Regents of the University of Michigan v State Farm
Mut Ins Co, 250 Mich App 719, 728; 650 NW2d 129 (2002).
Because the trial court properly granted summary disposition of plaintiffs’ underlying
defamation claim, this Court need not address plaintiffs’ final argument concerning reinstatement
of their related claims. Plaintiffs’ remaining claims were properly dismissed.
I would affirm.
/s/ Janet T. Neff
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