ALPHONSO C WILSON V JIM H BRIDGES JR
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
ALPHONSO C. WILSON,
UNPUBLISHED
March 17, 2000
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 207735
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 96-608726-NI
JIM H. BRIDGES, JR., and CHRYSLER
TRANSPORT, INC.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: White, P.J., and Sawyer and Griffin, JJ.
GRIFFIN, J. (dissenting).
I agree with the majority that the trial court erred by admitting, over plaintiff’s objection,
evidence of defendant Bridges’ prior driving history, including safety awards indicating Bridges had
never caused any accidents and had not been at fault in any prior accidents. Such evidence was clearly
inadmissible under MRE 406 and the cases relied on by the majority.
I disagree and respectfully dissent from the majority’s holding that the error of the trial court did
not affect the substantial rights of plaintiff and therefore was harmless error.
This is a personal injury action arising out of an automobile collision. It is undisputed that at an
intersection in the City of Detroit, defendant Bridges turned left in front of the oncoming plaintiff
Alphonso C. Wilson. The determinative issue on plaintiff’s claim of defendant’s1 negligence was
whether the traffic light had turned red at the time defendant Bridges turned left or whether the light was
green, thereby affording plaintiff the right of way. There were no witnesses to the collision and neither
side presented any expert accident reconstruction testimony. In sum, the issue of negligence was closely
drawn.
To bolster his case, defendant improperly introduced into evidence his past driving record
including numerous safe driving awards from the American Trucking Association. During both opening
and closing arguments, defense counsel advised the jury of defendant’s fault-free driving history, thereby
implying the jury should infer that because defendant had been a safe driver in the past it was unlikely he
was negligent for the accident at issue. Although the majority recognizes the error, it seizes upon a
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statement made by the trial judge in denying plaintiff’s motion for a new trial that in the court’s view “the
jury didn’t believe him [plaintiff]” and plaintiff’s “credibility was extremely, extremely questionable.”
While the jury found no negligence by defendant, such a verdict merely indicates the jury
determined plaintiff did not sustain his burden of proof on the issue of negligence. Defendant’s
exemplary prior driving record was most likely the determinative factor that tipped the jury’s verdict in
favor of defendant. There is no indication on the record that the jury did not believe plaintiff or found his
credibility to be questionable. In this regard, the Supreme Court has recently disapproved of the trial
judge sitting as the “thirteenth juror.” People v Lemmon, 456 Mich 625, 642; 576 NW2d 129 (1998)
(“absent exceptional circumstances, issues of witness credibility are for the jury, and the trial court may
not substitute its view of the credibility ‘for the constitutionally guaranteed jury determination therefor.’”)
In this case, the issue whether plaintiff suffered a serious impairment of body function was also a
close question. This was not a minor motor vehicle collision. On the contrary, plaintiff’s automobile
suffered extensive damage from the collision of over $7,000 and was declared a total loss.
Immediately after the accident, plaintiff was extremely excited and angry. He approached
defendant Bridges yelling defendant had “totaled his car” and what was he going “to do about it.”
Bridges did not respond, offering no explanation for the accident. Thereafter, the following improper
and highly inflammatory evidence was introduced by defendant:
Q. [defense counsel] And he [plaintiff] came over and he said that you were
standing outside of our truck?
A. [defendant Bridges] Yes.
Q. What did he say to you then?
A. He said, “if my kids had been in this car you’d be a dead nigger.” So that
scared me.
Although there was no objection or motion to strike, I would instruct the trial court to order defendant
Bridges to delete the offensive derogatory term from his testimony on retrial. MRE 403.
After his confrontation with defendant, plaintiff proceeded to the emergency room where he
sought treatment for injuries to his neck, back, and ribs. He spent three to fours hours in the emergency
room. The next day plaintiff sought treatment from Laran Lerner, D.O., for complaints of severe lower
back and neck pain together with hand and wrist swelling. Dr. Lerner ordered plaintiff to commence a
program of physical therapy five days a week for the next six months. Thereafter, an EMG conducted
by Dr. Lerner tested positive for lumbar radiculapathy. Plaintiff was later diagnosed as having a pinched
nerve in his lower back, which was confirmed by a CAT scan revealing a bulging disc at L4-L5 and L5S1. A myelogram ordered by Dr. Lerner also confirmed plaintiff’s complaints:
Q. [plaintiff’s counsel] . . . What is the significance of this myelogram?
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A. [Dr. Lerner] A myelogram indicates evidence of a lot of post-traumatic
degenerative changes in a very young man who was thirty-six years of age. At thirty-six
years of age he should not have this degree of degenerative changes affecting his
cervical and lumbar spine indicating that they have progressed post-traumatically as a
result of the trauma from the prior motor vehicle collision. Also, Mr. Wilson had
suffered severe mechanical forces on his discs in the cervical and lumbar spine. These
mechanical forces from the prior motor vehicle collision caused one of the discs in the
neck to be ruptured or herniated. It caused some of the other discs in the lumbar spine
to be bulging outward or pushing outward.
Q. Are the results of this myelogram consistent with his complaints?
A. Yes.
In view of the objectively manifested neck and lower back injuries, plaintiff’s treating physicians
restricted him from engaging in heavy lifting and repeated bending and twisting.
During the course of the litigation, defendant’s insurance company hired private investigators
who conducted sixty-one hours of surveillance video on plaintiff. Only a few minutes of the video were
shown to the jury. Although the few minutes of video impressed the trial judge, even defense counsel
characterized the surveillance tape as “not a blockbuster.” In his opening statement, defense counsel
summarized the surveillance tape as follows:
Let me tell you something, ladies and gentlemen, this video is not a blockbuster.
You’re not going to see Mr. Wilson playing a full court basketball game, you’re not
going to see him break dancing or spinning on his head. You’re not going to see that
but what you will see is a man who’s substantially healthy. You’re going to see Mr.
Wilson’s medical records where he tells his doctors he has forward flexion to 30
degrees which is like that, but you’ll see him bend right down in his car and pick things
up like that. That will directly affect that pinched nerve in his back that he’s supposed
to have.
You’ll see him walk up stairs, no problem. You’ll see him take normal steps
like anyone else. I’m not saying you’ll see him run, you’ll also, ladies and gentlemen,
you’ll see that on a day that Mr. Buckfire mentioned he goes to a house in Detroit on
Keating Street and that’s where he said he went over there. It was the day after
Christmas 1996 and he’s comes over to that house at 10:30 in the morning. Now, this
house, as Mr. Buckfire told you, is owned by a man named Otis Sanders whom you’re
also going to hear from. Mr. Sanders is a business acquaintance of Mr. Wilson’s and
they’ve worked together for five years.
Mr. Sanders, owns homes – about 16 to 20 shows around Detroit that the rents
out and he rehabs them. He’s going to tell you that Mr. Wilson just came over to that
house that they were rehabbing to sell him some cologne; that’s what you heard. He
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didn’t come over there to do any work. And he’s going to tell you that he came over
there to sell cologne and then he just happened to stay there for five hours. Because he
was in the house for five hours.
The video will show you that and during that five hours he just happened to go
out to his car about three times to get power tools. Now, you’ll have to ask yourself is
Mr. Sanders telling me the truth or was Mr. Wilson in that house doing work for his old
business associate? Because if they’re not good friends and he says they’re not, why
were they in the house for five hours talking? And what were they talking about for five
hours and why did he need power tools at the same time you’re bringing cologne and
why did they have to come over there?
Why did he come over to his house instead of going to his regular house? He’s
going into the house where he’s doing work. It doesn’t make sense.
The majority apparently concludes that if plaintiff were found to have exaggerated the extent of
his injuries, plaintiff must have also lied about the facts of the accident and therefore reasonable jurors
could not find defendant Bridges to be at fault for the accident. I cannot agree. First, the few minutes
of the sixty-one hours of surveillance tape shown to the jury did not conclusively demonstrate that
plaintiff lied about his objectively manifested injuries. Rather, defendant’s video exhibit number twenty
merely shows plaintiff tying his shoe and walking in an apparently normal gait. Video exhibit number
nineteen depicts plaintiff walking repeatedly back and forth from a residence (presumably Mr. Sander’s)
to the trunk of plaintiff’s vehicle.
At trial, plaintiff admitted to being at his friend Otis Sander’s house for five hours on the day the
video was taken. Further, plaintiff testified to walking from the house to his truck to retrieve some tools
for Mr. Sander’s use. Plaintiff stated he is capable of lifting objects as heavy as twenty-five to thirty
pounds, but he tries to refrain from doing so out of fear of reinjuring himself. The videos are simply
inconclusive on the collateral issue whether plaintiff lied regarding the extent of his injuries.
Second, even if the record were to establish that plaintiff embellished his symptoms, I disagree
with the majority’s inference that under such circumstances no reasonable juror could find defendant
negligent. In my view, a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding negligence which cannot be
resolved on this appellate record based on character evidence.
In Solomon v Shuell, 435 Mich 104; 457 NW2d 669 (1990) (opinion by Boyle, J.), the basic
tenants of the doctrine of harmless error in civil cases are set forth:
The threshold for reversal based on evidentiary error is stated in MCR 2.613:
(A) Harmless Error. An error in the admission or the exclusion of evidence . . .
is not ground for granting a new trial, for setting aside a verdict, or for vacating,
modifying, or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to take this action
appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice.
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An error which does not prejudice a party, therefore, is not ground for reversal.
An error is prejudicial when it affects the substantial rights of the party. Ilins v Burns,
388 Mich 504, 510-511; 201 NW2d 624 (1972); Swartz v Dow Chemical Co, 414
Mich 433; 326 NW2d 804 (1982).2 The burden is on the appellant to show that the
error was prejudicial and that the failure to reverse would be inconsistent with
substantial justice. Henson v Veterans Cab Co, 384 Mich 486, 494; 185 NW2d 383
(1971).
In addition, I recognize that recently in Merrow v Bofferding, 458 Mich 617, 634; 581 NW2d
696 (1998), the Supreme Court made reference to the criminal case of People v Mateo, 453 Mich
203, 214; 551 NW2d 891 (1996), in assessing harmless error in a civil context:
An error in the admission of evidence will be found if it affects a substantial right
of a party. MRE 103. Further, such an error is not harmless if the error was
prejudicial. An error in the admission or exclusion of evidence is ground for granting a
new trial if refusal to take this action appears inconsistent with substantial justice. MCR
2.613(A); People v Mateo, 453 Mich 203, 214; 551 NW2d 891 (1996).
In my view, plaintiff has sustained his burden of demonstrating that the error in admitting
defendant’s prior exemplary driving record was prejudicial to plaintiff and affected his substantial rights.
MCR 2.613(A). Applying by analogy People v Lukity, 460 Mich 484; 596 NW2d 607 (1999), I
would hold that it is “more probable than not” that the error affected the jury’s verdict of no negligence
by defendant. For this reason, I would reverse and remand for a new trial.
/s/ Richard Allen Griffin
1
Bridges’ employer, Chrysler Transport, Inc., is also named as a defendant under a theory of
respondeat superior. Because no independent acts of negligence are alleged against Chrysler
Transport, Inc., I refer to the defendants collectively as “defendant.”
2
Ilins v Burns, 388 Mich 504, 510-511; 201 NW2d 624 (1972), and Swartz v Dow Chemical Co,
414 Mich 433; 326 NW2d 804 (1982), hold that once prejudicial error is found, reversal is automatic.
Although never overruled, these decisions are inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s harmless error
doctrine applied in criminal cases. See People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 774; 597 NW2d 130
(1999).
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