SUSAN M SWANNER V THOMAS LAZAR PC
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
SUSAN M. SWANNER,
UNPUBLISHED
March 27, 1998
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
THOMAS LAZAR, P.C., a Michigan professional
corporation and THOMAS LAZAR, Jointly and
Severally,
No. 189516
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 93-464530-NM
Defendants-Appellants.
Before: McDonald, P.J., and Saad and Smolenski, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendants appeal as of right from a judgment on a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff in this legal
malpractice action. We affirm.
Defendants first contend the trial court erred by denying their motion for directed verdict
because plaintiff’s action was barred by the doctrine of in pari delicto. Defendants argue that because
plaintiff engaged in wrongful, illegal conduct that was equally or more culpable than defendants’
misconduct, she is precluded from asserting a claim against them. We disagree.
This Court reviews the grant or denial of a directed verdict de novo. Meagher v Wayne State
University, 222 Mich App 700; 565 NW2d 401 (1997), lv pending. When reviewing a motion for
directed verdict, this Court views the evidence and all legitimate inferences arising from the evidence in a
light most favorable to the non-moving party, plaintiff in this case. Mason v Royal Dequindre, Inc, 455
Mich 391, 397; 566 NW2d 199 (1997).
The common law doctrine of in pari delicto is also known as the wrongful-conduct rule. The
rule precludes recovery where the plaintiff’s damages arise out of his or her own illegal conduct. Orzel
v Scott Drug Co, 449 Mich 550, 558-559; 537 NW2d 208 (1995). In order for the rule to be
implicated, the plaintiff’s conduct must be considered sufficiently serious to trigger the rule when the
conduct is prohibited or almost entirely prohibited under a penal or criminal statute. Id. at 561.
Moreover, the plaintiff’s illegal conduct must be a proximate cause of the asserted damages. Id. at
-1
564-567. Even if these requirements are satisfied, a plaintiff may still seek recovery against the
defendant if the defendant’s culpability is greater than the plaintiff’s. Id. at 569; Pantely v Garris,
Garris and Garris, PC, 180 Mich App 768, 775-777 (1989); 447 NW2d 864. In Pantely, supra at
776, this Court explained that it could “readily envision legal matters so complex and ethical dilemmas
so profound that a client could follow an attorney’s advice, do wrong and still maintain suit on the basis
of not being equally at fault.”
In this case, defendants first argue plaintiff’s claim is barred by in pari delicto because she
engaged in wrongful conduct when she signed the divorce complaint that falsely alleged she had resided
in Michigan for 180 days. We disagree. Plaintiff’s complaint was verified pursuant to MCR
2.114(B)(2)(b) with a declaration that its contents were true to the best of her “information, knowledge,
and belief.” We acknowledge that MCR 2.114(B)(2)(b) provides that “a person who knowingly
makes a false declaration under subrule (B)(2)(b) may be found in contempt of court.” However,
plaintiff did not sign the complaint under penalty of perjury and did not lie to the court while under oath
as the plaintiff did in Pantely. Accordingly, we find that plaintiff’s signing of the divorce complaint
containing the false allegation is not sufficiently serious to trigger the wrongful-conduct rule.
Defendants also argue the doctrine of in pari delicto bars plaintiff’s claim because plaintiff
removed her child from North Carolina in violation of two orders entered in North Carolina, which
resulted in plaintiff pleading guilty to a three-year felony. Again, we disagree. Assuming, without
deciding, that plaintiff’s conduct was sufficiently serious to trigger the wrongful-conduct rule and that it
was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s damages, we find that the exception articulated in Pantely, supra
at 776, applies to this case. We find that the priority of competing child custody orders entered in two
different states is a legal issue so complex that plaintiff could rely on defendant’s advice to remove the
child in violation of the North Carolina order and still maintain her action. Accordingly, plaintiff is not
considered to be in pari delicto with defendant, and the trial court did not err in denying defendants’
motion for directed verdict.
Defendants next argue the trial court should have granted their motion for directed verdict
because there were one or more superseding, intervening causes for plaintiff’s damages; therefore,
defendants’ conduct was not the proximate cause of her injuries. We disagree.
The issues of proximate cause and superseding or intervening cause in a negligence action are
generally questions of fact for the jury. Schutte v Celotex Corp, 196 Mich App 135, 138; 492
NW2d 773 (1992). However, where the facts bearing on proximate cause are not disputed and if
reasonable minds could not differ, then the issue is one of law for the court. Rogalski v Tavernier, 208
Mich App 302, 306; 527 NW2d 73 (1995).
Proximate cause is defined as that which, in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by
new and independent causes, produced the injury. McMillan v Vliet, 422 Mich 570, 576; 374 NW2d
679 (1985). After it has been established that the defendant’s action was a cause in fact of the alleged
injury, the concept of proximate cause determines whether the defendant should be held legally
responsible for the plaintiff’s injury. Charles Reinhart Co v Winiemko, 444 Mich 579, 584, 586 n 3;
513 NW2d 773 (1994). Proximate cause is often stated in terms of foreseeability. Id. at 586 n 3.
-2
An intervening cause is one which operates to produce the harm after the negligent conduct of
the defendant. Poe v Detroit, 179 Mich App 564, 576-577; 446 NW2d 523 (1989). Under certain
circumstances, an intervening cause can relieve a defendant from liability. Id. However, simply because
an intervening act is negligent does not, alone, make it a superseding cause. Arbelius v Poletti, 188
Mich App 14, 20; 469 NW2d 436 (1991). For an intervening cause to be a superseding cause, and
thereby relieve the negligent defendant of liability, it must not have been a foreseeable consequence of
the negligent conduct. Id. at 20, quoting 2 Restatement Torts, § 447, p 1196.
In this case, we are persuaded that reasonable minds could differ on whether it was readily
foreseeable that defendant’s failure to recognize that the court’s temporary ex-parte order was void for
lack of jurisdiction over the divorce proceeding and his insistence that the order was valid proximately
caused plaintiff substantial harm. Reasonable jurors also could conclude plaintiff was relying upon
defendant’s advice and guidance, and defendant should have anticipated that she would continue to
follow his directive even when she contacted him from North Carolina. Although defendants argue
there were other events and circumstances that contributed to plaintiff’s damages, reasonable jurors
could find it was defendant’s negligent conduct that set those events in motion. Therefore, when
considering all of the evidence presented in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we find the issue of
causation was properly left to the jury. 1
Affirmed.
/s/ Gary R. McDonald
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Michael R. Smolenski
1
We note that the jury found plaintiff 35% at fault for the damages and defendant 65% at fault.
-3
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.