LISA TYRA V ORGAN PROCUREMENT AGENCY OF MICHIGAN (Authored Opinion)

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STATE OF MICHIGAN COURT OF APPEALS LISA TYRA, FOR PUBLICATION August 15, 2013 9:00 a.m. Plaintiff-Appellant, v ORGAN PROCUREMENT AGENCY OF MICHIGAN d/b/a GIFT OF LIFE MICHIGAN, STEPHEN COHN MD, and WILLIAM BEAUMONT HOSPITAL, No. 298444 Oakland Circuit Court LC No. 2009-103111-NH Defendants-Appellees, and DILLIP SAMARA PUNGAVAN MD and JOHN DOE, Defendants. Before: WILDER, P.J., and STEPHENS and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ. RONAYNE KRAUSE, J. In this medical malpractice action, plaintiff appeals by right the trial court s grant of summary disposition in favor of defendants pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7). Plaintiff received a kidney transplant and suffered injury because the kidney was not properly checked for a crossmatch prior to transplantation, and it was subsequently discovered that there was a positive match. Plaintiff sent notices of intent to defendants pursuant to MCL 600.2912b, but then proceeded to file her complaint 112 days later instead of the 182 days required by statute. Although the trial court otherwise reached the only result possible under the currently binding case law precedent, the trial court erred in failing to afford plaintiff an opportunity to pursue the possibility of amending the filing date of the complaint pursuant to MCR 600.2301. We therefore reverse and remand. Plaintiff received her kidney transplant on June 9, 2007. On April 23, 2009, she sent notices of intent to file a claim, pursuant to MCL 600.2912b, to defendants. Plaintiff filed the complaint on August 13, 2009. Consequently, plaintiff filed her complaint 112 days after serving the notices of intent, rather than at the end of the 182 day period called for by MCL -1- 600.2912b. Defendants do not, at least for purposes of the instant motion proceedings, dispute the propriety and sufficiency of the notices of intent. Defendants eventually moved for summary disposition on the theory that because plaintiff failed to wait either the full 182-day period or the shortened 154-day period permitted if a defendant failed to respond to a notice of intent, MCL 600.2912b(1) and (8), plaintiff s complaint was insufficient to commence the action, and because by then the limitations period had expired, so dismissal must be with prejudice. Plaintiff contended that because defendants responsive pleadings asserting their affirmative defenses failed to set forth sufficient facts to put plaintiff on notice that she had failed to comply with the notice period requirement, defendants had waived that affirmative defense pursuant to MCR 2.111(F). The trial court, in reliance on Burton v Reed City Hosp Corp, 471 Mich 745; 691 NW2d 424 (2005), concluded that the failure to provide detailed facts constituting the affirmative defense did not waive the defense. The trial court therefore granted summary disposition, and this appeal followed. A grant or denial of summary disposition is reviewed de novo on the basis of the entire record to determine if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). Under MCR 2.116(C)(7), where the claim is allegedly barred, the trial court must accept as true the contents of the complaint, unless they are contradicted by documentary evidence submitted by the moving party. Id. at 119. This Court likewise reviews de novo questions of statutory construction, with the fundamental goal of giving effect to the intent of the Legislature. Weakland v Toledo Engineering Co, Inc, 467 Mich 344, 347; 656 NW2d 175, amended on other grounds 468 Mich 1216 (2003). This Court may not depart from the literal language of an unambiguous statute merely because the result would be absurd, People v McIntire, 461 Mich 147, 155-156, n 2; 599 NW2d 102 (1999), but if it proves necessary to interpret ambiguous language, then an absurd or unjust result should be avoided to the extent possible. See Rafferty v Markovitz, 461 Mich 265, 270; 602 NW2d 367 (1999). Interpretation of a court rule follows the general rules of statutory construction. Grievance Administrator v Underwood, 462 Mich 188, 193-194; 612 NW2d 116 (2000). It has essentially always been the rule in Michigan that defendants must apprise the plaintiff of the nature of the defense relied upon, so that he might be prepared to meet, and to avoid surprise on the trial. Rosenbury v Angell, 6 Mich 508, 514 (1859). Today, pursuant to MCR 2.111(F), a defendant waives any affirmative defenses not set forth in the defendant s first responsive pleading. Electrolines, Inc v Prudential Assurance Co, Ltd, 260 Mich App 144, 164; 677 NW2d 874 (2003). An affirmative defense presumes liability and accepts a plaintiff s prima facie case, but asserts that the defendant is not liable for other reasons not set forth in the plaintiff s pleadings. Citizens Ins Co of America v Juno Lighting, Inc, 247 Mich App 236, 241; 635 NW2d 379 (2001). We hold that failure to comply with purely procedural prerequisites for commencing a medical malpractice action is therefore an affirmative defense that must be raised or waived pursuant to MCR 2.111(F). We note, however, that although Electrolines, Inc did not so mention, affirmative defenses are not necessarily waived by failing to state them in a first responsive pleading at the time that pleading is originally filed. Pursuant to MCR 2.111(F)(3), [a]ffirmative defenses must be stated in a party s responsive pleading, either as originally filed or as amended in accordance with MCR 2.118 (emphasis added). Likewise, a defense not asserted in the responsive pleading or by motion as provided by these rules is waived. MCR 2.111(F)(2) (emphasis -2- added). Although affirmative defenses are not pleadings, McCracken v City of Detroit, 291 Mich App 522, 528; 806 NW2d 337 (2011), the Court Rules unambiguously permit them to be amended in the same manner as pleadings. This is noteworthy in part because the practice of filing boilerplate affirmative defenses consisting of generic, unsupported, bald assertions of every conceivable affirmative defense irrespective of, and possibly even contrary to, any known facts is not only unnecessary, but wasteful, counterproductive, and in some instances possibly even contrary to MCR 2.114(D). Rather, a defendant may move to amend their affirmative defenses to add any that become apparent at any time, and any such motion should be granted as a matter of course so long as doing so would not prejudice the plaintiff. See MCR 2.118(A)(2). Furthermore, MCR 2.111(F)(3) requires that the party must state the facts constituting any affirmative defense so raised (emphasis added). The purpose of this requirement is to provide the opposing party with sufficient notice of the alleged affirmative defenses to permit that party to take a responsive position, and a stated affirmative defense that does so will not be deemed insufficient. Hanon v Barber, 99 Mich App 851, 856; 298 NW2d 866 (1980). However, [j]ust as the plaintiff must plead something beyond a general the defendant injured me, the defendant must plead something more specific than, I deny I m liable. Stanke v State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co, 200 Mich App 307, 318; 503 NW2d 758 (1993) (internal footnote omitted). Put another way, a statement of an affirmative defense must contain facts setting forth why and how the party asserting it believes the affirmative defense is applicable. Here, one group of defendants presented a list of affirmative defenses that, in relevant part, stated, Plaintiff failed to comply with the notice provisions of MCL 600.2912b; MSA 27A.2912b and that Plaintiff s action is thus barred; Defendant gives notice that it will move for summary disposition. The other group of defendants did not even mention MCL 600.2912b at all. The latter present an argument seeming to assert that their affirmative defenses were sufficient because another defendant s affirmative defenses were sufficient. The former asserts that their affirmative defense statement was sufficient because the notice provisions of MCL 600.2912b include the waiting period which is described as a notice period in the statute. We disagree with both assertions. None of the affirmative defenses presented in this case were sufficient to raise the affirmative defense of failure to comply with the notice period; consequently, that affirmative defense should be deemed waived.1 1 As the dissent notes, and as we discuss infra, our Supreme Court in Auslander v Chernick, 480 Mich 910; 739 NW2d 620 (2007), approved of a dissenting opinion from an unpublished opinion of this Court holding that defendants may raise MCR 600.2912b irrespective of their failure to comply with the plain and unambiguous requirements of MCR 2.111 because MCR 2.111 does not apply if the lawsuit was not properly commenced. We and the trial court are bound by that decision; the waiver here is, therefore, of no practical legal effect. However, we are concerned that while an attorney owes no specific duty to opposing counsel or parties, Trepel v Pontiac Osteopathic Hosp, 135 Mich App 361, 383; 354 NW2d 341 (1984), deeming such a waiver irrelevant will impair our overall public policy of preferring to resolve disputes on the merits instead of technicalities. See Huggins v Bohman, 228 Mich App 84, 86; 578 NW2d 326 (1998). -3- MCL 600.2912b(4) specifically concerns the notice given to a health professional or health facility. An ordinary reading of the affirmative defense alongside the statute could reasonably induce a reader to believe that plaintiff s only alleged violation of MCL 600.2912b specifically, the notice provisions thereof pertained to the notice itself, as distinct from the notice period. It is true that the primary function of a pleading in Michigan is to give notice of the nature of the claim or defense sufficient to permit the opposite party to take a responsive position. Stanke v State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co, 200 Mich App 307, 317; 503 NW2d 758 (1993), citing 1 Martin, Dean & Webster, Michigan Court Rules Practice, p 186. Therefore, by extension to other filings, the statement of facts required under MCR 2.111(F) should not need to be extensive or detailed. However, the statement here is merely a conclusion, not even a vague statement of facts constituting an affirmative defense. MCL 2.111(F)(3). The statement fails to explain why defendants believed plaintiff failed to comply with the notice provisions of MCL 600.2912b. Rather, it is merely the equivalent of a plaintiff baldly stating that defendant breached the standard of care and leaving it at that. A plaintiff may move for a more definite statement if the statement is vague or ambiguous. MCR 2.115(A). Plaintiff did not at that time move to strike any affirmative defenses as insufficient or request more detail. However, a failure to move for a more definite statement is not proof that the filing was adequate to begin with. See Dacon v Transue, 441 Mich 315, 334-335 n 20; 490 NW2d 369 (1992). Consequently, failing to move to strike or for a more definite statement does not establish the sufficiency of the affirmative defenses as filed.2 This is particularly the case where a party somehow induces the other party to believe that doing so is unnecessary. See Hill v Freeman, 117 Mich App 788, 792-793; 324 NW2d 504 (1982). Failing to move for a more definite statement may mean that the other party was not confused, but it may also mean that the other party was so confused that it was not aware that it was confused. In this case, the affirmative defense statement as written, without reference to a factual basis, or even to a correctly specific portion of the statute, naturally leads to the conclusion that the stated affirmative defense was alleging that the notice itself was deficient. A statement likely to induce a party to take a responsive position that is unrelated to what the party now claims to have meant is not, in any meaningful sense, sufficient. Because defendants failed to provide any, let alone a comprehensible or adequate, statement of facts supporting the relevant affirmative defense, we find the affirmative defense statement by the defendants insufficient to raise the affirmative defense of plaintiff s failure to comply with the notice period requirement of MCL 600.2012b. Under a plain application of MCR 2.111(F), the affirmative defense would be waived. 2 As noted, it is apparently standard practice to file borderline-nonsensical boilerplate lists of possible affirmative defenses with little, if any, anticipation that most of them have the slightest factual basis. Deeming them adequate unless challenged would unleash a wasteful avalanche of equally pro forma challenges and, quite possibly, sanctions. Furthermore, it may be impossible for a party to determine which of any bare assertions of affirmative defenses might have any merit in the absence of meaningful supporting facts offered for any of them. -4- Defendants alternatively argue that the trial court constructively granted leave to amend their affirmative defenses by considering the merits of defendants assertions that plaintiff failed to comply with MCL 600.2912b. As discussed, a party may amend filings so long as doing so will not prejudice the opposing party. MCR 2.118; MCL 600.2301; Stanke, 200 Mich App at 321. The record discloses no immediately obvious reason why the trial court could not have permitted defendants to amend their affirmative defenses at any time before it became too late for plaintiff to correct her error. However, there is no indication that the trial court or the parties believed that any amendment transpired. Defendants reliance on Cole v Ladbroke Racing Michigan, Inc, 241 Mich App 1; 614 NW2d 169 (2000), is misplaced, because in that case, the trial court explicitly recognized that [the] defendant needed the court's permission to assert the affirmative defense, and then stated, Let s go ahead and heard the motion based on the defense. Id. at 9. Consequently, the trial court in Cole engaged in overt action that constructively granted leave to amend. Here, we do not believe that the trial court s actions should be justified after the fact because of the theoretical existence of an alternative course of action the trial court could have taken but did not in any way suggest that it actually took. In any event, amendment of defendants affirmative defenses after the expiration of the limitations period unambiguously worked to the prejudice of the other party and therefore would not have been permissible. MCR 2.118(A)(2). However, defendants also argue that even if their affirmative defenses were insufficient, summary disposition was nevertheless warranted because, ultimately, plaintiff s premature complaint simply failed to commence the action. Therefore, the trial court had no other alternative to dismissing the action. Under the current state of binding case law, we are compelled to agree. In Auslander v Chernick, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 1, 2007 (Docket No. 274079), the plaintiffs failed to file an affidavit of merit with their medical malpractice complaint. The defendants affirmative defenses included statements that the plaintiffs claim was barred by the statute of limitations as it applies to malpractice actions and that plaintiffs affidavit of merit fail[ed] to meet the requirements of MCL §600.2912a; MCL §600.2912d, and other provisions as set forth in the Tort Reform Acts of 1993 and 1995. Defendants moved for summary disposition after the expiration of the limitations period, arguing, inter alia, that plaintiffs had failed to file affidavits of merit with the complaint. Plaintiffs responded that defendants had waived any such defense because defendants had not stated the facts forming the basis for that affirmative defense in compliance with MCR 2.111(F). The trial court agreed and concluded that if strict compliance was required of plaintiff, it was also required of defendant, and so it denied the motion for summary disposition. A majority of a panel of this Court affirmed. However, in a dissenting opinion, Judge JANSEN stated, I fully acknowledge that a defendant must raise certain defenses in its first responsive pleading, and that a failure to do so may result in the waiver of those defenses. See MCR 2.111(F)(2); MCR 2.111(F)(3). However, I conclude that defendants were never required to raise or plead their asserted defenses in the first instance because this medical malpractice action was never properly commenced. -5- Plaintiffs claims arose, at the latest, at the time of the myocardial infarction in March 2003. [T]he mere tendering of a complaint without the required affidavit of merit is insufficient to commence [a medical malpractice] lawsuit, and therefore does not toll the two-year period of limitations. Scarsella v Pollak, 461 Mich 547, 549-550; 607 NW2d 711 (2000). In this case, plaintiffs wholly omitted to file the requisite affidavits of merit, and their complaint of September 2004 was therefore insufficient to toll the limitations period. Id. Regardless whether defendants properly raised and preserved the statute-oflimitations and affidavit-of-merit defenses in their first responsive pleading, the period of limitations was not tolled by plaintiffs complaint, and plaintiffs claims were already time-barred at the time of the circuit court s ruling. Id. at 553. I would reverse and remand for dismissal with prejudice of plaintiffs claims. MCR 2.116(C)(7); Scarsella, supra at 551-552. On appeal, our Supreme Court reversed for the reasons stated in the Court of Appeals dissenting opinion. Auslander v Chernick, 480 Mich 910; 739 NW2d 620 (2007). Orders from our Supreme Court constitute binding precedent to the extent they can be understood as having a holding based on discernible facts and reasoning. See Evans & Luptak, PLC v Liza, 251 Mich App 187, 196; 650 NW2d 364 (2002). Our Supreme Court s order of reversal in Auslander can be understood as adopting the reasoning of the dissenting opinion from this Court in that case, and that dissent consequently constitutes binding precedent despite originally having been unpublished and not binding pursuant to MCR 7.215(C)(1). This conclusion appears to do violence to what otherwise appears to be the plain and unambiguous requirements of the Court Rule. It is especially concerning, because there is no indication that defendants suffered any actual prejudice. Conversely, had defendants actually articulated the fact that plaintiff had filed a premature complaint in their affirmative defenses, plaintiff would have still been able to correct the deficiency by filing a properly-timed complaint. Rather, defendants only articulated the prematurity after the limitations period expired. Consequently, permitting defendants to utilize this affirmative defense despite failing to comply with the clear and mandatory requirement of MCR 2.111(F) that they state the facts constituting that defense encourages gamesmanship and resolution of cases on the basis of technicalities that harmed no party, rather than any merits whatsoever. Nevertheless, this Court is bound to follow holdings of our Supreme Court. People v Mitchell, 428 Mich 364, 369-371; 408 NW2d 798 (1987). Notwithstanding the plain language of the Court Rule, a plaintiff s failure to comply with MCL 600.2912b remains available as a defense to a defendant irrespective of whether the defendant properly asserts it. Pursuant to MCL 600.2912b, a medical malpractice suit cannot be commenced unless the plaintiff provides a written notice of intent to commence suit to health professional or health facility defendants and then waits 182 days. Burton, 471 Mich at 751. MCL 600.5856(d) provides that the two-year period of limitations for medical malpractice actions is tolled during the notice period if notice is given in compliance with MCL 600.2912b. Id. at 752. Generally, the statute of limitations is subsequently further tolled pursuant to MCL 600.5856(a) by the filing of a complaint and affidavit of merit. Kirkaldy v Rim, 478 Mich 581, 585; 734 NW2d 201 (2007). Pursuant to Burton, a medical malpractice complaint filed prior to the expiration of the waiting period in MCL 600.2912b did not commence the action and did not toll the running of -6- the limitations period pursuant to MCL 600.5856(a). Burton, 471 Mich at 751-756. The Court further held that whether a defendant was prejudiced was immaterial. Id. at 753. Plaintiff s argument is essentially that Burton is no longer entirely good law in this latter respect. Burton relied to some extent on analogous reasoning to Scarsella, in which the Court concluded that the filing of a complaint without the required affidavit of merit was insufficient to commence the lawsuit. Burton, 471 Mich at 752, citing Scarsella, 461 Mich at 549. The Court in Burton went on to state that [t]he filing of a complaint before the expiration of the statutorily mandated notice period is no more effective to commence a lawsuit than the filing of a complaint without the required affidavit of merit. Burton, 471 Mich at 754. The Court further relied on Roberts v Mecosta Co Gen Hosp, 466 Mich 57, 67-68; 642 NW2d 663 (2002), which held that complete compliance with MCL 600.2912b was mandatory before a plaintiff could have the limitations period tolled. Burton, 471 Mich at 753. As applied to the instant case, because plaintiff s premature complaint did not continue to toll the running of the limitations period, the limitations period eventually expired. After that expiration, defendants moved for summary disposition. Because the limitations period had expired, plaintiff could not refile; consequently, dismissal must have been with prejudice. Plaintiff argues that the relevant portion of Roberts was subsequently overruled when our Supreme Court later concluded that, on the basis of subsequent legislative changes, a defective notice of intent would toll the running of the statute of limitations. Bush v Shabahang, 484 Mich 156, 170 n 26; 772 NW2d 272 (2009). Our Supreme Court also explained that because MCL 600.2912b was intended to promote settlement and reduce costs of litigation, failure to comply with the statue was not per se a basis for dismissal with prejudice. Id. at 174-175, citing Senate Legislative Analysis, SB 270, August 11, 1993, and House Legislative Analysis, HB 4403 to 4406, March 22, 1993. Finally, the Court explained that notices of intent could be amended pursuant to MCL 600.2301. Id. at 176-178. Plaintiff contends that because Burton analogized a premature complaint to a defective notice of intent, which at the time was held not to toll the limitations period but now is deemed to toll the limitations period, a premature complaint should likewise be deemed to toll the limitations period, at least until such time as it is successfully challenged. See, by analogy, Kirkaldy, 478 Mich at 586 (holding that a defective affidavit of merit serves to toll the limitations period until successfully challenged). We are unaware of any readily apparent reason why a defective affidavit of merit or a defective notice of intent are sufficient to toll a limitations period but a defective complaint is not. Furthermore, it appears to us, on its face, that our Supreme Court rejected the plain language of MCL 600.5856(a). Burton, 471 Mich at 752-754. MCL 600.5856(a) explicitly states that the limitations period is tolled at the time the complaint is filed, not when the claim is commenced or when the complaint is properly and/or timely filed. A premature complaint could not, in the words of MCL 600.2912b, commence an action; however, nothing in MCL 600.2912b prohibits filing a complaint, and nothing in MCL 600.5856(a) concerns itself with the propriety of the complaint or whether the action has actually been commenced. Indeed, MCL 600.2912b(3)(c) explicitly draws a distinction between fil[ing] a complaint and commenc[ing] an action. -7- However, regardless of our Supreme Court s reasoning, Burton has not been overturned by our Supreme Court. Even if the underpinnings of the relevant holding have been eviscerated, the case itself remains binding. This Court has no power or authority to disregard the plain holding of a decision by our Supreme Court merely because that holding no longer seems valid; only our Supreme Court can do that. Mitchell, 428 Mich at 369-371. Our Supreme Court has, in fact, recently reaffirmed that, pursuant to Burton, when a plaintiff fails to strictly comply with the notice waiting period under MCL 600.2912b, his or her prematurely filed complaint fails to commence an action that tolls the statute of limitations. Driver v Naini, 490 Mich 239, 256; 802 NW2d 311 (2011).3 Irrespective of the language used in the relevant statutes, it therefore remains binding precedent that a prematurely filed complaint does not commence a medical malpractice action or toll the running of the limitations period. Nevertheless, plaintiff also argues that she should be permitted to amend her complaint pursuant to precedent from this Court. In Zwiers v Growney, 286 Mich App 38; 778 NW2d 81 (2009), the plaintiff inadvertently filed her complaint and affidavit of merit 181 days after serving her notice of intent, rather than the required 182 days. The record in that case revealed that the plaintiff s counsel had done so in good faith and purely by accident, and the prematurity had absolutely no adverse effect on the defendants or on any of the purposes MCL 600.2912b was intended to accomplish, e.g., increasing costs or interrupting settlement negotiations. Id. at 41, 49-51. However, dismissing the case would fly directly in the face of the Legislature s intent to have injured parties receive compensation for meritorious claims. Id. at 49 (emphasis in original). In reliance on Bush, this Court concluded that, because no substantial right of the defendants was affected and resolving the matter on its merits was in the interests of justice, and because MCL 600.2301 was applicable to the entire notice process, see Bush, 484 Mich at 176178, the plaintiff was entitled to amend the filing date of the complaint and affidavit of merit pursuant to MCL 600.2301. In Driver, our Supreme Court explained that MCL 600.2301 only applies to actions or proceedings that are pending. Driver, 490 Mich at 254 (emphasis in original). Although an untimely complaint cannot commence an action, the proceedings here are underway. In Driver, the plaintiffs were barred even from the initial step of the proceedings of filing the notice of intent, whereas here, there is no dispute that the notice of intent was proper. The dissent apparently concludes that MCL 600.2301 cannot apply because no action was underway. We disagree: MCL 600.2301 cannot be used to create a filing out of whole cloth, but no such bootstrapping would occur here, where all of the requisite documents actually exist. In any event, MCL 600.2301 merely affords plaintiff the opportunity to make an argument. We see no value in attempting, on this record, to determine whether defendant s substantial rights would truly be invaded if it is ultimately required to address the merits of the claim instead of relying on 3 Driver involved an untimely notice of intent given to a nonparty the plaintiffs sought to add as a party after the limitations period had expired; the plaintiffs sought to amend the notice to date back to the timely notice they provided to the other defendants. Our Supreme Court held that the plaintiffs could not do so because the claim was already time-barred as to the nonparty the plaintiffs sought to add. -8- legal technicalities to avoid doing so. As we discuss, whether amendment would further the interests of justice or prejudice defendant is a question to be put to the trial court s discretion on remand. Notably, the applicability of Zwiers to the instant case is unclear. Most glaringly, the plaintiff in Zwiers filed a complaint that was premature by a single day, whereas here, the prematurity was 70 days. Defendants correctly point out that plaintiff s complaint here was too soon even for the shortened 154-day period afforded to medical malpractice defendants to provide a written response to the plaintiff. MCL 600.2912b(7). A plaintiff may commence suit immediately upon the expiration of those 154 days if the defendant fails to provide that written response. MCL 600.2912b(8). It is not clear from the record whether any of the defendants filed any such response; nevertheless, plaintiff s prematurity here is vastly more egregious than the plaintiff s prematurity in Zwiers. Again, the present record simply does not provide us with any basis for evaluating whether or not any substantial rights of the defendants were actually affected. See Zwiers, 286 Mich App at 50-51. The record likewise does not show whether plaintiff made a good-faith attempt to comply with MCL 600.2912b. See Bush, 484 Mich at 178. It can reasonably be presumed that very few attorneys would deliberately scuttle a client s case. Furthermore, there is no indication in the record that plaintiff s attorney filed a premature complaint on the belief that doing so would achieve some manner of tactical advantage. In short, the record in Zwiers showed good faith on the part of the plaintiff; the record here is silent on that point one way or the other. We conclude that if a prematurity of one day may be amended pursuant to MCL 600.2301, then it is not possible to foreclose out of hand the possibility that a prematurity of 70 days may also be amended pursuant to MCL 600.2301. Whether such amendment can, and therefore should, be granted in any particular case will, of course, depend on an evaluation of the specific facts and circumstances of each case. In particular, the court must examine whether the party seeking amendment lacked good faith and whether the party opposing amendment will suffer prejudice that cannot be remedied by a lesser sanction than dismissal. That evaluation must initially be made by the trial court after the parties have had an opportunity to be heard on the question. In interpreting a predecessor statute to MCL 600.2301, our Supreme Court explained that the purpose of the statute is to abolish technical errors in proceedings and to have cases disposed of as nearly as possible in accordance with the substantial rights of the parties, that the statute should be construed liberally, and that the right to permit amendments, in accordance with the statute, is vested in the sound judgment and discretion of the trial court. M M Gantz Co v Alexander, 258 Mich 695, 697; 242 NW 813 (1932). Failure to exercise discretion when called upon to do so is inherently an abuse of discretion. People v Stafford, 434 Mich 125, 134 n 4; 450 NW2d 559 (1990). On this record, we are unable to determine whether plaintiff can make the requisite showing, and we decline to make any presumptions. We therefore conclude that on the basis of both Zwiers and the purpose behind MCL 600.2301 that the trial court erred by failing to at least consider the possibility and afford plaintiff the opportunity to present an argument. -9- The trial court correctly determined that, all other matters being equal, dismissal with prejudice was the only possible outcome of this matter. However, plaintiff should be afforded the opportunity to make an argument in support of amending the filing date of her complaint and affidavit of merit, including the presentation of evidence should the trial court deem doing so appropriate,4 and the trial court should exercise its discretion in either granting or denying that amendment, pursuant to MCL 600.2301 and Zwiers. We therefore reverse the grant of summary disposition in favor of defendants and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and as the trial court deems necessary or proper. We do not retain jurisdiction. Plaintiff, being the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219. /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens 4 Obviously, defendants are equally entitled to present their own arguments and, as applicable, evidence on this matter. -10-

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