PEOPLE OF MI V JOSEPH LASHAWN VAUGHN
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
December 28, 2010
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 292385
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 02-011197-FC
JOSEPH LASHAWN VAUGHN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and BORRELLO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant Joseph Lashawn Vaughn appeals as of right his jury convictions of two counts
of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84, possession of a
firearm by a felon, MCL 750.224f, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a
felony (felony-firearm), second-offense, MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced defendant to
serve three and one-half to ten years in prison for each of the assault convictions, to serve two to
five years in prison for the felon in possession conviction, and to serve five years in prison for
the felony-firearm conviction. On appeal,1 defendant argues that the trial court erred when it
denied his motion to suppress the statements that he made to police officers shortly after the
incident at issue and erred when it closed the courtroom to the public during jury voir dire. He
also argues that his trial counsel did not provide effective assistance and that his appeal has been
prejudiced by a missing or incomplete record. These errors, he maintains, deprived him of a fair
trial. We conclude that there were no errors that warrant relief. Accordingly, we affirm.
1
Defendant filed three separate briefs on appeal. His appellate counsel filed a brief on appeal
and later moved for permission to add an additional claim of error in a supplemental brief, which
this Court granted. See People v Jackson, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered
December 6, 2010 (Docket No. 292385). Defendant also filed a brief on his own behalf. See
Michigan Supreme Court Administrative Order 2004-06, standard 4, 471 Mich at cii.
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I. BASIC FACTS
This case arises from a shooting that occurred late at night in June 2002.2 Emmitt Smith,
who was a retired police officer, testified that he picked up his wife from work and arrived back
at his home at about 11:45 p.m. Sometime shortly thereafter he saw a car parked in front of his
home. The tail end of the car was blocking his driveway and there was a person crouched down
in the passenger side with a hat over his or her head. Smith said he walked over to his
neighbor’s house and called to him through an open window.
Terrance Haynes testified that he was Smith’s neighbor and that he was watching
television at around midnight on the night at issue when Smith came over and beckoned him
through an open window. Haynes went out and spoke with Smith on the porch. Smith said he
asked Haynes if he knew the people in the car and he responded that he did not. Haynes said that
he saw a person in the car’s front passenger seat and that the person was hunched down. Haynes
and Smith talked for a while about other things when Smith said he wanted to “see what’s going
on” with the car. Smith then walked toward the car.
Smith said that he approached the car parked in front of his house while his neighbor
walked toward his own car. Smith noticed that the person in the car was a woman and he asked
her if anything was wrong. He had a brief conversation with the woman and then turned to walk
away. At this point he saw a black man dressed in dark clothing—dark shorts and a dark shirt—
emerge from a nearby alley with a revolver. He walked toward Smith and Haynes while holding
his gun and stated “what are you niggas doing by my mother-fucking car.” Smith told Haynes to
get down. The man with the revolver began to fire at Smith and Haynes and Smith returned fire.
Smith said the man fired two or three shots and ran into the street. He turned and fired at Smith
after getting to the other side of the street and Smith again fired back. The man continued to run
away and disappeared down a driveway. The woman got out of the car and disappeared around
the end of the block. The police arrived just minutes later.
Michael Crosby testified that he was a police officer working on the night at issue with
officers Lee Huelsenbeck and Christopher Staton. He received a call of shots fired at about 10
minutes after midnight on the night at issue and responded to the scene within five minutes.
Crosby spoke with Smith at the scene and then ran the plates on the car in front of Smith’s house.
The car belonged to defendant and his address was just a few blocks away. Crosby said that he
and his partners then went to defendant’s house.
Huelsenbeck testified that defendant’s mother answered the side door and, after he asked
if defendant was home, she let them in. He said they came in onto a landing. The landing led up
a few stairs to the kitchen and there was also a flight of stairs that headed into the basement.
Huelsenbeck stated that defendant was at the bottom of the stairs “sweating profusely.”
Defendant was wearing blue shorts and a black shirt. Crosby said he asked defendant to come
2
The jury convicted defendant in January 2003, but defendant absconded and the trial court was
not able to sentence him until May 2009.
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up. Defendant came up the stairs and Crosby noticed that he was sweating pretty heavily and
was breathing hard. They went into the kitchen and Crosby asked defendant where he had just
come from and defendant stated that “he was around the corner and someone tried to steal his car
and shot at him several times.” At that point Crosby arrested defendant.
II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS STATEMENTS
A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We shall first address defendant’s argument that the trial court erred when it denied his
motion to suppress the statement that he made to the police officers at his home shortly after the
shooting at issue. Specifically, defendant argues that the trial court erred when it determined that
he was not in custody when he made the statement and, accordingly, was not entitled to be
advised of his constitutional rights, as required under Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct
1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). This Court reviews the factual findings underlying a trial court’s
decision on a motion to suppress for clear error. People v Herndon, 246 Mich App 371, 395;
633 NW2d 376 (2001). However, this Court reviews de novo, as a question of law, whether the
facts show that defendant was in custody and entitled to Miranda warnings. Id.
B. ANALYSIS
In Miranda, the Supreme Court of the United States determined that the coercive nature
of custodial interrogations implicated a defendant’s Fifth Amendment right be free from
compelled self-incrimination. See Miranda, 384 US at 458 (“Unless adequate protective devices
are employed to dispel the compulsion inherent in custodial surroundings, no statement obtained
from the defendant can truly be the product of his free choice.”). In order to ensure that a
defendant’s statements were not the result of coercive interrogation techniques, the Court held
that, “the prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming
from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural
safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.” Id. at 444. Accordingly,
before conducting a custodial interrogation, the interrogating officer must advise the suspect of
certain fundamental rights:
He must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent,
that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has the
right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney one
will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires. [Id. at 479.]
“[U]nless and until such warnings and waiver are demonstrated by the prosecution at trial, no
evidence obtained as a result of interrogation can be used against him.” Id. However, the Court
limited the requirement to custodial interrogations—that is, interrogations that have a heightened
risk of improper coercion. Id. at 444. Thus, a police officer is only required to give the warnings
when a suspect is in custody. See Stansbury v California, 511 US 318, 322; 114 S Ct 1526; 128
L Ed 2d 293 (1994).
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In assessing whether a defendant was in custody at the time of the interrogation, courts
must examine “‘all of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation’ and determine ‘how a
reasonable person in the position of the individual being questioned would gauge the breadth of
his or her freedom of action.’” Yarborough v Alvarado, 541 US 652, 663; 124 S Ct 2140; 158 L
Ed 2d 938 (2004), quoting Stansbury, 511 US at 322, 325. A key question is whether, under the
circumstances, a reasonable person would have felt at liberty to terminate the interrogation and
leave—that is, was there a formal arrest or a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree
associated with formal arrest. Yarborough, 541 US at 663.
Here, the trial court did not err when it determined that defendant was not in custody.
The police officers went to defendant’s house to investigate whether defendant had any
involvement in the shooting. Although the officers entered defendant’s home, they did so with
defendant’s mother’s permission. Further, there is no evidence that the police had their weapons
drawn or were otherwise asserting control over the scene. Indeed, the officers were in plainclothes. When the police entered defendant’s home, at least two of the officers saw defendant at
the foot of the basement steps and Crosby asked him to come up to the kitchen. There is no
evidence that Crosby ordered defendant to come up or otherwise acted in a way that would give
the impression that defendant was not free to disregard the request. The officers also questioned
defendant in his own home rather than in a formal police setting. See People v Coomer, 245
Mich App 206, 220; 627 NW2d 612 (2001) (noting that an interrogation at a suspect’s home is
usually viewed as noncustodial). They did not handcuff defendant or otherwise restrict his
movement. Finally, defendant’s mother was present with him when the police officers
questioned him. Under the totality of these circumstances, we cannot conclude that a reasonable
person would not have felt at liberty to discontinue the interrogation and leave. Yarborough, 541
US at 663.
III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
Defendant also argues that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective. Specifically,
he argues that his trial counsel should have challenged two jurors during voir dire, should have
called two alibi witnesses and should have moved to quash the information. Because there was
no evidentiary hearing before the trial court, our review is limited to mistakes apparent on the
record. People v Davis, 250 Mich App 357, 368; 649 NW2d 94 (2002).
B. THE APPLICABLE LAW
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must show that his trial
counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the
result of the proceedings would have been different. People v Yost, 278 Mich App 341, 387; 749
NW2d 753 (2008). This Court presumes the effective assistance of counsel and defendant bears
a heavy burden of proving otherwise. People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 578; 640 NW2d 246
(2002).
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C. THE FAILURE TO CHALLENGE JURORS
Defendant first argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge two
jurors who expressed an interest in going home or at least for failing to question these jurors
further. Toward the end of voir dire, defendant’s trial counsel asked the potential jurors if they
could all be fair. After this he promised them that he had only one more question. Defendant’s
trial counsel then asked if any of them would like to go home:
. . . I’ve got some get out of jury service tickets in my pocket. I can get you out
of here now. Tell me who don’t want to be here. You don’t need to have no
reason for it. Doesn’t have to be a good reason. You just don’t feel like being
here. Mr. Barnett, I want to go home. This is your shot. Serve or go home.
Who wants to go home?
Four potential jurors raised their hands and indicated they would like to go home. After a
recess, the prosecutor used a peremptory challenge to unseat one of the four jurors, and
defendant’s trial counsel used a peremptory challenge to unseat another of the four. He did not
seek to excuse the remaining two jurors. Defendant’s trial counsel indicated that he was
“satisfied with this jury, your Honor” and the jury was empanelled.
Defendant argues that his trial counsel’s failure to remove, or at least question, the two
other jurors could not be deemed a matter of trial strategy. Rather, seating the jurors, without
first questioning whether they could be fair, resulted in a structural defect because they may have
been biased and may have lacked the ability to judge fairly. Defendant cites several cases to
support his position, but they are all distinguishable. In those cases, the prospective jurors
expressed clear reservations about their ability to judge the defendant fairly. See State v
Chastain, 285 Mont 61; 947 P2d 57 (1997), overruled by State v Herrman, 316 Mont 198; 70
P3d 738 (2003); Hughes v United States, 258 F3d 453 (CA 6, 2001); Franklin v Anderson, 434
F3d 412 (CA 6, 2006). Here, the prospective jurors simply revealed what many of their peers
likely felt—that they would gladly be relieved of jury duty. Neither juror in this case indicated
any potential prejudice or animus toward defendant.
In People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 257; 749 NW2d 272 (2008), the defendant argued
that counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge an allegedly biased potential juror, who
admitted that he had discussed the defendant’s case with others and had read various newspaper
accounts of the case. However, further questioning revealed that the juror had not read anything
that would influence his decision. He confirmed that he could “be fair and impartial to both
sides.” Id. This Court concluded that defendant’s trial counsel was not ineffective:
[D]efendant’s trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to challenge the
potential juror in question. Perhaps the most important criteria in selecting a jury
include a potential juror’s facial expressions, body language, and manner of
answering questions. However, as a reviewing court, we “cannot see the jurors or
listen to their answers to voir dire questions.” For this reason, this Court has been
disinclined to find ineffective assistance of counsel on the basis of an attorney’s
failure to challenge a juror. [Id. at 258 (citations omitted).]
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It is clear from the record that neither juror expressed any bias or inability to judge the
case fairly. And the fact that the jurors would rather not serve on the jury did not establish a
ground for their dismissal. Absent a showing of actual bias against defendant, defense counsel’s
decision to keep the jurors was a matter of trial strategy, which we will not second guess. Id.
D. FAILURE TO QUASH THE INFORMATION
Defendant argues that his counsel was also ineffective for failing to move to quash the
information. A preliminary hearing was initially held in June 2002, at which time the trial court
dismissed the case for lack of probable cause. A second preliminary hearing was adjourned at
the prosecutor’s request. Defendant was ultimately bound over after a third preliminary
examination in September 2002. Defendant argues that there was no new evidence at the third
scheduled hearing and that the prosecution was “judge shopping.” A review of the record refutes
this claim.
At the first preliminary hearing, only Smith testified. Because Smith failed to identify
defendant as the shooter, the prosecutor admitted that the evidence was insufficient to bind
defendant over for trial. However, at the September 2002 hearing, in addition to Smith,
Huelsenbeck testified about the circumstances surrounding the officers’ investigation and
defendant’s arrest. Thus, contrary to defendant’s contention, the prosecution presented new
evidence at the final preliminary hearing and that evidence established defendant as the man who
shot at Smith and Haynes. It follows that defendant’s trial counsel’s decision not to move to
quash the information on this basis did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms. Yost, 278 Mich App at 387.
E. FAILURE TO CALL ALIBI WITNESSES
Defendant also argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate the case and
call alibi witnesses. Defendant told counsel that his car had been stolen and that he was home
when the offense took place. Defendant claims that both his mother and cousin were willing to
testify to this effect, but counsel never contacted them.
Defendant has failed to establish the factual predicate for his claim by providing
affidavits to substantiate that the witnesses would have testified as he purports. See People v
Hoag, 460 Mich 1, 6; 594 NW2d 57 (1999). The decision not to call an alibi witnesses is
generally a matter of trial strategy. People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 190; 774 NW2d 714
(2009). And, this Court will not second-guess that decision in the absence of any evidence that
the witnesses would actually have testified as the defendant claims. People v Garza, 246 Mich
App 251, 255; 631 NW2d 764 (2001) (noting that this Court will not substitute its judgment for
that of trial counsel on matters of trial strategy, nor assess counsel’s performance with the benefit
of hindsight). Finally, even if defendant had presented evidence that the witnesses would have
provided an alibi, defendant would still not be entitled to relief.
Crosby and Huelsenbeck arrived at the scene of the shooting a few minutes after it
occurred and quickly determined that the car in front of Smith’s house belonged to defendant.
They proceeded to defendant’s home and found him there sweating profusely and breathing hard.
After Crosby asked defendant where he had come from, he admitted that he came from just
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around the corner where someone had tried to steal his car and shot at him. Given this evidence,
even if defendant’s trial counsel’s decision not to call these witnesses fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, it is not reasonably probable
that the decision affected the outcome. Yost, 278 Mich App at 387. As such, defendant is not
entitled to any relief.
IV. RIGHT TO A PUBLIC TRIAL
A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred when it closed the courtroom to the public
during voir dire. Defendant contends that this error is structural error that automatically warrants
a new trial. In the alternative, he maintains that his trial counsel’s failure to object to the closing
of the courtroom during voir dire constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel that warrants a new
trial. This Court reviews de novo questions of constitutional law. People v Dendel, 481 Mich
114, 124; 748 NW2d 859 (2008).
B. ANALYSIS
A defendant has the right to a public trial, which includes the right to have the courtroom
open to the public during jury voir dire. See Presley v Georgia, 558 US ___; 130 S Ct 721, 723;
175 L Ed 2d 675 (2010). Although there are exceptions to the right, the trial court may not close
the courtroom to the public unless the party seeking closure advances an overriding interest that
is likely to be prejudiced and the trial court considers all reasonable alternatives to closing the
proceeding. Id. at 724. However, this right is not self-executing: the defendant must timely
assert the right. Levine v United States, 362 US 610, 619; 80 S Ct 1038; 4 L Ed 2d 989 (1960)
(“Due regard generally for the public nature of the judicial process does not require disregard of
the solid demands of the fair administration of justice in favor of a party who, at the appropriate
time and acting under advice of counsel, saw no disregard of a right, but raises an abstract claim
only as an afterthought on appeal.”). Thus, the failure to timely assert the right to a public trial
forecloses the later grant of relief. See United States v Hitt, 473 F3d 146, 155 (CA 5, 2006)
(“Where a defendant, with knowledge of the closure of the courtroom, fails to object, that
defendant waives his right to a public trial.”); Freytag v Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 501
US 868, 896; 111 S Ct 2631; 115 L Ed 2d 764 (1991) (SCALIA, J, concurring) (noting that review
of a claim of error with regard to certain rights, such as the Sixth Amendment right to a public
trial, may be foreclosed by the failure to timely assert the right); see also Peretz v United States,
501 US 923, 936-937; 111 S Ct 2661; 115 L Ed 2d 808 (1991) (noting that the failure to timely
assert the right to have an Article III judge preside over jury voir dire forecloses the grant of
relief).
Here, defendant’s trial counsel did not object to the trial court’s decision to close the
courtroom to the public during the selection of his jury. Cf. Presley, 130 S Ct at 722 (noting that
the defendant’s trial counsel objected to the closing of the courtroom to the public). Therefore,
the error does not warrant relief. Levine, 362 US at 619; Hitt, 473 F3d at 155.
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Likewise, we do not agree that defendant’s trial counsel’s failure to object to the closing
of the courtroom constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. In order to warrant relief premised
on ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must show that his trial counsel’s decision not to
object fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms
and that, but for counsel’s unprofessional conduct, the result of the proceedings would have been
different. Yost, 278 Mich App at 387. Defendant’s trial counsel might reasonably conclude that
proceeding with a jury voir dire that was closed to the public benefitted defendant. Reasonable
trial counsel might conclude that the potential jurors will be more forthcoming in their responses
when the courtroom is closed, that the proceedings will be less likely to be tainted by outside
influences, or might simply find the procedure preferable because it will expedite the
proceedings. Defendant has failed to overcome the presumption that his trial counsel’s decision
was a matter of sound trial strategy. LeBlanc, 465 Mich at 578. Therefore, defendant is not
entitled to relief.
V. MISSING RECORD
Finally, we shall address defendant’s argument that he has been deprived of his right to
an appeal because the lower court record is missing. He also notes that the register shows that
his motion to suppress his statement was granted even though the statement was used at trial. As
an alternative, defendant asked this Court to remand for a hearing to reconstruct the record. This
Court granted the motion for a remand, see People v Jackson, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered April 29, 2010 (Docket No. 292385), and the trial court reconstructed the
relevant missing portion of the record and reconciled the discrepancy between the register and
the actual events below. Moreover, the record otherwise appears sufficient to address
defendant’s claims of error. Therefore, he is entitled to no further relief. See People v Audison,
126 Mich App 829, 835; 338 NW2d 235 (1983) (noting that the defendant’s right to an appeal is
satisfied where the surviving record is sufficient to allow evaluation of the defendant’s claims).
There were no errors warranting relief.
Affirmed.
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
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