CAROLYN MICHELLE SHADE V STUART NEIL WRIGHT JR
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CAROLYN MICHELLE SHADE,
FOR PUBLICATION
December 2, 2010
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 296318
Midland Circuit Court
LC No. 05-008947-DM
STUART NEIL WRIGHT, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and JANSEN and BANDSTRA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right an order granting plaintiff’s motion to modify parenting
time with the parties’ minor child.1 For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.
I. RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The parties were married in December 1993; they had one child during the marriage.
Plaintiff filed for divorce in September 2005. The parties agreed on a custody and parenting
time arrangement that, in part, allowed plaintiff to move with the minor child from Midland,
Michigan, to Ohio, and also established a parenting time schedule. The agreement provided that
plaintiff would be responsible for all transportation of the child to visitation with defendant as
long as the child’s residence was more than 100 miles from defendant’s residence. The parties’
agreement regarding custody and parenting time was incorporated into the judgment of divorce,
which was entered on November 29, 2006. The judgment of divorce ordered that the parties
would share joint legal and physical custody of the minor child, that plaintiff was permitted to
move, with the minor child, to Ohio, and that defendant would have parenting time with the
minor child two weekends per month, with plaintiff providing all transportation for the minor
child to and from defendant’s residence. The judgment of divorce also contained provisions
regarding holiday parenting time and provided for eight weeks of summer parenting time for
defendant, with plaintiff having parenting time every other weekend.
1
The order also denied defendant’s motion for change of custody, but defendant does not
challenge this part of the order on appeal.
-1-
After the judgment of divorce was issued, however, both parties became dissatisfied with
the custody and parenting time arrangement that they had agreed to and that had been
incorporated into the judgment of divorce. In May 2008, plaintiff filed a petition to modify the
order of parenting time, arguing that a change of circumstances warranted the change in
parenting time. In December 2008, defendant filed a motion for change of custody, in which he
sought sole physical custody of the child.
The trial court held a de novo hearing to consider the parties’ competing motions. In an
order dated November 30, 2009, the trial court denied defendant’s motion for change of physical
custody of the child, but it modified the parenting time schedule. Under the new parenting time
schedule, defendant had parenting time with the child one extended weekend per month,
defendant had parenting time for the entire summer, except during times when the child’s sports
schedule required her to be at plaintiff’s home, and the parties were to equally share in the
responsibility to transport the child to parenting time. By granting defendant parenting time for
the entire summer, the trial court was attempting to provide defendant with the same number of
days of parenting time that he should have been receiving under the parties’ agreement. In
denying defendant’s motion for change of physical custody and modifying parenting time, the
trial court did not, on the record or in its order, make explicit findings regarding the existence of
proper cause or a change of circumstances or the best interests of the minor child.
Thereafter, defendant moved for reconsideration, and the trial court denied the motion.
This appeal ensued.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Orders concerning parenting time must be affirmed on appeal unless the trial court’s
findings were against the great weight of evidence, the court committed a palpable abuse of
discretion, or the court made a clear legal error on a major issue.” Pickering v Pickering, 268
Mich App 1, 5; 706 NW2d 835 (2005). Under the great weight of the evidence standard, this
Court should not substitute its judgment on questions of fact unless the facts clearly preponderate
in the opposite direction. Rittershaus v Rittershaus, 273 Mich App 462, 473; 730 NW2d 262
(2007). “An abuse of discretion exists when the trial court’s decision is so palpably and grossly
violative of fact and logic that it evidences a perversity of will, a defiance of judgment, or the
exercise of passion or bias.” Berger v Berger, 277 Mich App 700, 705; 747 NW2d 336 (2008).
Clear legal error occurs “when the trial court errs in its choice, interpretation, or application of
the existing law.” Shulick v Richards, 273 Mich App 320, 323; 729 NW2d 533 (2006).
III. ANALYSIS
A. LAW OF THE CASE
As a preliminary matter, we first address defendant’s argument that the trial court was
bound by the parenting time schedule in the judgment of divorce based on the law of the case
doctrine. Whether the law of the case doctrine applies is a question of law that we review de
novo. Ashker v Ford Motor Co, 245 Mich App 9, 13; 627 NW2d 1 (2001). The law of the case
doctrine provides that a question of law decided by an appellate court will not be decided
differently on remand or in a subsequent appeal in the same case “‘where the facts remain
materially the same.’” Grievance Administrator v Lopatin, 462 Mich 235, 259; 612 NW2d 120
-2-
(2000), quoting CAF Investment Co v Saginaw Twp, 410 Mich 428, 454; 302 NW2d 164 (1981).
According to defendant, the court was bound by its implicit determination that the parenting time
agreement reached by the parties was in the best interests of the minor child.
The law of the case doctrine does not prohibit the trial court’s modification of parenting
time in this case. First, a determination regarding a child’s best interests is not a question of law,
but a question of fact. Second, the original determination of parenting time and the child’s best
interests was made by the trial court (pursuant to the parties’ agreement), not an appellate court.
Third, the facts in this case are not materially the same because at the time of the original
parenting time order, the minor child was not in high school, and now she is a freshman in high
school, and her social and extra-curricular schedule is much busier. For these reasons, we
conclude that the law of the case doctrine does not apply.
B. PROPER CAUSE OR CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in changing parenting time without a
showing of proper cause or a change of circumstances that would warrant such a change.
The term “‘[c]hild-custody determination’ means a judgment, decree, or other court order
providing for legal custody, physical custody, or parenting time with respect to a child. Childcustody determination includes a permanent, temporary, initial, and modification order. . . .”
MCL 722.1102(c) (emphasis added). Under MCL 722.27(1)(c), a trial court may “[m]odify or
amend its previous judgments or orders for proper cause shown or because of change of
circumstances . . . .” See also Terry v Affum (On Remand), 237 Mich App 522, 534-535; 603
NW2d 788 (1999) (stating that a showing of proper cause or change of circumstances is required
to modify a parenting time order). A modification of such a judgment or order is only
permissible when it is in the minor child’s best interests. MCL 722.27(1)(c). When a
modification would change the established custodial environment of a child, the moving party
must show by clear and convincing evidence that it is in the child’s best interest. Pierron v
Pierron, 486 Mich 81, 92; 782 NW2d 480 (2010); MCL 722.27(1)(c). If the proposed change
does not change the custodial environment, however, the burden is on the parent proposing the
change to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the change is in the child’s best
interests. Pierron, 486 Mich at 93.
In Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259 Mich App 499; 512; 675 NW2d 847 (2003), this Court
articulated the proper cause and change of circumstances sufficient to warrant a change of
custody. According to the Vodvarka Court, “proper cause means one or more appropriate
grounds that have or could have a significant effect on the child’s life to the extent that a
reevaluation of the child’s custodial situation should be undertaken.” Id. at 511. Furthermore,
to establish “proper cause” necessary to revisit a custody order, a movant must
prove by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of an appropriate ground
for legal action to be taken by the trial court. The appropriate ground(s) should be
relevant to at least one of the twelve statutory best interest factors, and must be of
such magnitude to have a significant effect on the child’s well-being. When a
movant has demonstrated such proper cause, the trial court can then engage in a
reevaluation of the statutory best interest factors. [Id. at 512.]
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We also articulated the change of circumstances sufficient to warrant a change of custody
in Vodvarka:
in order to establish a “change of circumstances,” a movant must prove that, since
the entry of the last custody order, the conditions surrounding custody of the
child, which have or could have a significant effect on the child’s well-being,
have materially changed. Again, not just any change will suffice, for over time
there will always be some changes in a child’s environment, behavior, and wellbeing. Instead, the evidence must demonstrate something more than the normal
life changes (both good and bad) that occur during the life of a child, and there
must be at least some evidence that the material changes have had or will almost
certainly have an effect on the child. . . . [Id. at 513-514 (emphasis in original).]
In her petition to modify parenting time, plaintiff did not assert that there was proper
cause to warrant a change of parenting time, but she asserted that there was a “substantial change
of circumstances” because after the judgment of divorce was entered, defendant began to live
with Deann Delisle, who suffered from depression and chronic pain, and Delisle would care for
and supervise the minor child while defendant was away for work, sometimes for 12 hours at a
time. According to plaintiff’s petition, Delisle would not allow the child to use the telephone, eat
food in the home or drink soft drinks, and she accused the minor child of stealing $100 from her.
The petition alleged that the minor child had expressed a desire to stop parenting time with
defendant until alternative arrangements could be made for her care and supervision so that she
could avoid extended stays with Delisle. The only other change of circumstance alleged by
plaintiff was that the current parenting time schedule did not require defendant to contribute to
transportation costs, and the cost of fuel had doubled.
At the de novo hearing, the only testimony offered by plaintiff was her own. Plaintiff
testified that Delisle was no longer defendant’s girlfriend. Regarding other changes of
circumstances, plaintiff testified that the minor child was now in high school and was growing up
and that her school and extra-curricular schedule was changing. According to plaintiff, the
parenting time schedule precluded the minor child from participating in certain activities.
Plaintiff also testified regarding the price of gasoline.
We find that plaintiff did not present sufficient evidence to establish a change of
circumstances as defined in Vodvarka. At the hearing, evidence was presented that Delisle was
no longer defendant’s girlfriend; for obvious reasons, then, defendant’s relationship and
residence with Delisle was not a change of circumstances. Furthermore, the fact that the minor
child was growing up and wanting to participate in more social and extra-curricular activities
does not constitute a sufficient change of circumstances under Vodvarka because such changes
are “normal life changes . . . that occur during the life of a child” over time, and these changes
are not sufficient under Vodvarka to constitute a change of circumstances warranting a change in
custody. Id. at 513. In addition, such changes are not a condition surrounding custody of the
child as required under Vodvarka. Id. Similarly, the price of gas is also not a condition
surrounding custody of the child. Id.
Concluding that plaintiff’s evidence regarding a change of circumstances is not sufficient
to constitute a change of circumstances under Vodvarka does not end the inquiry in this case,
however, because we conclude that the definitions of proper cause and change of circumstances
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from Vodvarka do not control the facts of this case because this case involves a modification of
parenting time rather than a change in custody. Vodvarka was a custody case, and this Court’s
definitions of proper cause and change of circumstances in Vodvarka specifically related to “the
child’s custodial situation” and “the conditions surrounding custody of the child[.]” Id. at 511,
513. Furthermore, the proper cause and change of circumstances definitions as articulated in
Vodvarka are guided by the best interest factors in MCL 722.23(a)-(l), and do not take into
account the parenting time factors in MCL 722.27a(6)(a)-(i).2 We discern nothing in the
Vodvarka opinion that requires the standards used to determine the existence of proper cause and
change of circumstances for custody determinations to apply to determinations regarding
parenting time, absent a conclusion that a change in parenting time will result in a change in an
established custodial environment. Id. at 509. If a change in parenting time results in a change
in the established custodial environment, then the Vodvarka framework is appropriate. See id. at
509; see also Powery v Wells, 278 Mich App 526, 528; 752 NW2d 47 (2008) (holding that a
2
MCL 722.27a provides, in relevant part:
(6) The court may consider the following factors when determining the frequency,
duration, and type of parenting time to be granted:
(a) The existence of any special circumstances or needs of the child.
(b) Whether the child is a nursing child less than 6 months of age, or less than 1
year of age if the child receives substantial nutrition through nursing.
(c) The reasonable likelihood of abuse or neglect of the child during parenting
time.
(d) The reasonable likelihood of abuse of a parent resulting from the exercise of
parenting time.
(e) The inconvenience to, and burdensome impact or effect on, the child of
traveling for purposes of parenting time.
(f) Whether a parent can reasonably be expected to exercise parenting time in
accordance with the court order.
(g) Whether a parent has frequently failed to exercise reasonable parenting time.
(h) The threatened or actual detention of the child with the intent to retain or
conceal the child from the other parent or from a third person who has legal
custody. A custodial parent’s temporary residence with the child in a domestic
violence shelter shall not be construed as evidence of the custodial parent’s intent
to retain or conceal the child from the other parent.
(i) Any other relevant factors.
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hearing is required when a modification of parenting time would change the established custodial
environment). In this case, however, the trial court’s modification of parenting time was not so
significant that it resulted in a change in the minor child’s custodial environment.3 For reasons
that will be explained below, we hold that a more expansive definition of proper cause or change
of circumstances is appropriate for determinations regarding parenting time when a modification
in parenting time does not alter the established custodial environment.
The Vodvarka definitions of proper cause and change of circumstances are inapplicable
to this case, in part, because the rationale for applying more stringent constructions of the terms
proper cause and change of circumstances with respect to custody determinations is far less
applicable with respect to parenting time determinations. With respect to child custody disputes,
“[t]he goal of MCL 722.27 is to minimize unwarranted and disruptive changes of custody orders,
except under the most compelling circumstances.” Corporan v Henton, 282 Mich App 599, 603;
766 NW2d 903 (2009). “Providing a stable environment for children that is free of unwarranted
custody changes . . . is a paramount purpose of the Child Custody Act . . . .” Vodvarka, 259
Mich App at 511. Therefore, in the context of a child custody dispute, the purpose of the proper
cause or change of circumstances requirement is “to ‘erect a barrier against removal of a child
from an established custodial environment and to minimize unwarranted and disruptive changes
of custody orders.’” Id. at 509, quoting Heid v AAASulewski (After Remand), 209 Mich App
587, 593-594; 532 NW2d 205 (1995).
Such concerns do not exist, however, when a modification of parenting time does not
alter the established custodial environment because determinations regarding child custody and
parenting time serve different purposes. Whereas the primary concern with child custody
determinations is the stability of the child’s environment and avoidance of unwarranted and
3
The judgment of divorce provided that defendant would have parenting time with the minor
child for two weekends per month and eight weeks of summer parenting time, with plaintiff
having parenting time every other weekend. Defendant also had parenting time every Christmas
break and every spring break. The order modifying defendant’s parenting time granted
defendant parenting time with the minor child for one extended weekend per month during the
school year, and for the entire summer, unless the child’s sports schedule required her to be in
plaintiff’s home. The trial court granted defendant parenting time for every Christmas vacation,
and ordered the parties to alternate spring break. The trial court stated that by effectively
granting defendant parenting time for the entire summer, it was attempting “to provide him with
the number of days that he should have gotten under the existing judgment of divorce which has
proved unworkable.” The trial court calculated that under the judgment of divorce, defendant
received approximately 105-109 days of parenting time, whereas under the modified parenting
time, defendant received approximately 100 days of parenting time. However, the trial court’s
calculation of the number of days of defendant’s parenting time under the modified order did not
take into account the fact that defendant was awarded parenting time for the entire break for
every Christmas vacation. Therefore, the evidence shows that defendant received very close to
the same number of parenting time days under the judgment of divorce and under the modified
parenting time order. Thus, the modified parenting time did not affect the established custodial
environment.
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disruptive custody changes, the focus of parenting time is to foster a strong relationship between
the child and the child’s parents. See MCL 722.27a. To that end:
[p]arenting time shall be granted in accordance with the best interests of the child.
It is presumed to be in the best interests of a child for the child to have a strong
relationship with both of his or her parents. Except as otherwise provided in this
section, parenting time shall be granted to a parent in a frequency, duration, and
type reasonably calculated to promote a strong relationship between the child and
the parent granted parenting time. [MCL 722.27a(1).]
As noted above, MCL 722.27a(6)(a)-(h) articulates factors that the trial court “may consider . . .
when determining the frequency, duration, and type of parenting time to be granted[.]”
The facts of this case present circumstances which, under Vodvarka, would not, and
should not, constitute a sufficient change of circumstances to warrant a change of custody.
Simply put, the minor child in this case is growing up; she is a freshman in high school and her
school and extra-curricular schedule is changing. The existing parenting schedule precluded the
minor child from participating in certain activities. These are the type of normal life changes
that occur during a child’s life and that do not warrant a change in the child’s custodial
environment. Vodvarka, 259 Mich App at 513. However, in this case, we find that given the
geographical distance between the parties and the time necessary to transport the minor child
from Ohio to Michigan to permit defendant to exercise his parenting time, such changes do
constitute proper cause or change of circumstances sufficient to modify parenting time to permit
the child to engage in social activities and participate in extra-curricular activities, so long as the
modification in parenting time does not affect the established custodial environment.
It is notable that the Michigan Parenting Time Guideline, promulgated by the State Court
Administrative Office (SCAO) for use in the state’s friend of the court offices, recognizes the
need for flexibility in parenting time as a child grows older:
As child(ren) grow, they are involved in different activities. As their
developmental needs change, both parents need to be flexible with their parenting
time schedule and allow room for adjustment. Because continuity in activities is
important, parents must be willing to alter the parenting time schedule.
The Michigan Parenting Time Guideline also recognizes that a minor child’s age is a factor to
consider in determining parenting time:
The age of a child(ren) is an important factor in determining the frequency and
duration of parenting time. Earlier in a child(ren)’s development, the child(ren)
will need more frequent contact with each parent, but the duration of the contact
should be shorter. As a child(ren) becomes older, the contact may become less
frequent but of greater duration. When a child(ren) reaches school age, school
and associated activities along with the age of the child(ren) will need to be
considered. The practical implications of the developmental stages of a child(ren)
may require that schedules, including joint custody schedules, be modified.
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Thus, the very normal life change factors that Vodvarka finds insufficient to justify a
change in custodial environment are precisely the types of considerations that trial courts should
consider in making determinations regarding modification of parenting time. Therefore, we hold
that, in a case where a modification of parenting time does not alter the established custodial
environment, the fact that a child has begun high school and seeks to become more involved in
social and extra-curricular activities (normal life changes that do not constitute a change of
circumstances under Vodvarka) constitutes a change of circumstances sufficient to modify
parenting time. In this regard, we note the fact that the parties in this case live in different states,
requiring significant travelling time for the minor child to permit defendant’s exercise of
parenting time, is significant.4 With our holding today, we do not seek to precisely define the
proper cause or change of circumstances necessary to change parenting time. Our holding is
limited to our conclusion that the normal life changes that occurred with the minor child in this
case are sufficient to modify parenting time.
C. BEST INTERESTS
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in modifying parenting time without
considering whether the change in parenting time was in the best interests of the minor child.
The child’s best interests govern a court’s decision regarding parenting time. MCL 722.27a(1);
Deal v Deal, 197 Mich App 739, 741; 496 NW2d 403 (1993). Both the statutory best interest
factors in the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.23, and the factors listed in the parenting time
statute, MCL 722.27a(6) are relevant to parenting time decisions. Custody decisions require
findings under all of the best interest factors, but parenting time decisions may be made with
findings only on the contested issues. Hoffman v Hoffman, 119 Mich App 79, 83; 326 NW2d
136 (1982).
In this case, the trial court did not explicitly address the best interest factors in MCL
722.23, nor did it need to because this modification of parenting time did not result in a change
of custody. . While the trial court did not explicitly address the factors in MCL 722.29(a)(6) in
modifying defendant’s parenting time, it was clear from the trial court’s statements on the record
that the trial court was considering the minor child’s best interests in modifying defendant’s
parenting time. In Powery, 278 Mich App at 530-531, this Court recognized that the trial court’s
failure to explicitly state that modifying the existing custody order was in the child’s best
interests was not error because “such a finding can easily and clearly be drawn from the trial
court’s written opinion.” Id. at 530. A finding that the modification in parenting time was in the
child’s best interests in this case can similarly be drawn from the trial court’s statements on the
record. The trial court chastised the parties on the record for making an agreement that was not
in the best interests of the minor child. The trial court’s modification of defendant’s parenting
time, which was minor and did not significantly alter the number of defendant’s parenting time
days, was in the minor child’s best interests because it allowed the child to participate in social
activities and extra-curricular activities that she desired to participate in high school. Under
4
In determining parenting time, the court may consider “[t]he inconvenience to, and burdensome
impact or effect on, the child of traveling for purposes of parenting time.” MCL 722.27a(6)(e).
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these circumstances, we cannot conclude that the trial court made factual findings against the
great weight of the evidence, committed a palpable abuse of discretion or made a clear legal
error on a major issue. Pickering, 268 Mich App at 5. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this
issue.
D. MEANINGFUL PARENTING TIME
Defendant finally argues that the modified parenting time order deprives him of a
reasonable opportunity to parent. In the judgment of divorce, plaintiff was required to transport
the minor child from Ohio to Michigan so that defendant could exercise his parenting time with
the minor child, but the order modifying parenting time required each party to transport the
minor child to exercise their parenting time. According to defendant, requiring him to transport
the minor child would jeopardize his job as a truck driver because federal motor safety
regulations restrict his driving. Defendant further argues that there was no evidence presented
that three-day weekends existed or that the parties could transport the minor child on those days.
Defendant has cited little authority to support his position, and he has failed to adequately brief
the merits of any alleged error; therefore, we decline to address this issue. Yee v Shiawassee Co
Bd of Comm’rs, 251 Mich App 379, 406; 651 NW2d 756 (2002). To the extent that the issue is
preserved, we find that the trial court’s order modifying parenting time and requiring the parties
to transport the minor child to exercise their respective parenting time was based on a sufficient
change of circumstances and was in the best interests of the minor child. Defendant’s arguments
in this regard are without merit.
Affirmed.
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
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