LILIA ALBERTO V TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION

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STATE OF MICHIGAN COURT OF APPEALS LILIA ALBERTO, Personal Representative of the ESTATE OF GUADALUPE ALBERTO, FOR PUBLICATION August 5, 2010 9:00 a.m. Plaintiff-Appellee, v TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION, TOYOTA MOTOR ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING NORTH AMERICA, INC., TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING KENTUCKY, INC., DENSO INTERNATIONAL AMERICA, INC., and DENSO TENNESSEE, INC., No. 296824 Genesee Circuit Court LC No. 09-091973-NP Defendants, and TOYOTA MOTOR SALES USA, INC., Defendant-Appellant. Before: SAAD, P.J., and JANSEN and DONOFRIO, JJ. SAAD, P.J. Defendant Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc.,1 appeals by leave granted the trial court’s order that denied its motion for a protective order to quash the depositions of Yoshimi Inaba and Jim Lentz. We vacate the trial court’s order and remand this case for further proceedings. I. FACTS AND UNDERLYING PROCEEDINGS 1 The other named defendants were dismissed from plaintiff’s lawsuit and are not parties to this appeal. References to “defendant” in the singular throughout this opinion are to defendantappellant Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc., only. -1- This is a personal injury, products liability suit wherein plaintiff seeks to depose two high-ranking Toyota corporate officers in connection with the claim that a defect in a Toyota vehicle caused the accident that resulted in the death of plaintiff’s decedent. Plaintiff filed this wrongful death action and claimed that decedent drove a 2005 Toyota Camry at a speed of less than 25 miles per hour when the vehicle suddenly accelerated to a speed in excess of 80 miles per hour. Plaintiff also asserts that decedent attempted unsuccessfully to apply the vehicle’s brakes, but the vehicle struck a tree, went airborne, struck another tree, and plaintiff’s decedent sustained fatal injuries. Plaintiff noticed the video depositions of Yoshimi Inaba, defendant’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Jim Lentz, defendant’s President and Chief Operating Officer, pursuant to MCR 2.306 and MCR 2.315, and defendant moved for a protective order pursuant to MCR 2.302(C) to prevent the depositions because defendant says that neither Mr. Inaba nor Mr. Lentz “participated in the design, testing, manufacture, warnings, sale, or distribution of the 2005 Camry, or the day-to-day details of vehicle production[,]” and that neither officer had “unique information pertinent to issues in the case.” Defendant also avers that plaintiff could not show that the depositions of Mssrs. Inaba and Lentz were necessary to prevent injustice, because the information plaintiff sought could be obtained from those persons who worked directly on the design, testing, and manufacture of the subject vehicle. Defendant noted that Michigan adheres to the so-called apex deposition rule for high-ranking government officials, observed that various federal and state courts had applied the apex deposition rule to high-ranking corporate officers in addition to government officials, and argued that Michigan should do as well. In response, plaintiff argues that while Michigan has adopted the apex deposition rule for public officials, it has not applied the apex deposition rule in connection with high-ranking corporate officers, and that even if Michigan were to adopt the apex rule, it should not apply here. Plaintiff contends that Mr. Lentz has been the “public face” of Toyota as the company’s safety problems became widely known, and emphasizes that Mr. Lentz has made numerous public appearances and testified before Congress regarding Toyota’s recent recalls.2 Plaintiff also says that Mr. Inaba testified before Congress regarding Toyota’s efforts to complete current recalls and to review its quality control processes, and said that he would be involved in the quality control review. Though the trial court found that Mssrs. Inaba and Lentz were apex, or high-ranking, corporate officers, the trial court held that Michigan case law and court rules did not preclude the depositions from taking place. Defendant sought leave to appeal to this Court, and moved for immediate consideration and a stay of the depositions. Ultimately, this Court granted defendant’s application and continued in effect a prior order that stayed the depositions of Mssrs. Inaba and Lentz. The 2 The recent recalls do not involve the vehicle at issue here. -2- Court also ordered the appeal expedited and directed the parties to “address specifically the issue of whether the apex deposition rule should or does apply to corporate defendants.” II. NATURE OF THE CASE AND THE APEX DEPOSITION RULE This appeal presents the question whether Michigan should formally adopt the apex deposition rule in the corporate context. As used by other state and federal courts, the apex deposition rule provides that before a plaintiff may take the deposition of a high-ranking or “apex” government official or corporate officer, the plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) the government official or corporate officer possesses superior or unique information relevant to the issues being litigated, and (2) information cannot be obtained by a less intrusive method, such as by deposing lower-ranking employees. See, e.g., Baine v Gen Motors Corp, 141 FRD 332, 334335 (MD Ala, 1991). Courts have applied the apex deposition rule not to shield high-ranking officers from discovery, but rather to sequence discovery in order to prevent litigants from deposing highranking government officials as a matter of routine procedure before less burdensome discovery methods are attempted. See, e.g., Sneaker Circus, Inc v Carter, 457 F Supp 771, 794 n 33 (ED NY, 1978). Courts reasoned that giving depositions on a regular basis would impede highranking government officials in the performance of their duties, and thus contravene the public interest. See, e.g., Union Savings Bank v Saxon, 209 F Supp 319, 319-320 (D DC, 1962). In essence, the apex deposition rule prevents high-ranking public officials from being compelled to give oral depositions unless a preliminary showing is made that the deposition is necessary to obtain relevant information that cannot be obtained from another discovery source or mechanism. Baine, 141 FRD at 334-336. Premised on similar reasoning, several federal appellate and district courts have extended application of the apex deposition rule to high-ranking corporate executives. Generally, these cases hold that before a high-ranking corporate executive may be deposed, the plaintiff must establish that the executive has superior or unique information regarding the subject matter of the litigation, and that such information cannot be obtained via a less intrusive method, such as by deposing lower-ranking executives, etc. See, e.g., Salter v Upjohn Co, 593 F2d 649, 651 (CA 5, 1979); Lewelling v Farmers Ins of Columbus, Inc, 879 F2d 212, 218 (CA 6, 1989); Thomas v Int’l Business Machines, 48 F3d 478, 482-484 (CA 10, 1995); Mulvey v Chrysler Corp, 106 FRD 364, 366 (D RI, 1985); Baine, 141 FRD at 334-336; Evans v Allstate Ins Co, 216 FRD 515, 518519 (ND Okla, 2003). State courts, including California and Texas, have also adopted the apex deposition rule in the corporate context. For example, in Liberty Mut Ins Co v Superior Court, 10 Cal App 4th 1282; 13 Cal Rptr 2d 363 (1992), the California Court of Appeals, relying on federal decisions such as Salter, Mulvey, and Baine, adopted the apex deposition rule in the corporate context and held that the potential deponent, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Liberty Mutual, could not be deposed absent a showing that the officer had “unique or superior personal knowledge of discoverable information.” Id. at 1289. The Liberty Mutual Court held that absent such a showing, “the trial court should issue the protective order and first require the plaintiff to obtain the necessary discovery through less intrusive methods.” Id. If after these less intrusive methods are exhausted and the plaintiff makes a showing that the apex officer has information -3- relevant to the case, the trial court may allow the deposition to proceed. Id. Similarly, in Monsanto Co v May, 889 SW2d 274 (Tex, 1994), the Supreme Court of Texas, relying on federal decisions such as Salter and Mulvey and on the decision in Liberty Mutual, adopted the apex deposition rule, and held that the rule “presents a fair balance between the right of a plaintiff to conduct discovery in its case within the limits of the rules, and the right of someone at the apex of the hierarchy of a large corporation to avoid being subjected to undue harassment and abuse.” Id. at 277. The question posed by Toyota’s motion and the court’s order is whether Michigan case law should take into account the position within an organization of the person sought to be deposed. Because Michigan court rules contemplate such a rule and because our courts have, in essence, applied the principles of the apex deposition rule to government officials, albeit, without using the aforementioned terminology, and because there is no principled reason for not affording similar safeguards to corporate defendants, we hereby adopt the apex deposition rule as explained more thoroughly below. III. ANALYSIS We hold that the apex deposition rule applies in Michigan cases involving public and private high-ranking corporate officers. Michigan has a broad discovery policy that permits the discovery of any matter that is not privileged and that is relevant to the pending case. MCR 2.302(B)(1); Reed Dairy Farm v Consumers Power Co, 227 Mich App 614, 616; 576 NW2d 709 (1998). However, Michigan’s court rules acknowledge the wisdom of placing reasonable limits on discovery. MCR 2.302(C) provides in part: On motion by a party or by the person from whom discovery is sought, and on reasonable notice and for good cause shown, the court in which the action is pending may issue any order that justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, including one or more of the following orders: (1) that the discovery not be had; (2) that the discovery may be had only on specified terms and conditions, including a designation of the time or place. . . . Michigan’s rules of discovery largely track the federal discovery rules.3 In the absence of Michigan precedent, courts of this state routinely seek guidance from federal cases construing a similar federal rule. Brenner v Marathon Oil Co, 222 Mich App 128, 133; 565 NW2d 1 (1997). 3 FR Civ P 26(B)(c) provides for the issuance of a protective order in discovery proceedings. -4- This Court has applied the apex deposition rule, while not referring to it as such, in two cases involving government officials. In Fitzpatrick v Sec of State, 176 Mich App 615, 617-618; 440 NW2d 45 (1989), this Court reversed the trial court’s order that denied the defendant’s motion to quash the deposition of the Secretary of State on the grounds that the Secretary lacked personal knowledge of relevant facts and that the information sought could be obtained by other means. More recently, in Hamed v Wayne Co, 271 Mich App 106, 109-110; 719 NW2d 612 (2006), this Court reversed the trial court’s order that denied the defendant’s motion to quash the depositions of the Wayne County Executive and the Wayne County Sheriff on the ground that the plaintiff made no showing that either official possessed relevant information that could not be obtained through other methods. We find that application of the apex deposition rule in the public and private corporate context is consistent with Michigan’s broad discovery policy, Reed Dairy Farm, 227 Mich App at 616, and with Michigan’s court rules, which allow a trial court to control the timing and sequence of discovery “for the convenience of parties and witnesses and in the interests of justice,” MCR 2.302(D), and to enter protective orders “for good cause shown[.]” MCR 2.3202(C). As noted, in Fitzpatrick, this Court reversed the trial court’s denial of a motion for a protective order to preclude the taking of the deposition of the Secretary of State. 176 Mich App at 617-619. The Fitzpatrick Court did not specifically state that the Secretary of State could be deposed if the plaintiff could show that doing so would be necessary to prevent injustice. However, in Hamed, this Court adopted the holding in Fitzpatrick, and clarified that depositions of government officials could be taken upon a showing by the plaintiff that the depositions were necessary “to prevent prejudice or injustice[.]” 271 Mich App at 112. These cases rely on the Michigan Court Rules, see, e.g., Fitzpatrick, 176 Mich App at 617, and Hamed, 271 Mich App at 109-110, and the analysis employed in Fitzgerald and Hamed is consistent with those federal and state court cases that have applied the apex deposition rule to the corporate context. Recognizing that the highest positions within a juridical entity rarely have the specialized and specific first-hand knowledge of matters at every level of a complex organization, courts have adopted the apex deposition rule in the corporate context to: (1) promote efficiency in the discovery process by requiring that before an apex officer is deposed it must be demonstrated that the officer has superior or unique personal knowledge of facts relevant to the litigation, see Salter, 593 F2d at 651, and (2) prevent the use of depositions to annoy, harass, or unduly burden the parties. See Lewelling, 879 F2d at 218; Baine, 141 FRD at 335-336. Of course, no court has applied the apex deposition rule to hold that an apex or high-ranking corporate officer cannot be deposed under any circumstances. And, neither do we. Rather, these courts have applied the rule to ensure that discovery is conducted in an efficient manner and that other methods of discovery have been attempted before the deposition of an apex officer is conducted. See, e.g., Salter, 593 F2d at 651-652; Liberty Mut, 10 Cal App 4th at 1287-1289. Moreover, those cases adopting the apex deposition rule in the corporate context do not shift the burden of proof, but merely require the party seeking discovery to demonstrate that the proposed deponent has unique personal knowledge of the subject matter of the litigation and that other methods of discovery have not produced the desired information only after the party opposing discovery has moved for a protective order and has made a showing regarding the lack of the proposed deponent’s personal knowledge and that other discovery methods could produce the required information. Cf. Crest Infinity II LP v Swinton, 174 P3d 996, 1004 (Okla, 2007) (declining to adopt a form of the apex deposition rule that shifts the burden to the party seeking discovery on ground that -5- burden of showing good cause is statutorily placed on party seeking discovery). In other words, after the party opposing the deposition demonstrates by affidavit or other testimony that the proposed deponent lacks personal knowledge or unique or superior information relevant to the claims in issue, then the party seeking the deposition of the high-ranking corporate or public official must demonstrate that the relevant information cannot be obtained absent the disputed deposition. Application of the apex deposition rule does not, contrary to plaintiff’s argument, shift the burden of proof to the party seeking discovery. If the defendant and the potential deponent make the requisite showing outlined above, only then must the party seeking the deposition show that the potential deponent has unique or superior knowledge of issues relevant to the litigation, and that that information cannot be obtained by less intrusive means, such as by deposing lowerlevel officials or employees. Moreover, nothing herein can or should be read to preclude the deposition of high-ranking public or corporate officials who possess relevant personal knowledge of matters in issue, that cannot be obtained by other allowable discovery. In adopting the apex rule, we recognize, as have other courts, that an apex corporate officer, like a high-ranking government official, often has no particularized or specialized knowledge of day-to-day operations or of particular factual scenarios that lead to litigation, and has far-reaching and comprehensive employment duties that require a significant time commitment. And, therefore, to allow depositions of high-ranking government officials or corporate officers without any restriction or preconditions, could result in the abuse of the discovery process and harassment of the parties. Accordingly, our adoption of the apex deposition rule should serve as a useful rule for trial courts to use in balancing the discovery rights of the parties. IV. APPLICATION We review a trial court’s decision on a motion for a protective order for an abuse of discretion. Bloomfield Charter Twp v Oakland Co Clerk, 253 Mich App 1, 35; 654 NW2d 610 (2002). Defendant moved for a protective order on the ground that neither Mr. Inaba nor Mr. Lentz have unique, personal knowledge of facts relevant to the litigation.4 Plaintiff points to the fact that both Messrs. Inaba and Lentz have made public appearances to discuss Toyota’s safety difficulties and recall efforts. But no evidence before us demonstrates that, during those 4 We note that defendant also based its motion for a protective order on the ground that plaintiff had engaged in no discovery efforts designed to elicit the information she sought from Mssrs. Inaba and Lentz. At the time the trial court heard defendant’s motion, plaintiff had deposed a former employee of Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc., a company that had no involvement in the design or manufacturing of the subject vehicle. The fact that plaintiff has engaged in other discovery, including the taking of depositions, since the hearing on defendant’s motion, is irrelevant to the issue before us at this time. -6- appearances, either officer demonstrated any actual knowledge, much less a unique or superior knowledge of design, engineering, manufacturing, or testing processes that went into the building of the subject vehicle, a 2005 Camry. The executives spoke in only general terms about Toyota’s safety difficulties and recall efforts.5 In terms of plaintiff’s contention that Messrs. Inaba and Lentz had general knowledge of the issues, the instant case is analogous to In re Continental Airlines, Inc, 305 SW3d 849 (Tex App 2010). In Continental, the plaintiffs filed suit following an accident involving a Continental Airlines flight that injured 37 persons. Id. at 851. The plaintiffs noticed the deposition of Larry Kellner, Continental’s CEO and Chairman of the Board of Directors, arguing that Kellner had unique or superior knowledge of discoverable information regarding the accident. Id. The plaintiffs pointed to the following facts: (1) Kellner briefed the media immediately following the accident; (2) Kellner repeatedly stated that he would learn the cause of the accident in order to prevent future accidents; (3) Kellner sent personal letters to the passengers; (4) Kellner interviewed the pilots and gave commendations to crew and flight members; and (5) Kellner served on the Board of Directors of the Air Transport Association of America (ATA), a safety organization, and thus had knowledge regarding Continental’s implementation of the ATA’s policies. Id. The trial court denied the defendant’s motion for a protective order, and granted the plaintiff’s motion to compel the deposition. Id. The defendant moved for a writ of mandamus, asking the appellate court to compel the trial court to set aside its order granting the motion to compel the deposition. Id. at 850-851. The appellate court reviewed the pertinent law and the evidence, including statements made by other Continental employees in depositions, and statements in Kellner’s own affidavit, id. at 853-857, and found that the defendant showed that Kellner did not have “unique or superior knowledge regarding what occurred before and after the accident or the cause of the accident.” Id. at 858. The court noted that while Kellner made public statements following the accident, the information he provided was given to him by another Continental employee; that Kellner was not Continental’s representative to the investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB); that Kellner had not received information regarding the cause of the accident in his executive briefs; and that Kellner did not serve as Continental’s representative on the ATA’s safety committee. Id. Furthermore, the Continental court found that the plaintiffs had not demonstrated that less intrusive methods were inadequate to obtain the discovery sought, notwithstanding the fact that the plaintiffs in Continental, unlike here, had conducted extensive discovery, including submitting 110 requests for production and 74 interrogatories, and taking 11 depositions. Id. at 859. The court noted that: Continental asserted that the plaintiffs had not deposed Continental’s corporate representative, other individuals were present when Kellner received information 5 As stated above, the recall campaigns about which Mssrs. Inaba and Lentz spoke did not include the 2005 Camry. -7- regarding the accident, and other employees were more directly involved in the NTSB investigation. Id. The court reasoned that, while Kellner would be “best able to address his own subjective intent in making his generalized public statements following the accident[,]” . . . Kellner’s subjective intent in making the subject public statements [did] not establish anything regarding negligence, proximate cause, or damages.” Id. The Continental Court held that the trial court abused its discretion by compelling Kellner’s deposition, and directed the trial court to set aside the order compelling the deposition. Id. Here, in contrast, virtually no discovery preceded the disputed efforts to depose Messrs. Inaba and Lentz. We note that the CEO in Continental was in a position similar to that of Toyota executives Mssrs. Inaba and Lentz. The Continental CEO had generalized knowledge of the accident and served as the airline’s public face in dealing with the media, but had no particular knowledge of the cause of the accident. Here, the record reflects that Mssrs. Inaba and Lentz had only generalized knowledge of Toyota’s unintended acceleration problems, but had no unique or superior knowledge of or role in designing the subject vehicle or in implementing manufacturing or testing processes. The court’s reasoning in Continental is instructive and applicable to the proposed deponents here. V. CONCLUSION We adopt the apex deposition rule for high-ranking corporate officials, as well as for government officials6 and therefore hold that the trial court abused its discretion by denying defendant’s motion for a protective order to quash the depositions of Mssrs. Inaba and Lentz, vacate the trial court’s order, and remand this case to the trial court for reconsideration in accordance with this opinion. Vacated and remanded. We retain jurisdiction. /s/ Henry William Saad /s/ Pat M. Donofrio 6 Fitzpatrick, 176 Mich App at 617-618; Hamed, 271 Mich App at 109-110. -8-

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