THOMAS M SKELLY V PATRICIA M SKELLY
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
THOMAS M. SKELLY,
FOR PUBLICATION
December 29, 2009
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff/Counter-DefendantAppellant,
v
No. 287127
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 07-701383-DM
PATRICIA M. SKELLY,
Defendant/Counter-PlaintiffAppellee.
Advance Sheets Version
Before: DONOFRIO, P.J., and SAWYER and OWENS, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In this divorce case, plaintiff appeals as of right the judgment of divorce wherein the trial
court distributed a portion of plaintiff’s retention bonus and future bonuses to defendant. We
reverse.
I. FACTS
Plaintiff filed this complaint for divorce after a 25-year marriage. Defendant filed a
countercomplaint requesting spousal support. At the time of the parties’ divorce, plaintiff was
the Director of International Tax at Ford Motor Company. His 2007 earnings totaled
$289,257.58, which included a performance bonus of $13,500 and the first installment payment
of his retention bonus totaling $108,000. The retention bonus was designed to “entice” plaintiff
to remain with the company. If plaintiff remained employed by Ford on May 31, 2008, and on
May 31, 2009, he would receive second and third installment payments of his retention bonus
totaling $36,000 each. However, if plaintiff did not remain employed at Ford through May 31,
2009, he was required to pay back all the retention bonus monies. At the time of the divorce,
defendant was unemployed and was a homemaker.
After hearing testimony from both plaintiff and defendant, the trial court awarded
defendant the marital home and her jewelry, and awarded plaintiff his Ford 401k account,
restricted stock units, a rental house, his motorcycle, his fishing boat, his deposit on his
apartment, and a swim club membership. The trial court ordered an equal division of the marital
portion of plaintiff’s pension. The trial court also ordered that the first two installment payments
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of the retention bonus be equally divided between the parties. As to the third installment that
would be paid on May 31, 2009, the trial court commented that
[w]hile the Court understands that this would probably be considered separate
property, because it would represent a year of work that the Plaintiff commits to
with Ford without the assistance of the Defendant, the Court’s invading that
separate property. And I’m doing so because I think that the Defendant’s income
or ability to earn is very limited at this point in time. And also because that
Retention award in the Court’s mind, is based on performance during the
marriage. And so I’m dividing that 60 percent to the Plaintiff and 40 percent to
the Defendant.
The trial court further divided any of plaintiff’s future bonuses, granting plaintiff 60 percent and
defendant 40 percent.
The trial court also found that defendant was in need of spousal support and awarded her
$5,000 a month. At the conclusion of the hearing, plaintiff’s counsel attempted to clarify the
court’s award of plaintiff’s bonuses to defendant. The following exchange took place:
Plaintiff’s counsel:
Your Honor, there was one other question that came up.
The award as to the ‘09 bonus, the Retention bonus, that’s
the limit of the Court’s award with respect to bonuses? I
mean, there’s not some ongoing award?
Trial court:
Yes, there is. I said that.
Plaintiff’s counsel:
Just as to the ‘09 bonus?
Trial court:
No, no. Any future bonuses.
Plaintiff’s counsel:
I mean, even if it’s not a Retention bonus?
Trial court:
Yes
Plaintiff’s counsel:
If he gets a bonus at any time in the future, she’s going to
get 40 percent of it?
Trial court:
Correct. That’s the Court’s Order. It is. It’s modifiable
support so we’ll have to take a look at these things as it
becomes – as it comes to pass, but I think that it’s fair. I
do.
On July 23, 2008, the trial court entered a judgment of divorce that implemented the trial
court’s verbal ruling at the hearing.
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II. PLAINTIFF’S RETENTION BONUS
Plaintiff argues that the trial court clearly erred when it determined that the first two
payments of plaintiff’s retention bonus were marital property and when it determined that the
third payment was separate property subject to invasion. We agree.
“In granting a divorce judgment, the trial court must make findings of fact and
dispositional rulings. The trial court’s factual findings will not be reversed unless they are
clearly erroneous, i.e., if this Court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been made. If this Court upholds the trial court’s findings of fact, it must then decide whether
the dispositional ruling was fair and equitable in light of those facts. The trial court’s
dispositional ruling is discretionary and will be affirmed unless this Court is left with the firm
conviction that it was inequitable.” Reed v Reed, 265 Mich App 131, 150; 693 NW2d 825
(2005) (citations omitted).
The trial court, when dividing marital property, must first determine marital and separate
assets. Reeves v Reeves, 226 Mich App 490, 494; 575 NW2d 1 (1997). “Generally, assets
earned by a spouse during the marriage are properly considered part of the marital estate and are
subject to division, but the parties’ separate assets may not be invaded.” Korth v Korth, 256
Mich App 286, 291; 662 NW2d 111 (2003). Separate assets may be invaded when one of two
statutory exceptions are met: MCL 552.23, MCL 552.401. Reeves, supra at 494. Invasion “is
allowed [under MCL 552.23] when one party demonstrates additional need,” meaning that the
property awarded to that party is insufficient for her suitable support and maintenance. Id.
Invasion is allowed under MCL 552.401 when one party “significantly assists in the acquisition
or growth” of the other party’s separate asset, in which case “the court may consider the
contribution as having a distinct value deserving of compensation.” Id. at 495.
Defendant argues that Byington v Byington, 224 Mich App 103, 110; 568 NW2d 141
(1997), should apply to plaintiff’s retention bonus because the facts of Byington are similar to the
instant case. We conclude that Byington actually supports plaintiff’s argument that defendant is
not entitled to any portion of the retention bonus. In Byington, the plaintiff filed for divorce, but
the parties agreed to delay the division of the marital estate for several reasons. During the
delay, the defendant entered into a new employment contract containing a contingent bonus
package. Before entry of the judgment of divorce, the defendant became eligible to receive the
compensation from this bonus package. The trial court ruled that the compensation package was
not part of the marital estate and awarded the whole package to the defendant. This Court
reversed, holding that, because the compensation package was earned before the judgment of
divorce was entered, it was part of the marital estate. This Court held that assets earned by a
spouse during the marriage are properly considered part of the marital estate. This is true
whether the assets are received during the existence of the marriage or after the judgment of
divorce. Id. at 109-110.
Here, the retention bonus was not earned during the marriage; thus, no portion of the
retention bonus was marital property. Plaintiff had not yet earned the $180,000 retention bonus
at the time of the parties’ divorce. It is undisputed that plaintiff was required to work until May
31, 2009, in order to receive the $180,000 bonus. Although two installation payments were
made during the marriage, plaintiff had not earned that money when it was disbursed because he
had not satisfied the condition subsequent (i.e., remain employed until May 31, 2009) required
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by the agreement between him and his employer. If plaintiff had not remained employed by
Ford until May 31, 2009, plaintiff would have been required to repay the installments he had
previously received. Consequently, plaintiff did not earn the retention bonus until May 31, 2009,
which occurred after the judgment of divorce was entered even though part of it had been
advanced to him. Unlike in Byington, where the compensation package was earned before the
entry of the judgment of divorce, no portion of plaintiff’s retention bonus was earned during the
marriage. The trial court erred when it determined that any portion of the retention bonus was
marital property.
Furthermore, the trial court erred when it concluded that the third payment was separate
property subject to invasion. A party’s separate estate is the property the party generally takes
away from the marriage separate from the marital assets, Reeves, supra at 494. However,
plaintiff did not take his retention bonus away from the marriage because he had yet to earn it.
Therefore, the third installment of the retention bonus should not have been considered as
separate property, and, as a result, was not subject to division by the trial court at all. We reverse
the trial court’s award of any portion of the retention bonus to defendant.
III. AWARD OF FUTURE BONUSES
Plaintiff argues the trial court erred when it granted defendant 40 percent of any bonuses
he may earn in the future from his employer. We agree.
Whether or not a future, unearned bonus can be divided in a divorce judgment is an issue
of first impression for this Court. “Assets earned by a spouse during the marriage are properly
considered part of the marital estate.” Byington, supra at 110. However, any future bonuses
paid to plaintiff in this case will not have been earned during the marriage, and should not have
been considered a part of the marital estate.
In this case, the trial court included the award of 40 percent of plaintiff’s future bonuses
within the property division provisions in the judgment of divorce. Like the retention bonus
previously discussed, future, speculative bonuses do not fit into either the category of marital
assets, or separate assets, because they do not yet exist. These bonuses were not earned during
the marriage and are based solely on the potential occurrence of future events unrelated to the
marriage. Thus, the trial court clearly erred when it granted defendant a 40 percent interest in
any future bonuses earned by plaintiff over the course of his prospective career. Byington, supra
at 110; Burkey v Burkey (On Rehearing), 189 Mich App 72, 76; 471 NW2d 631 (1991) (“The
trial court correctly determined that the valuation [of the retirement plan] reached by the trial
court could not be dependent upon the happening of future events after the divorce.”).
The trial court erred in granting defendant 40 percent of any bonuses plaintiff may earn in
the future from his employer.
IV. EQUITABLE DIVISION OF THE MARITAL PROPERTY
Plaintiff argues that the distribution of the marital estate was inequitable and unfair
because the property division was skewed by the inclusion of the awards of plaintiff’s retention
bonus and any future bonuses. Because our decision reverses the trial court’s clearly erroneous
conclusions regarding the retention bonus and future bonuses, this issue is now moot.
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Reversed.
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Donald S. Owens
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