LIPAROTO CONSTRUCTION INC V GENERAL SHALE BRICK INC
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
LIPAROTO CONSTRUCTION, INC.,
FOR PUBLICATION
May 21, 2009
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 282920
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 07-721828-CZ
GENERAL SHALE BRICK, INC., LINCOLN
BRICK & STONE, and STATE AUTO
PROPERTY & CASUALTY INSURANCE
COMPANY,
Defendants-Appellees.
Advance Sheets Version
Before: Bandstra, P.J., and Owens and Donofrio, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff, Liparoto Construction, Inc., appeals as of right two trial court orders, one order
granting summary disposition in favor of defendants General Shale Brick, Inc., and Lincoln
Brick & Stone and the other order granting summary disposition in favor of defendant State Auto
Property & Casualty Insurance Company, both pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). Because the trial
court correctly concluded that plaintiff’s action against Lincoln Brick was barred by a
contractual one-year limitations period and that General Shale was entitled to summary
disposition because there was no genuine issue of material fact that improper cleaning was the
cause of the discoloration of the bricks involved in this case, we affirm summary disposition in
favor of Lincoln Brick and General Shale. Further, because there was no genuine issue of
material fact with respect to whether plaintiff’s loss arose from an “occurrence” within the
meaning of the policy, and plaintiff’s loss was also subject to policy exclusions, summary
disposition in favor of State Auto was also proper. We affirm.
I. Underlying Facts and Procedural History
Plaintiff, a general contractor, contracted to build a house for Dorothy and Clayton
Ainscough. Plaintiff built the brick exterior of the house with Sonora brick it purchased from
Lincoln Brick. General Shale manufactured the Sonora brick. After plaintiff completed the
brickwork in early 2006, the Ainscoughs reported that the bricks had become discolored and that
the problem worsened when the bricks were wet. General Shale determined that the bricks
became discolored because their lime-coating reacted with an acid cleaner that a contractor used
postmanufacturing, contrary to General Shale’s explicit cleaning instructions. In December
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2006, the Ainscoughs brought an administrative complaint against plaintiff with the Department
of Consumer and Industry Services (now the Department of Energy, Labor, and Economic
Growth). Plaintiff contacted its business liability insurer, State Auto, whose investigator
concluded that the problem was attributable to a latent defect that occurred during manufacturing
or warehousing. State Auto denied plaintiff’s claim for coverage. Plaintiff thereafter entered
into a mediation agreement with the Ainscoughs in which plaintiff agreed to undertake the
necessary actions to correct the stained brick.
Plaintiff thereafter brought this action against defendants, alleging claims for breach of
implied warranty of merchantability and breach of implied warranty of fitness for a particular
purpose against General Shale and Lincoln Brick and claims for breach of contract against
Lincoln Brick and State Auto. The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of Lincoln
Brick on the ground that plaintiff’s action was barred by a one-year contractual limitations period
and in favor of General Shale on the ground that there was no genuine issue of material fact that
the discoloration of the brick was caused by plaintiff’s misuse. State Auto argued that it was
entitled to summary disposition because the discoloration of the bricks did not constitute an
“occurrence” within the meaning of its policy or, alternatively, was expressly excluded from
coverage. State Auto also argued that plaintiff violated the policy by voluntarily entering into a
mediation agreement with the Ainscoughs without its consent. The trial court granted summary
disposition in favor of State Auto, stating that the insurance policy was not “a bond to secure that
[plaintiff’s] work is [done] properly.” Plaintiff now appeals as of right.
II. Standard of Review
This Court reviews a trial court’s summary disposition decision de novo. Reed v Breton,
475 Mich 531, 537; 718 NW2d 770 (2006). A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual
sufficiency of a complaint. Wilson v Alpena Co Rd Comm, 474 Mich 161, 166; 713 NW2d 717
(2006). The court must consider the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other
documentary evidence submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the party opposing
the motion. Reed, supra at 537. The motion is properly granted if there is no genuine issue of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
III. Lincoln Brick
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition in favor of
Lincoln Brick on the ground that the action was barred by the one-year contractual limitations
period set forth in Lincoln Brick’s invoice. Under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), MCL
440.1101 et seq., the purchaser of defective goods seeking to recover for economic loss and
incidental and consequential damages must bring its action for recovery against the seller within
four years of tender and delivery of the goods. MCL 440.2725; Home Ins Co v Detroit Fire
Extinguisher Co, Inc, 212 Mich App 522, 526-527; 538 NW2d 424 (1995). However, parties to
a contract may agree to a shortened period of limitations. An unambiguous contractual provision
providing for a shortened limitations period is to be enforced as written unless the provision
violates the law or public policy or is otherwise unenforceable under traditional contract
defenses, including duress, waiver, estoppel, fraud, or unconscionability.
Clark v
DaimlerChrysler Corp, 268 Mich App 138, 141-142 & n 1; 706 NW2d 471 (2005). For a
contract or a contract provision to be considered unconscionable, both procedural and
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substantive unconscionability must be present. Id. at 143. “Procedural unconscionability exists
where the weaker party had no realistic alternative to acceptance of the term.” Id. at 144.
“Substantive unconscionability exists where the challenged term is not substantively
reasonable.” Id. However, a contract or contract provision is not substantively unconscionable
simply because it is foolish for one party or very advantageous to the other. Id. “Instead, a term
is substantively unreasonable where the inequity of the term is so extreme as to shock the
conscience.” Id.
While plaintiff asserts that the contractual limitations period is procedurally
unconscionable because it had no realistic alternative to acceptance of the term, plaintiff did not
present any evidence in support of this assertion. For instance, plaintiff presented no evidence
that it was unable to purchase the brick from another supplier or that Lincoln Brick was
unwilling to provide the brick under different terms. Accordingly, plaintiff failed to establish a
question of fact regarding procedural unconscionability.
Plaintiff also failed to establish that the one-year limitations provision was substantively
unconscionable because the defect was not detectable for several months. The record reveals
that the bricks were shipped in December 2004 and installed in early 2005. The record also
shows that plaintiff became aware of the problem by summer 2005. Consequently, there is no
support for plaintiff’s argument that the alleged defect remained undetectable until it was too late
to bring an action for relief. Under these circumstances, plaintiff has not shown that the one-year
limitations provision shocks the conscience.
Plaintiff alternatively argues that equitable tolling should preclude Lincoln Brick from
relying on the one-year contractual limitations period. Plaintiff did not raise an equitable tolling
argument in the trial court. Accordingly, this issue is not preserved and is subject to review for
plain error affecting plaintiff’s substantial rights. Hilgendorf v St John Hosp & Med Ctr Corp,
245 Mich App 670, 700; 630 NW2d 356 (2001).
Application of the doctrine of equitable tolling to contractual limitations periods would
be inconsistent with the deference afforded to parties’ freedom to contract, including the freedom
to avoid, by contract, what might otherwise be an applicable rule of law. Coates v Bastian Bros,
Inc, 276 Mich App 498, 510-511; 741 NW2d 539 (2007). Plaintiff’s reliance on Lewis v Detroit
Automobile Inter-Ins Exch, 426 Mich 93; 393 NW2d 167 (1986), and this Court’s decision in
Ward v Rooney-Gandy, 265 Mich App 515, 519-520; 696 NW2d 64 (2005), is misplaced
because Lewis was overruled by Devillers v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 473 Mich 562, 582-583, 586;
702 NW2d 539 (2005), and this Court’s decision in Ward was summarily reversed in Ward v
Rooney-Gandy, 474 Mich 917 (2005). Accordingly, the trial court did not err by granting
summary disposition in favor of Lincoln Brick on the basis of the contractual limitations period.
IV. General Shale
The trial court granted summary disposition for General Shale on the ground that there
was no question of fact that the brick discoloration was caused by improper acid cleaning, for
which General Shale was not at fault. General Shale submitted an affidavit from its engineering
manager, James Bryja, indicating that a “cube tag” (which provides product information and
cleaning instructions) is affixed to every package of bricks. An exemplar of the cube tag in use
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for Sonora bricks in 2005 was submitted with Bryja’s affidavit. The cube tag contains the
notation “CLEANING CATEGORY C” and includes cleaning information for categories A, B,
and C. This information states that category C bricks should be cleaned with a nonacidic
detergent because the acid-reactive coating is subject to color range changes if exposed to acid.
The cube tag also states “GENERAL SHALE DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM CLEANING METHODS AND
MATERIALS.” General Shale’s plant manager, Michael Baker, stated in his affidavit that he
examined the bricks and determined that they had been cleaned with acid. Tony Martinez of
Tony’s Caulking admitted that his company used an acid-based cleaner on the bricks. The
Ainscoughs also stated in their administrative complaint against plaintiff that they saw the brick
cleaners use a product that was labeled “acid.”
Indeed, plaintiff does not dispute that the bricks were cleaned with an acid. Rather,
plaintiff questions whether the cube tag was actually attached to the bricks. But plaintiff did not
submit any evidence showing a genuine issue of material fact with respect to this issue. Plaintiff
contends that it established a question of fact regarding the cause of the discoloration by
providing a copy of a report prepared for State Auto by a forensic engineer, Joseph Czajka, that
stated that the color variation occurred at the factory or warehouse before arrival on the job site.
However, unsworn statements, such as Czajka’s report, are not sufficient to create a genuine
issue of material fact to oppose summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). Marlo Beauty
Supply, Inc v Farmers Ins Group of Cos, 227 Mich App 309, 321; 575 NW2d 324 (1998).
Accordingly, the trial court did not err by finding that there was no genuine issue of material fact
that the brick discoloration was caused by improper acid cleaning and by granting summary
disposition in favor of General Shale on that basis.
V. Whether Summary Disposition Was Premature
Plaintiff argues that summary disposition in favor of Lincoln Brick and General Shale
was premature because discovery was not yet complete. A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is
generally premature if discovery has not been completed unless there is no fair likelihood that
further discovery will yield support for the nonmoving party’s position. Townsend v Chase
Manhattan Mortgage Corp, 254 Mich App 133, 140; 657 NW2d 741 (2002).
Summary disposition in favor of Lincoln Brick was based on the one-year contractual
limitations period, which is not a matter that requires further factual development. Indeed, parol
evidence is inadmissible to vary clear and unambiguous contractual language. In re Kramek
Estate, 268 Mich App 565, 573-574; 710 NW2d 753 (2005). Accordingly, there is no fair
likelihood that further discovery would yield support for plaintiff’s action against Lincoln Brick.
Summary disposition in favor of General Shale was based on evidence that the brick
discoloration was caused by improper cleaning, not by any latent defects. Plaintiff had the
opportunity to determine the cause of the discoloration after the Ainscoughs first reported the
problem and in the Ainscoughs’ prior proceeding. Plaintiff also had the opportunity to obtain an
affidavit from Czajka in order to present his expert opinion as admissible evidence. Similarly,
plaintiff’s own employees and subcontractors were in the best position to provide sworn
statements regarding the packaging materials and labels that may or may not have been attached
to the shipment of Sonora brick. Under the circumstances, plaintiff has not shown a fair
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likelihood that further discovery could enable plaintiff to establish a question of fact with respect
to either the cause of the discoloration or the presence of the cube tag. For these reasons,
plaintiff has failed to show that summary disposition was premature.
VI. State Auto
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition in favor of State
Auto on the ground that the discoloration was not an “occurrence” within the meaning of its
policy. An insurance policy is construed in accordance with Michigan’s well-established
principles of contract construction. Citizens Ins Co v Pro-Seal Service Group, Inc, 477 Mich 75,
82; 730 NW2d 682 (2007). The policy must be enforced according to its terms, and a court may
not hold an insurer liable for a risk it did not assume. Id. A court may not create an ambiguity in
a policy if the terms are clear and unambiguous, and the failure to define a relevant term does not
render the policy ambiguous. Id at 82-83. Rather, reviewing courts must interpret the terms of
the policy in accordance with their commonly used meanings. Id. at 83.
State Auto’s policy provides coverage for bodily injury and property damage caused by
an “occurrence.” The policy defines “occurrence” as “an accident, including continuous or
repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.” The parties address
three cases involving definitions of “occurrence” and “accident” in the context of property
damage arising from the use of defective products.
In Bundy Tubing Co v Royal Indemnity Co, 298 F2d 151 (CA 6, 1962), several persons
brought actions against the insured, a manufacturer of steel tubing that was installed in floors and
used to heat buildings, alleging that defective tubing caused substantial property damage. The
insured’s liability insurance carrier denied coverage for defense and indemnification costs on the
ground that the lawsuits involved claims for breach of warranty and the underlying incidents
were not caused by accidents. Id. at 152-153. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth
Circuit disagreed and concluded that defective equipment caused substantial damage to the
customers’ homes. Id. at 153.
In Hawkeye-Security Ins Co v Vector Constr Co, 185 Mich App 369; 460 NW2d 329
(1990), the insured was a concrete contractor on a construction project. The insured incurred the
cost of removing and replacing concrete after the concrete obtained from a supplier proved to be
defective. Id. at 371-372. The insured presented a claim to its insurer pursuant to a policy that
defined “occurrence” as “‘an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions,
which results in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the
standpoint of the insured . . . .’” Id. at 373. This Court held that the installation of defective
concrete was not an “occurrence” within the meaning of the policy. The Court distinguished
Bundy as follows:
We find Vector’s reliance on Bundy misplaced. Bundy stands for nothing
more than the proposition that an insurer must defend and may become obligated
to indemnify an insured under a general liability policy of insurance that covers
losses caused by “accidents” where the insured’s faulty work product damages the
property of others. In the instant case Vector seeks what amounts to recovery for
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damages done to its own work product, and not damage done to the property of
someone other than the insured. [Id. at 377.]
This Court in Radenbaugh v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Michigan, 240 Mich App 134;
610 NW2d 272 (2000), further clarified the distinction between Bundy and Hawkeye-Security in
the context of an “accident” as it relates to a contractor’s losses arising from a subcontractor’s
defective products. In Radenbaugh, the insured, a mobile home dealer, provided erroneous
schematics and instructions to the contractors who constructed the mobile home’s basement
foundation. These errors caused substantial damage to the home and its basement. Id. at 136.
The insurer denied the insured’s claim for defense and indemnification coverage on the ground
that the loss did not constitute an occurrence within the meaning of the policy, which defined
“occurrence” as “‘an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the
same general harmful conditions.’” Id. at 140. This Court rejected the insurer’s reliance on
Hawkeye-Security, supra, in support of its application of the term “occurrence” and distinguished
Hawkeye-Security as follows:
Were the underlying complaint limited to claims relating solely to the
insured’s product, we would agree with defendant. However, it is clear that the
underlying complaint alleged damages broader than mere diminution in value of
the insured’s product caused by alleged defective workmanship, breach of
contract, or breach of warranty. [Id. at 141.]
The Court considered the extensive damage to the buyers’ home, all of which resulted from the
insured’s erroneous instructions. Id. at 141-142. The Court contrasted the factual circumstances
in Hawkeye-Security, in which the Court held “‘that the defective workmanship of Vector,
standing alone, was not the result of an occurrence within the meaning of the insurance
contract.’” Radenbaugh, supra at 143, quoting Hawkeye-Security, supra at 378 (emphasis in
Radenbaugh). The Court also discussed the distinction between Hawkeye-Security and Bundy,
stating: “In Bundy, the insured’s defective workmanship caused damage to the property of
others. The property damage that was not confined to the insured’s own work product was
deemed to be “‘unforeseen, unexpected, and unintended and therefore an occurrence.’” Id. at
144.
The Radenbaugh Court also emphasized that in Bundy, the Sixth Circuit “rejected
defendant’s argument that an occurrence cannot arise based on the insured’s negligence or
breach of warranty.” Id. Rather, the court in Bundy had recognized that claims involving breach
of warranty or negligence could constitute an accident. Id. This Court indicated that such claims
constitute an accident when “the underlying action alleged more than damage to the insured’s
own product.” Id. This condition was satisfied in Radenbaugh because the insured’s faulty
instructions rendered the basement unusable. Id. at 144-145.
The Radenbaugh Court also extensively quoted Calvert Ins Co v Herbert Roofing &
Insulation Co, 807 F Supp 435 (ED Mich, 1992), a case harmonizing Hawkeye-Security and
Bundy. The court in Calvert held that these two cases “‘can be reconciled by focusing on the
property damage at issue in each case.’” Radenbaugh, supra at 147, quoting Calvert, supra at
438. The key distinction was that in Bundy, “‘the insured’s defective workmanship resulted in
damage to the property of others,’” whereas in Hawkeye-Security “‘the insured’s defective
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workmanship resulted only in damage to the insured’s work product.’” Radenbaugh, supra at
147, quoting Calvert, supra at 438. The Radenbaugh Court adopted this reasoning as its own
and concluded that the damage to the mobile home constituted an “occurrence” as defined by the
subject policy. Radenbaugh, supra at 148.
In this case, “occurrence” is defined in the same manner as it was defined in
Radenbaugh. The definition of “occurrence” in Hawkeye-Security is more detailed, but is not
significantly different in substance. This Court in Radenbaugh held that damage resulting from
negligence or breach of warranty would constitute an occurrence triggering the policy’s liability
coverage only if the damage in question extended beyond the insured’s work product. Here
plaintiff did not allege, and presented no evidence, that there was damage beyond its own work
product. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by concluding that plaintiff failed to establish an
occurrence within the meaning of the policy. 1
Affirmed. Defendants may tax costs.
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Donald S. Owens
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
1
On appeal, plaintiff also argues that all three defendants were not entitled to summary
disposition under additional grounds that defendants raised before the trial court. In light of our
conclusions that the trial court properly granted summary disposition for each defendant for the
reasons discussed in this opinion, it is unnecessary to consider these alternative grounds.
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