MARILYN FROLING REVOC LIV TRUST V BLOOMFIELD HILLS COUNTRY CLUB
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
MARILYN FROLING REVOCABLE LIVING
TRUST,
FOR PUBLICATION
April 9, 2009
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 275580
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 2004-062223-CZ
BLOOMFIELD HILLS COUNTRY CLUB,
DONALD DREYFUSS, ELISA DREYFUSS,
MARY D. BRIGHT TRUST, NANCY R. VLASIC
REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST, JOHN
RAKOLTA, JR., TERRY RAKOLTA, and
THOMAS VARBEDIAN,
Advance Sheets Version
Defendants,
and
ALAN KIRILUK, MARILYNNE KIRILUK,
ROGER B. SMITH, BARBARA SMITH, GREGG
WILLIAMS, CINDI WILLIAMS, and CITY OF
BLOOMFIELD HILLS,
Defendants-Appellees.
MARILYN FROLING REVOCABLE LIVING
TRUST,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 277438
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 2004-062223-CZ
ALAN KIRILUK, MARILYNNE KIRILUK,
ROGER B. SMITH, BARBARA SMITH, GREGG
WILLIAMS, CINDI WILLIAMS, and CITY OF
BLOOMFIELD HILLS,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
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BLOOMFIELD HILLS COUNTRY CLUB,
DONALD DREYFUSS, ELISA DREYFUSS,
MARY D. BRIGHT TRUST, NANCY R. VLASIC
REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST, JOHN RAKOLTA,
JR., TERRY RAKOLTA, and THOMAS
VARBEDIAN,
Defendants.
MARILYN FROLING REVOCABLE LIVING
TRUST,
Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
v
No. 278383
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 2004-062223-CZ
BLOOMFIELD HILLS COUNTRY CLUB,
DONALD DREYFUSS, ELISA DREYFUSS,
MARY D. BRIGHT TRUST, NANCY R. VLASIC
REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST, JOHN RAKOLTA,
JR., TERRY RAKOLTA, and THOMAS
VARBEDIAN,
Defendants,
and
ALAN KIRILUK, MARILYNNE KIRILUK,
ROGER B. SMITH, BARBARA SMITH, GREGG
WILLIAMS, and CINDI WILLIAMS,
Defendants-Appellees/CrossAppellants,
and
CITY OF BLOOMFIELD HILLS,
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: Murphy, P.J., and Sawyer and Whitbeck, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
These consolidated appeals arise out of flooding on residential property located on
Rathmor Road in the city of Bloomfield Hills. In Docket No. 275580, plaintiff Marilyn Froling
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Revocable Living Trust (the Froling Trust) appeals as of right the trial court’s December 21,
2006, order granting the city of Bloomfield Hills (the city) and Alan and Marilynne Kiriluk,
Roger and Barbara Smith, and Gregg and Cindi Williams (collectively, the neighbors) summary
disposition and the trial court’s ruling that the neighbors were entitled to attorney fees and costs
under MCR 2.405. In Docket No. 277438, the Froling Trust appeals as of right the trial court’s
March 23, 2007, order awarding the Kiriluks attorney fees and costs. In Docket No. 278383, the
Froling Trust appeals as of right the trial court’s May 9, 2007, order awarding the neighbors
attorney fees and costs, and the neighbors cross-appeal from that order. We affirm in part and
reverse in part.
I. Basic Facts and Procedural History
A. The Flooding of the Frolings’ Property
In 1987, Harold Warner owned two adjacent lots on Rathmor Road in Bloomfield Hills,
Michigan. Warner lived in a house on one of the lots, lot 6. The other lot, directly to the east, lot
5, was undeveloped. The Kiriluks purchased lot 5 in January 1987. And in June 1987, William
and Marilyn Froling purchased lot 6. William Froling, an experienced real estate developer, met
with Warner, walked around the property, and inspected the catch basins and water drainage
system. The Frolings purchased the property “as is.”
In 1989, the Kiriluks began plans to build a house on their property. Before construction
of the Kiriluks’ house, there had been a natural swale on the southwest corner of the Kiriluks’
lot. The swale served to move water away from the Frolings’ property. Engineers hired by the
Kiriluks proposed a site plan that took into account the existing natural drainage system, and the
city approved the plan. However, during construction, the Kiriluks brought in dirt to raise the
height of their property, and during the re-grading of the lot, the Kiriluks filled in the swale,
preventing the natural runoff of water from the southeast corner of the Frolings’ property.
Despite this alleged deviation from the approved plan, the city issued an occupancy permit for
the Kiriluks’ home.
In April 1989, the Frolings began experiencing significant flooding on their property.
William Froling testified that during heavy rain that month he witnessed water surging through a
culvert constructed under Rathmor Road and flowing onto the south side of the road. The
flooding was so severe that the water levels reached the steps of the front and back porches of the
Frolings’ home.
From then on, on numerous occasions following periods of heavy rain or spring thaw,
substantial amounts of water would pool on the Frolings’ property, particularly on the west and
south sides of their home. According to William Froling, the most significant periods of
flooding occurred in June 1996, June 1997, June 2001, April and May 2004, and January 2005.
During the June 1997 incident, the Frolings’ basement was completely flooded, causing over
$20,000 in property damage. According to the Frolings, in addition to the Kiriluks’ construction,
re-grading, construction, and re-direction of water flow on other neighboring properties,
including those owned by the Williamses and the Smiths, also contributed to the flooding on
their property.
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In September 1989, William Froling wrote to the city, requesting that it take steps to
alleviate any further flooding problems on his property, asserting that the city should have taken
proper precautions when it approved the subdivision plan. Notably, despite claiming that
Warner “said he never had any serious water problems while he lived there,” Froling indicated
that he was put on notice of potential flooding problems at the time he bought the property:
When I bought the house from Mr. Harold Warner, I asked him why he
didn’t install lawn sprinklers—and his remark was “Well, live there a year first
and I think you will find out you won’t need sprinklers!” Of course, I did not
know what he meant.
The city hired an engineering firm to investigate the Frolings’ flooding complaints, and
the investigation revealed that 29 acres of the surrounding property drained into the Frolings’
property. (The Frolings also later hired engineers, who determined that 55 acres of the
surrounding property drained into their land.) However, the engineers discovered a private
drainage system that they thought was probably constructed by the original property owners and
was likely the responsibility of the owners of the system.
In November 1989, the city wrote a letter to William Froling, stating that the city’s policy
was to not involve itself in storm water damage in existing subdivisions and that it was the
various property owners’ responsibility to resolve any storm water drainage problems affecting
their property. More specifically, the city explained as follows:
In 1923, when the Donnelly Farms Subdivision Plat was approved,
drainage easements or other utility easements were not required by Bloomfield
Township, which granted the plat approval. By today’s standards, a retention
basin with adequate holding capacity and regulated release of storm water would
be required. The City of Bloomfield Hills does not involve itself in storm water
drainage concerns, except where new subdivisions are being considered or the
property being developed is in a floodplain . . . .
Historically, as property developed, each developer was responsible for
their storm water runoff. In the 1960’s, the City’s concern was to prevent any
storm water from entering the sanitary sewer system and this is a continuing
concern to the City of Bloomfield Hills and other governmental agencies today.
In addressing stormwater [sic] drainage, each property owner is
responsible for their own specific problems—some involve trenching or berming,
others with their own storm sewer and culverts, and some have installed retention
ponds on their property. Any of these methods implemented, have been at the
affected property owner’s expense. In some instances, where the drainage
solution of one property owner detrimentally affects another, civil action in court
results in a workable solution.
In your subdivision, . . . your property is on the lowest elevation. My
predecessor, who served the City of Bloomfield Hills for the past forty years, told
me he had suggested to the Homeowners Association at one time, that they
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acquire the vacant lot as a retention pond for stormwater [sic] runoff. However,
there was no interest in that proposal, as no one was having drainage problems
and the value and location of the property warranted development.
I am not aware of any other stormwater [sic] runoff problems in your
subdivision and the solution to your specific problem would appear to be best
resolved by accommodating the existing flows of water around your property so
as not to affect your home. You can accomplish this by one of the above
mentioned methods without involving your neighbor’s property; although, you
could take this before your Homeowner Association to determine if sufficient
interest exists to explore other engineering solutions.
In October 1990, the city wrote to the Frolings again, stating that the cost of installation
of any storm drain system to alleviate storm water runoff on private land would be the property
owners’ responsibility.
In 1995, the Smiths’ basement flooded with water. The Smiths blamed the flooding on
water coming from the Bloomfield Hills Country Club (the Country Club) and complained to the
Country Club’s management. The Smiths and the Country Club ultimately agreed on a solution:
installation of an underground pipe extending from the golf course directly into a pond on the
Smiths’ and the Williamses’ properties. However, this “solution” increased the flow of water
onto the Frolings’ property. The additional amount of water flowing into the pond forced the
pond to overflow with greater frequency. The water coming out of the pond would flow through
a drainage ditch that the city had created on the north side of Rathmor Road and then through the
culvert in the road onto the lower lying property on the south side of Rathmor Road.
In June 1997, the Frolings’ property was flooded again, causing a substantial amount of
property damage. After that flood, William Froling wrote to the city commissioners, requesting
that they consider construction of a storm water drainage system. In that letter, Froling stated
that a neighbor had told him that Warner used a canoe to get off the property after a heavy rain.
Froling claimed that the city erred in approving the Kiriluks’ construction and that the city had
“confiscated” his property for a retention pond.
The city again hired engineers to study the drainage problems. And in October 1997, the
engineers reported their findings to the city’s manager, stating that “the existing drainage system
is not of a size large enough to adequately handle the upstream drainage during larger storm
events.” The engineers drew up a proposed storm drainage system to “be constructed by the
home owner.” The engineers estimated that the cost of the project would be approximately
$210,000. Residents of Rathmor Road then signed a petition, requesting that the city construct a
storm sewer consistent with the engineers’ plan and proposing that the construction be paid
through general tax revenues. The city rejected the proposal.
In March 2000, the Frolings retained a realtor to market their home. However, the realtor
advised them that the flooding problems had to be resolved before the home could be sold. The
realtor also advised them that, absent a permanent correction of the flooding problems, the
property was “‘not saleable’ as is.”
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In September 2000, after more flooding, William Froling wrote a letter to the city mayor,
explaining that during this most recent incident, water was pouring onto their land from every
direction, from the east and the Kiriluks’ lot, from the north through the culverts under Rathmor
Road, and from the golf course to the south. Froling proposed the creation of a special
assessment district to construct the storm water system that the city’s engineers had proposed.
The city responded that a special assessment would not be established without a petition signed
by area residents.
In 2002, the Country Club added multiple pipes to its course for additional drainage. The
pipes tied directly into the pipes that already extended to the Smith/Williams pond.
In May 2004, rain fell consistently over an 18-day period, and the Frolings’ property was
flooded again. The Frolings had to hire workers to pump the floodwater away from their house.
In September 2004, the city’s engineers submitted another report to the city, suggesting
alternative proposals to remedy the storm water drainage problems. The engineers estimated that
the updated cost of construction was approximately $350,000. The engineers explained,
however, that “these options are to take water away from Mr. Froling’s property at property lines
or corners,” but they would “do nothing for the water that drains from his property toward the
home which is at the lowest point of his 2.5 acre lot.” According to the engineers, “To create
positive drainage around his home, substantial[ly] more work on his property would need to be
done.”
B. The Froling Trust’s Complaint
On November 8, 2004, the Froling Trust1 filed the present suit, alleging that, among
others, the city and the neighbors had taken actions that increased the flow of the water entering
the Frolings’ property. More specifically, the Froling Trust asserted claims of nuisance and
trespass against the neighbors. The Froling Trust also asserted a claim of intentional trespass
against the Kiriluks. With respect to the city, the Froling Trust asserted claims of gross
negligence and taking by inverse condemnation for not preventing the flooding.
2
C. The Neighbors’ Offer to Stipulate
On January 7, 2005, the neighbors served on the Froling Trust an offer to stipulate the
entry of a judgment, offering to resolve all the claims made against them for a total of $100. The
offer stated that it was being made “to compromise and settle disputed claims and should not be
construed as an admission of any allegation or liability on any claim” and that “no judgment
entered pursuant to this offer shall operate as an adjudication of the merits of any allegation or
claim.” The Froling Trust did not respond.
1
In June 1988, the Frolings deeded their home to the Froling Trust, the named plaintiff in these
consolidated appeals.
2
As indicated by the caption to these appeals, these other parties are not part of these appeals.
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D. The City’s Motion for Summary Disposition
In August 2005, the city moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), (8),
and (10), arguing that the governmental immunity doctrine barred the Froling Trust’s claims.
The city further argued that it was entitled to summary disposition of the Froling Trust’s inverse
condemnation claim because there was no evidence that the city had taken any direct action
against the Frolings’ property. In support of its motion, the city presented an affidavit from their
engineer, attesting that “[a]ny alleged drainage problems on the Froling property is [sic] not the
result of any City sewer or water drainage system.”
After hearing oral arguments on the motion, the trial court granted the city’s motion for
summary disposition. The trial court ruled that the doctrine of governmental immunity barred
the Froling Trust’s claims against the city. The trial court also agreed with the city that the
Froling Trust’s inverse condemnation claim failed because the complaint did not allege any
direct action that the city took against the Frolings’ property. Accordingly, the trial court
dismissed the city from the action with prejudice.
E. The Neighbors’ Motions for Summary Disposition
In March 2006, the neighbors moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7),
(8), and (10), arguing that the three-year period of limitations, which began to run at the time that
the Frolings first noted flooding on their property in 1989, barred the Froling Trust’s trespass and
nuisance claims. In connection with this argument, citing Garg v Macomb Co Community
Mental Health Services,3 they further contended that the “continuing wrongs” doctrine has been
abrogated in Michigan.
After hearing oral arguments on the motion, the trial court first found that a claim for
flooding, like the Froling Trust alleged, accrues at the time the land was first visibly damaged.
The trial court explained that damages that accrue at a later date do not renew the limitations
period or give rise to a new cause of action. Quoting this Court in Horvath v Delida,4 the trial
court stated that “‘a continuing wrong is established by continual tortious acts, not by continual
harmful effects from an original, completed act.’” The trial court then concluded that the
evidence established that the Frolings knew that the land was first visibly damaged in 1989; thus,
the court stated that it needed to address the evidence that supported a continuing act separately
with regard to each defendant. The trial court ruled that the Froling Trust had failed to produce
evidence that the Kiriluks and the Williamses made any recent changes to the land in the three
years preceding the complaint that could give rise to a finding of a new tortious act. With
respect to the Smiths, however, the trial court concluded that a genuine issue of material fact
remained regarding whether the Smiths’ installation of a new outlet pipe on their property had
contributed to flooding on the Frolings’ property. Accordingly, the trial court granted summary
3
Garg v Macomb Co Community Mental Health Services, 472 Mich 263; 696 NW2d 646
(2005), amended 473 Mich 1205 (2005).
4
Horvath v Delida, 213 Mich App 620, 627; 540 NW2d 760 (1995) (emphasis in Horvath).
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disposition to the Kiriluks and the Williamses, but denied summary disposition with regard to the
Smiths.
The Smiths later renewed their motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7)
and (10), again arguing that the statute of limitations barred the Froling Trust’s claims.
Following a hearing on the motion, the trial court granted the Smiths’ motion because further
evidentiary discovery supported a conclusion that there was no genuine issue of material fact that
the Smiths took no action on their property within the applicable three-year period.
F. The Neighbors’ Motions for Costs and Attorney Fees
The Kiriluks moved for partial costs and attorneys fees in the amount of $35,861.27 with
regard to their representation by Potter, DeAgostino, Campbell & O’Dea (the Potter firm), the
second of two law firms that represented the Kiriluks. The Kiriluks argued that the Froling
Trust’s claims were frivolous and that the Kiriluks were entitled to fees and costs under the offer
of judgment rule.5 The Kiriluks also moved for costs in the amount of $146,793.44 with regard
to their representation by Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn, LLP (Honigman Miller), the law
firm that initially represented the Kiriluks and also jointly represented the Williamses and the
Smiths. The Kiriluks again asserted the offer of judgment rule in support of their motion. Also
citing the offer of judgment rule, the Williamses moved for costs in the amount of $89,953.28
with regard to their representation by Honigman Miller.
The trial court held that the Kiriluks and the Williamses were entitled to an award of
attorney fees and costs, but the trial court reserved its ruling on the amount of the award pending
an evidentiary hearing. After holding an evidentiary hearing on the motion for attorney fees and
costs, the trial court awarded the Kiriluks attorney fees and costs in the amount of $35,861.27
related to the Potter firm’s representation. The trial court also awarded attorney fees and costs in
the amount of $91,076.99 for the Kiriluks and $79,702.66 for the Williamses related to
Honigman Miller’s representation.
The Smiths, citing the offer of judgment rule, also moved for costs in the amount of
$158,630.94 with regard to their representation by Honigman Miller. The trial court held that the
Smiths were entitled to an award of attorney fees and costs, and after holding an evidentiary
hearing, the trial court awarded $140,181.32 to the Smiths for Honigman Miller’s representation.
G. The Present Appeals
In January 2007, the Froling Trust appealed the trial court’s orders granting the city and
the neighbors summary disposition, and the trial court’s orders ruling that the neighbors were
entitled to attorney fees and costs under MCR 2.405. In May 2007, the Froling Trust appealed as
of right the trial court’s order awarding the Kiriluks attorney fees and costs related to the Potter
firm’s representation. And in May 2007, the Froling Trust appealed as of right the trial court’s
5
MCR 2.405.
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order awarding the neighbors attorney fees and costs related to Honigman Miller’s
representation, and the neighbors cross-appealed.
II. Motions for Summary Disposition
A. Standard of Review
Under MCR 2.116(C)(7), a party may move for summary disposition on the ground that a
statute of limitations bars the claim. MCR 2.116(C)(7) also provides that a party may move for
summary disposition on the ground that governmental immunity bars the claim. Under MCR
2.116(C)(8), a party may move for summary disposition on the ground that the opposing party
has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted. And under MCR 2.116(C)(10), a party
may move for summary disposition on the ground that there is no genuine issue with respect to
any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Although review under MCR 2.116(C)(8) allows only consideration of the pleadings, our
review under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10) also must include consideration of all documentary
evidence submitted by the parties.6 More specifically, under MCR 2.116(C)(7), the plaintiff’s
well-pleaded factual allegations, affidavits, or other admissible documentary evidence must be
accepted as true and construed in the plaintiff’s favor, unless the movant contradicts such
evidence with documentation.7 Under MCR 2.116(C)(10), the moving party must specifically
identify the undisputed factual issues and support its position with documentary evidence.8 The
trial court must consider all the documentary evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.9
We review de novo a trial court’s rulings on a motion for summary disposition,10 whether
a cause of action is barred by a statute of limitations,11 and the applicability of governmental
immunity.12
6
MCR 2.116(G)(5); Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119; 597 NW2d 817 (1999); Johnson v
Detroit, 457 Mich 695, 701; 579 NW2d 895 (1998).
7
MCR 2.116(G)(5); Maiden, supra at 119; Smith v Kowalski, 223 Mich App 610, 616; 567
NW2d 463 (1997); Gortney v Norfolk & W R Co, 216 Mich App 535, 538-539; 549 NW2d 612
(1996).
8
MCR 2.116(G)(3)(b); Maiden, supra at 120.
9
MCR 2.116(G)(4); Maiden, supra at 120.
10
Tillman v Great Lakes Truck Ctr, Inc, 277 Mich App 47, 48; 742 NW2d 622 (2007).
11
Colbert v Conybeare Law Office, 239 Mich App 608, 613-614; 609 NW2d 208 (2000).
12
Baker v Waste Mgt of Michigan, Inc, 208 Mich App 602, 605; 528 NW2d 835 (1995).
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B. The Neighbors’ Motions for Summary Disposition
1. Statute of Limitations and the Continuing Wrongs Doctrine
Claims of property damage are subject to a three-year period of limitations. Specifically,
MCL 600.5805 states:
(1) A person shall not bring or maintain an action to recover damages for
injuries to persons or property unless, after the claim first accrued to the plaintiff
or to someone through whom the plaintiff claims, the action is commenced within
the periods of time prescribed by this section.
***
(10) The period of limitations is 3 years after the time of the death or
injury for all other actions to recover damages for the death of a person, or for
injury to a person or property.
And, according the accrual statute, the period of limitations begins to run from the time the claim
accrues, which is “the time the wrong upon which the claim is based was done regardless of the
time when damage results.”13
The Michigan Supreme Court, however, has long recognized an exception to the
application of a statutory period of limitations “[w]here there are continuing wrongful
acts . . . .”14 Under the doctrine, sometimes referred to as the “continuing wrongs doctrine,”
when the nuisance is of a continuing nature, the period of limitations does not begin to run on the
occurrence of the first wrongful act; rather, the period of limitations will not begin to run until
the continuing wrong is abated.15 This Court later confirmed that the doctrine applied in
nuisance and trespass cases.16
In light of this doctrine, the Froling Trust contends that when it filed this case in
November 2004, it presumed that the continuing wrongs doctrine barred the application of the
pertinent statute of limitations. The Froling Trust goes on to concede, however, that in May
2005, the Michigan Supreme Court issued its opinion in Garg v Macomb Co Community Mental
Health Services.17
13
MCL 600.5827.
14
Defnet v Detroit, 327 Mich 254, 258; 41 NW2d 539 (1950).
15
Horvath, supra at 626; Hodgeson v Genesee Co Drain Comm’r, 52 Mich App 411, 413; 217
NW2d 395 (1974).
16
Moore v City of Pontiac, 143 Mich App 610, 614; 372 NW2d 627 (1985); Heisler v Rogers,
113 Mich App 630, 636; 318 NW2d 503 (1982).
17
Garg, supra.
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In Garg,18 the Michigan Supreme Court overruled Sumner v Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Co with respect to its application of the “continuing violations” doctrine. In Sumner, the Court
followed federal precedent and applied a “continuing violations” doctrine to a civil rights
employment discrimination action.20 But, in Garg, the Court held that the doctrine was contrary
to the statute of limitations in MCL 600.5805(10).21 According to the Court, the Legislature
expressly chose to limit commencement of claims for adverse employment actions to within
three years of each action by a defendant:
19
Section 5805 does not say that a claim outside this three-year period can
be revived if it is somehow “sufficiently related” to injuries occurring within the
limitations period. Rather, the statute simply states that a plaintiff “shall not”
bring a claim for injuries outside the limitations period. Nothing in these
provisions permits a plaintiff to recover for injuries outside the limitations period
when they are susceptible to being characterized as “continuing violations.” To
allow recovery for such claims is simply to extend the limitations period beyond
that which was expressly established by the Legislature.[22]
The neighbors argue that the holding in Garg completely abrogates the use of the
continuing wrongs doctrine in Michigan. However, as the Froling Trust points out, Garg and
Sumner dealt with employment discrimination claims. And, the Froling Trust notes, in Attorney
General ex rel Dep’t of Environmental Quality v Bulk Petroleum Corp,23 this Court appeared to
suggest in a footnote that Garg’s abrogation of the “continuing wrongs” doctrine was limited to
the civil rights context. In Bulk Petroleum Corp, after stating that the continuing wrongs
doctrine has only been applied in the limited context of nuisance, trespass, and civil rights cases,
the Court then noted in a footnote that Garg abrogated the use of the doctrine in “claims filed
under the Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101 et seq., and the Persons With Disabilities Civil Rights
Act, MCL 37.1101 et seq.”24 Therefore, the Froling Trust argues, Garg was a limited decision
and does not apply to bar this present cause of action for nuisance and trespass.
The law relating to the current viability of the continuing wrongs doctrine in the context
of nuisance and trespass claims is hopelessly confused.25 Notably, this confusion might be due
to the fact that several different terms have been used to refer to the same doctrine, including, for
18
Id. at 266, 284.
19
Sumner v Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co, 427 Mich 505; 398 NW2d 368 (1986).
20
Id. at 536.
21
Garg, supra at 282, 284-285, 290.
22
Id. at 282.
23
Attorney General ex rel Dep’t of Environmental Quality v Bulk Petroleum Corp, 276 Mich
App 654, 667 n 3; 741 NW2d 857 (2007).
24
Bulk Petroleum Corp, supra at 667 n 3.
25
See Sumner, supra at 524.
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example, “continuing wrongs doctrine,” “continuing violations doctrine,” “continuing-wrongfulacts doctrine,” and “continuing tort doctrine.”
Since the issuance of Garg, numerous panels of this Court have had the opportunity to
consider continuing wrongs arguments. However, most of these decisions have been
unpublished,26 and unpublished decisions have no precedential value.27 Besides the Bulk
Petroleum Corp panel, only three other panels of this Court have issued published opinions
addressing the doctrine.
Six months before this Court released Bulk Petroleum Corp in September 2007, a panel
of this Court decided and issued an unpublished decision in Schaendorf v Consumers Energy Co
in March 2007. Schaendorf was approved for publication in May 2007.28 In that case, this Court
26
Edwards v 17th Dist Court, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued
July 31, 2007 (Docket Nos. 269664 and 269873); Dedivanaj v DaimlerChrysler Corp,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued June 21, 2007 (Docket No.
266769); Nelski v Ameritech, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued
May 10, 2007 (Docket No. 273728); Romeo Investment Ltd v Michigan Consolidated Gas Co,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 1, 2007 (Docket No.
260320); Schultz v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court
of Appeals, issued February 20, 2007 (Docket No. 271285); Pueblo v Crystal Lake Improvement
Ass’n, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued February 13, 2007
(Docket No. 263231); Ramanathan v Wayne State Univ Bd of Governors, unpublished opinion
per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued January 4, 2007 (Docket No. 266238); Hill v PBG
Michigan, LLC, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 10,
2006 (Docket No. 268692); Hicks Family Ltd Partnership v 1st Nat’l Bank of Howell,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 3, 2006 (Docket No.
268400); Ferguson v Hamburg Twp, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals,
issued August 8, 2006 (Docket No. 267597); Wilkerson v Univ of Michigan, unpublished opinion
per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued July 25, 2006 (Docket No. 265220); Somers v Cowell,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued June 27, 2006 (Docket No.
259598); Allen v Estate of Dr Paul Jerome Treusch & Waterford Family Physicians, PC,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 20, 2006 (Docket No.
259737); Hughes v Gen Motors Corp, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals,
issued March 7, 2006 (Docket No. 263688); Detroit Edison Co v Augustin, unpublished opinion
per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued February 2, 2006 (Docket No. 256728); Spink v
Macsteel Michigan, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued December
22, 2005 (Docket No. 263140); Commercial Coin Laundry Systems v McGraw, unpublished
opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued December 20, 2005 (Docket No. 256026);
Mitchell v Policherla, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued November
15, 2005 (Docket No. 255476); Greenshields v Plymouth Charter Twp, unpublished opinion per
curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued August 4, 2005 (Docket No. 261544); Shepherd v
General Motors Corp, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued July 26,
2005 (Docket No. 260171); Beauchamp v Ford Motor Co, unpublished opinion per curiam of the
Court of Appeals, issued May 24, 2005 (Docket No. 256175).
27
See MCR 7.215(C)(1).
28
Schaendorf v Consumers Energy Co, 275 Mich App 507; 739 NW2d 402 (2007).
-12-
cited Garg and concluded that “the continuing-wrongful-acts doctrine is no longer viable with
respect to claims arising beyond the period of limitations.”29 Accordingly, the panel held that the
trial court erred by not dismissing the plaintiffs’ nuisance claim.30
On April 15, 2008, a panel of this Court decided and issued an unpublished opinion in
Dep’t of Environmental Quality v Waterous Co. Waterous Co was approved for publication on
June 24, 2008.31 In that case, the panel concluded that the continuing wrongs doctrine applied to
an action alleging a recurrent nuisance.32
Meanwhile, on April 22, 2008, another panel of this Court issued a published opinion in
Terlecki v Stewart.33 In Terlecki, this Court addressed the plaintiffs’ claims for nuisance and
trespass as a result of flooding on their property.34 The defendants argued that the plaintiffs’
claims were time-barred because the conduct that allegedly caused the flooding occurred more
than three years before the plaintiffs filed their lawsuit in October 2005.35 The plaintiffs
countered that the continuing wrongs doctrine saved their claims.36 The defendants responded,
arguing first that Horvath made clear that the doctrine did not apply when the alleged wrongful
acts are finite and only continuing harmful effects remained.37 The defendants then argued
alternatively that, in light of Garg, the continuing wrongs doctrine no longer existed in
Michigan.38
In considering the parties’ arguments, the Terlecki panel examined Garg and concluded
that Garg was not limited to discrimination cases because in that case the Court was looking at
the plain text of the limitations and accrual statutes when it held that the “‘the doctrine has no
continued place in the jurisprudence of this state.’”39 Therefore, applying Garg, the Terlecki
panel concluded that the continuing wrongs doctrine did not apply and that the timeliness of the
plaintiffs’ claims needed to be determined under the plain text of MCL 600.5805(10) alone.40
29
Id. at 517.
30
Id.
31
Dep’t of Environmental Quality v Waterous Co, 279 Mich App 346; 760 NW2d 856 (2008).
32
Id. at 383-386.
33
Terlecki v Stewart, 278 Mich App 644; 754 NW2d 899 (2008).
34
Id. at 646, 647.
35
Id. at 646.
36
Id. at 650.
37
Id. at 651, citing and quoting Horvath, supra at 627 (“‘[A] continuing wrong is established by
continual tortious acts, not by continual harmful effects from an original, completed act.’”)
(emphasis in Horvath).
38
Terlecki, supra at 651-652.
39
Id. at 654, quoting Garg, supra at 290.
40
Terlecki, supra at 657-658.
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The Court additionally concluded that, even applying the continuing wrongs doctrine, the
defendants had correctly argued that, under Horvath, the plaintiffs’ claim was barred when the
last cognizable tortious act occurred more than three years before the plaintiffs filed their
lawsuit, regardless of any subsequent harmful effects.41
As can been seen from the line of recent published cases addressing the continuing
wrongs doctrine, there is a clear conflict regarding its continued viability in cases alleging
nuisance and trespass. Despite this conflict, we follow the holding and rationale of Schaendorf
and Terlecki to the extent that they adopt Garg as applying beyond the context of civil rights
claims to completely abrogate the continuing wrongs doctrine in trespass and nuisance actions as
well. Under the “first out” rule of MCR 7.215(J)(1), we must follow the rule of law established
by a prior published opinion of this Court issued on or after November 1, 1990. Therefore, the
Bulk Petroleum Corp and Waterous Co panels should have followed Schaendorf or declared a
conflict under MCR 7.215(J)(2). Because neither Bulk Petroleum Corp nor Waterous Co
declared such a conflict, Schaendorf is the controlling precedent, and we are obligated to reject
Bulk Petroleum Corp and Waterous Co to the extent that they conflict with the complete
abrogation of the continuing wrongs doctrine in the jurisprudence of this state.
The Froling Trust also argues that Garg and its progeny should not apply because they
were not issued until after the Froling Trust filed this cause of action. The neighbors point out
that decisions are retroactive unless “‘exigent circumstances’ justify the ‘extreme measure’ of
prospective-only application.”42 The Froling Trust nevertheless counters that MCL 600.5869
precludes us from following Garg. MCL 600.5869 states that “[a]ll actions and rights shall be
governed and determined according to the law under which the right accrued, in respect to the
limitations of such actions or right of entry.” According to the Froling Trust, “the law under
which the right accrued” in this case was the continuing wrongs doctrine.
However, the Michigan Supreme Court recently abolished another common-law
modification of the Legislature’s statutory scheme of periods of limitations and, in so doing,
gave its decision retroactive application despite the language of MCL 600.5869. In Trentadue v
Buckler Automatic Lawn Sprinkler Co,43 the Court considered whether the common-law
discovery rule (which allowed tolling of the statutory period of limitations when a plaintiff could
not have reasonably discovered the elements of a cause of action within the limitations period),
could toll the period of limitations under MCL 600.5805(10), or whether MCL 600.5827, the
accrual statute, alone governed the time of accrual. The Court ultimately concluded that MCL
600.5827 alone controlled “because the statutory scheme is exclusive and thus precludes this
common-law practice of tolling accrual based on discovery in cases where none of the statutory
tolling provisions apply.”44 In so holding, the Court specifically rejected the application of MCL
41
Id. at 656-657.
42
Trentadue v Buckler Automatic Lawn Sprinkler Co, 479 Mich 378, 400; 738 NW2d 664
(2007) (citation omitted).
43
Trentadue, supra at 382.
44
Trentadue, supra at 389.
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600.5869 to allow lower courts to continue using the discovery rule.45 The Court explained that
MCL 600.5869 “does not require use of the rule . . . . Rather, the rule is judge-made law that has
been applied on a case-by-case basis.”46 Moreover, allowing lower courts to continue using the
discovery rule “would render [the Court’s] opinion paradoxically meaningless because [its]
holding would not apply to events occurring any time before the day [it] decided this case;
although a claim that accrues tomorrow will be subject to the relevant statutory period and
exceptions, a claim that accrued in 1986 may be brought at any time in the future, indefinitely.”47
After noting the general rule of retroactive application, the Court then explained:
Even when a decision meets the threshold criterion for prospective
application because it clearly establishes a new principle of law, we must
consider: “(1) the purpose to be served by the new rule, (2) the extent of reliance
on the old rule, and (3) the effect of retroactivity on the administration of justice.”
Here, prospective-only application is inappropriate. First, the very purpose of our
holding is to respect limits the Legislature has placed on [the] plaintiffs’ abilities
to revive suits relying on events occurring in the distant past; prospective
application is therefore directly opposed to our resolve to honor the Legislature’s
policy choice. Moreover, as we already explained, the very nature of the
discovery rule defies any reliance on its operation. Finally, the administration of
justice is not significantly affected because the rights and interests of plaintiffs
and defendants are opposed in these matters; although plaintiffs may be denied
relief for stale claims, defendants and the judiciary are relieved from having to
defend and decide cases based on deteriorated evidence.[48]
The same rationale applies with regard to the continuing wrongs doctrine. The purpose
of the holdings in Garg and its progeny was to respect the limits the Legislature has placed on a
plaintiff’s ability to revive a suit by relying on events occurring in the distant past for which only
the damaging effects remain. Further, the nature of the continuing wrongs doctrine, in direct
conflict with the statute of limitations and the accrual statute, defies any reliance on its operation.
Finally, just as with the discovery rule, the administration of justice is not significantly affected
because the rights and interests of plaintiffs and defendants are opposed in these matters.
Although plaintiffs may be denied relief for stale claims, defendants and the judiciary are
relieved from having to defend and decide cases based on deteriorated evidence.
Accordingly, we conclude that Garg and it progeny completely and retroactively
abrogated the common-law continuing wrongs doctrine in the jurisprudence of this state,
including in nuisance and trespass cases. Therefore, the Froling Trust’s arguments fail to the
extent that it relies on that doctrine to save its claims.
45
Trentadue, supra at 399.
46
Trentadue, supra at 400 (emphasis in original).
47
Id.
48
Id. at 400-401 (citation omitted).
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2. Applying the Plain Language of MCL 600.5805(10)
The Froling Trust nevertheless argues that, even in the event that we interpret Garg as
requiring the application of the plain language of MCL 600.5805(10), the trial court erred by
dismissing its claims because, under subsection 10, a plaintiff may file a claim anytime within
three years following the “time of the . . . injury . . . .” And the Froling Trust claims that the
flooding in May 2004, the time of the Froling Trust’s last alleged “injury,” would be the proper
point at which to begin the running of the period of limitations. According to the Froling Trust,
caselaw interpreting the accrual statute confirms that the period of limitations begins to run when
damage is done, rather than when the conduct transpired.
As stated, MCL 600.5805 provides:
(1) A person shall not bring or maintain an action to recover damages for
injuries to persons or property unless, after the claim first accrued to the plaintiff
or to someone through whom the plaintiff claims, the action is commenced within
the periods of time prescribed by this section.
***
(10) The period of limitations is 3 years after the time of the death or
injury for all other actions to recover damages for the death of a person, or for
injury to a person or property. [Emphasis added.]
And, according to the accrual statute, a period of limitations begins to run from the time the
claim accrues, which is “the time the wrong upon which the claim is based was done regardless
of the time when damage results.”49
In Trentadue, the Court explained that because under MCL 600.5827 “‘[t]he wrong is
done when the plaintiff is harmed rather than when the defendant acted,’” the statute was
“perfectly consistent” with MCL 600.5805(10).50 This statement stems from the Court’s
decision in Stephens v Dixon,51 in which it stated: “We have held that the term ‘wrong,’ as used
in the accrual provision, refers to the date on which the plaintiff was harmed by the defendant’s
negligent act, not the date on which the defendant acted negligently.” In other words,
[o]nce all of the elements of an action for . . . injury, including the element of
damage, are present, the claim accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run.
49
MCL 600.5827.
50
Trentadue, supra at 387 n 8, quoting Boyle v General Motors Corp, 468 Mich 226, 231 n 5;
661 NW2d 557 (2003), citing Stephens v Dixon, 449 Mich 531, 534-535; 536 NW2d 755 (1995).
51
Stephens, supra at 534-535, citing Connelly v Paul Ruddy’s Equip Repair & Service Co, 388
Mich 146; 200 NW2d 70 (1972).
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Later damages may result, but they give rise to no new cause of action, nor does
the statute of limitations begin to run anew as each item of damage is incurred.[52]
The operation of these principles can be seen in a case with similar factual circumstances.
In Terlecki, the defendants’ last negligent conduct was in 2001 when they capped a pipe running
through a culvert near the plaintiffs’ property.53 That same year, the plaintiffs began
experiencing flooding and tree damage on their property.54 Applying the plain language of MCL
600.5805(10) and MCL 600.5827 to the plaintiffs’ cause of action for nuisance and trespass, this
Court concluded that, despite the fact that the plaintiffs continued to suffer flooding and tree
damage after 2001, the last possible date that the plaintiffs’ claim could have accrued was in
2001, when both the last conduct and first, subsequent corresponding injury occurred.55
Accordingly, contrary to the Froling Trust’s interpretation of the statutes, its claims are still timebarred.
Here, William Froling’s testimony revealed that the Kiriluks’ last action with regard to
drainage of water on their lot was in November 1998. (Throughout their brief the Kiriluks claim
that the last act was done in 1997; however, William Froling testified that, to his knowledge, the
Kiriluks had not “done anything else with regard to [their] property . . . since November 18th of
1998.”) The Smiths’ last allegedly wrongful conduct occurred in 1995 or 1996, and the
Williamses’ last allegedly wrongful conduct occurred in 1997. Therefore, William Froling’s
testimony established that the last act of any of the three neighboring defendants at issue
occurred in 1998. And the Froling Trust alleged that the Frolings next experienced flooding in
June 2001. Therefore, it was during this June 2001 flooding that the Froling Trust suffered its
first harm from the neighbors’ last negligent act. In other words, after the last of the neighbors
allegedly acted negligently in 1998, the harm first occurred, or accrued,56 in June 2001.
Accordingly, the subsequent flooding in May 2004 could only have been the continued result of
the neighbors’ completed conduct. Subsequent claims of additional harm caused by one act do
not restart the claim previously accrued. For the purposes of accrual, there need only be one
wrong and one injury to begin the running of the period of limitations. In sum, the accrual of the
claim occurs when both the act and the injury first occur, that is when the “wrong is done.”
Here, the Froling Trust’s last claim first accrued with the flooding in June 2001. Thus, to
be timely, the Froling Trust needed to file its claim by June 2004. But because it did not file its
claim until November 2004, the Froling Trust’s claims were time-barred. Accordingly, we
conclude that, applying the plain language of MCL 600.5805(10), the trial court properly granted
the neighbors summary disposition on the ground that the Froling Trust’s claim was untimely.
52
Connelly, supra at 151.
53
Terlecki, supra at 647.
54
Id.
55
Id. at 657-658.
56
See MCL 600.5805(1) (specifically referring to the when “the claim first accrued”) (emphasis
added).
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3. Discovery Not Yet Complete
The Froling Trust argues that the trial court erred in dismissing the Froling Trust’s claims
against the Smiths and the Williamses because it was not given the opportunity to depose them
regarding whether they approved the Country Club’s actions in 2001 and 2002 of tying its
drainage pipes to the pipes that flowed into the Smith/Williams pond.
Generally, summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is premature if it is granted
before discovery on a disputed issue is complete.57 However, the mere fact that the discovery
period remains open does not automatically mean that the trial court’s decision to grant summary
disposition was untimely or otherwise inappropriate. The question is whether further discovery
stands a fair chance of uncovering factual support for the opposing party’s position.58 In
addition, a party opposing summary disposition cannot simply state that summary disposition is
premature without identifying a disputed issue and supporting that issue with independent
evidence.59 The party opposing summary disposition must offer the required MCR 2.116(H)
affidavits, with the probable testimony to support its contentions.60
Here, the Froling Trust argues that it should have been allowed to conduct further
discovery so that it could determine whether the Smiths and the Williamses had any involvement
in the Country Club’s 2001 and 2002 conduct of tying in pipes to flow into the Smith/Williams
pond. However, the Froling Trust has not shown that there was a fair chance that further
discovery would have revealed any evidence of the Smiths’ or Williamses’ involvement with the
Country Club and its conduct. Significantly, the Froling Trust fails to offer an affidavit that
supports the contention that any such evidence even exists. Indeed, to the contrary, the Smiths
and Williamses have provided affidavits in which they attest that they had no knowledge of the
Country Club’s conduct.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err by granting the Smiths and the
Williamses summary disposition because there is no merit to the Froling Trust’s argument that
summary disposition was premature.
57
Village of Dimondale v Grable, 240 Mich App 553, 566; 618 NW2d 23 (2000).
58
Id.
59
Bellows v Delaware McDonald’s Corp, 206 Mich App 555, 561; 522 NW2d 707 (1994); see
also MCR 2.116(H)(1) (“A party may show by affidavit that the facts necessary to support the
party’s position cannot be presented because the facts are known only to persons whose
affidavits the party cannot procure.”).
60
Coblentz v City of Novi, 475 Mich 558, 570-571; 719 NW2d 73 (2006) (concluding that the
plaintiffs could not complain that summary disposition was premature because they did not offer
the required MCR 2.116[H] affidavits indicating the probable testimony of witnesses whose
affidavits in support of the plaintiffs’ contentions could not be procured).
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C. The City’s Motion for Summary Disposition
1. Governmental Immunity
The Froling Trust argues that the trial court erred by dismissing the Froling Trust’s
claims against the city on the basis of governmental immunity61 because the trial court failed to
consider the “sewer disposal system event” exception to governmental immunity.62 However, as
the city argues, and as counsel for the Froling Trust conceded at oral argument, the Froling Trust
waived this argument regarding the sewage disposal system event exception by not properly
preserving it in the lower court proceedings. Accordingly, we conclude that there is no merit to
the Froling Trust’s argument that the trial court erred by granting the city summary disposition
on the ground of governmental immunity.
2. Inverse Condemnation
The Froling Trust argues that the trial court erred by dismissing the Froling Trust’s
inverse condemnation claim against the city because it erred by determining that the Froling
Trust failed to allege any affirmative action by the city directed at the Frolings’ property.
A taking for purposes of inverse condemnation means that governmental action has
permanently deprived the property owner of any possession or use of the property.63 When such
a taking occurs, the Michigan Constitution entitles the property owner to compensation for the
value of the property taken.64 A plaintiff alleging inverse condemnation must prove a causal
connection between the government’s action and the alleged damages.65 For a taking to occur,
“there must be some action by the government specifically directed toward the plaintiff’s
property that has the effect of limiting the use of property.”66 In other words, the plaintiff must
prove that the government’s actions were a substantial cause of the decline of the value of the
plaintiff’s property and must establish that the government abused its legitimate powers in
affirmative actions directly aimed at the plaintiff’s property.67 In determining whether a taking
61
MCL 691.1401; MCL 691.1407; Jackson Co Drain Comm’r v Village of Stockbridge, 270
Mich App 273, 284; 717 NW2d 391 (2006); Warda v Flushing City Council, 472 Mich 326, 331332; 696 NW2d 671 (2005); Maskery v Univ of Michigan Bd of Regents, 468 Mich 609, 613614; 664 NW2d 165 (2003); Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich 567, 595;
363 NW2d 641 (1984).
62
MCL 691.1416; MCL 691.1417; Wesche v Mecosta Co Rd Comm, 480 Mich 75, 84 n 10; 746
NW2d 847 (2008); Linton v Arenac Co Rd Comm, 273 Mich App 107; 729 NW2d 883 (2006).
63
Charles Murphy, MD, PC v Detroit, 201 Mich App 54, 56; 506 NW2d 5 (1993).
64
Jack Loeks Theatres, Inc v Kentwood, 189 Mich App 603, 608; 474 NW2d 140 (1991),
vacated in part on other grounds 439 Mich 968 (1992).
65
Heinrich v Detroit, 90 Mich App 692, 698; 282 NW2d 448 (1979).
66
Murphy, supra at 56.
67
Heinrich, supra at 700.
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occurred, the form, intensity, and deliberateness of the governmental actions toward the injured
party’s property must be examined.68
For example, in Attorney General v Ankersen, this Court concluded that the state’s
licensing of a person or corporation to conduct a private business could not be regarded as a
taking of private property for public use and that the state’s alleged misfeasance in licensing and
supervising the operation did not constitute affirmative actions directed at the property.69
Likewise, in Hinojosa v Dep’t of Natural Resources,70 this Court concluded that the state’s
failure to compensate neighboring property owners for damage caused by fire that spread from a
state-owned abandoned house was not an unconstitutional taking because the state took no direct
action toward the plaintiffs’ properties.
Here, the Froling Trust argues that the city has taken the Frolings’ property for public use
because the city has refused to construct a drainage system to cure their private water problems
and because the city approved the Kiriluks’ construction plans. However, the Froling Trust’s
claim must fail because it has not alleged any affirmative action by the city directly aimed at the
Frolings’ property. Further, because the Froling Trust’s claim is without merit, the trial court did
not err by not giving the Froling Trust another opportunity to amend its complaint.71
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err by dismissing the Froling Trust’s
inverse condemnation claim because there is no merit to its claim since it failed to allege any
affirmative action by the city directed at the Frolings’ property.
III. Attorney Fees and Costs
A. Standard of Review
We review for clear error the findings of fact underlying an award of attorney fees.72 “A
finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on
the entire record is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was made.”73 We
68
Id. at 698.
69
Attorney General v Ankersen, 148 Mich App 524, 561-562; 385 NW2d 658 (1986).
70
Hinojosa v Dep’t of Natural Resources, 263 Mich App 537, 548-550; 688 NW2d 550 (2004).
71
Ben P Fyke & Sons v Gunter Co, 390 Mich 649, 660; 213 NW2d 134 (1973) (stating that a
court need not entertain a futile amendment).
72
Taylor v Currie, 277 Mich App 85, 99; 743 NW2d 571 (2007).
73
Solution Source, Inc v LPR Assoc Ltd Partnership, 252 Mich App 368, 381-382; 652 NW2d
474 (2002).
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review de novo underlying questions of law,74 and we also review de novo the interpretation and
application of the offer of judgment rule.75
B. The Neighbors’ Entitlement to Attorney Fees and Costs Under MCR 2.405
Generally, attorney fees are not recoverable as an element of costs or damages unless
expressly allowed by statute, court rule, common-law exception, or contract.76 Under MCR
2.405, the offer of judgment rule, a party may serve on his or her opponent a written offer to
stipulate the entry of a judgment.77 The purpose of the offer of judgment rule is to avoid
protracted litigation and encourage settlement.78 If the offeree rejects the offer and the adjusted
verdict is more favorable to the offeror than the average offer, the offeror may recover actual
costs from the offeree.79 An offer is rejected if not accepted as required by the court rule,
including the failure to respond.80 A judgment resulting from a grant of summary disposition is a
verdict for purposes of imposing sanctions pursuant to MCR 2.405.81
The Froling Trust argues, in pertinent part, that MCR 2.405(A)(1) was not properly
applied in this case because the neighbors’ offer was not an offer of judgment as the court rule
defines, but rather an offer of settlement. The neighbors’ offer stated:
Pursuant to MCR 2.405, Defendants Alan Kiriluk and Marilynne Kiriluk,
Roger B. Smith and Barbara Smith, and Gregg Williams and Cindi Williams offer
to resolve all of the claims brought in Plaintiff’s Complaint by entry of a
judgment in the amount of $100.00 against Defendants Alan Kiriluk and
Marilynne Kiriluk, Roger B. Smith and Barbara Smith, and Gregg Williams and
Cindi Williams and in favor of Plaintiff. This offer is made to compromise and
settle disputed claims and shall not be construed as an admission of any allegation
or liability on any claim. Further, no judgment entered pursuant to this offer shall
operate as an adjudication of the merits of any allegation or claim.
74
Hines v Volkswagen of America, Inc, 265 Mich App 432, 438; 695 NW2d 84 (2005).
75
Castillo v Exclusive Builders, Inc, 273 Mich App 489, 492; 733 NW2d 62 (2007).
76
Haliw v Sterling Hts, 471 Mich 700, 707; 691 NW2d 753 (2005), (On Remand), 266 Mich
App 444 (2005); Dessart v Burak, 470 Mich 37, 42; 678 NW2d 615 (2004); Fleet Business
Credit, LLC v Krapohl Ford Lincoln Mercury Co, 274 Mich App 584, 589; 735 NW2d 644
(2007).
77
MCR 2.405(B).
78
Hanley v Mazda Motor Corp, 239 Mich App 596, 603; 609 NW2d 203 (2000).
79
MCR 2.405(D); Freeman v Consumers Power Co, 437 Mich 514, 516; 473 NW2d 63 (1991),
after remand sub nom Freeman v DEC Int’l, Inc, 212 Mich App 34 (1995).
80
MCR 2.405(C)(2); Best Financial Corp v Lake States Ins Co, 245 Mich App 383, 388; 628
NW2d 76 (2001).
81
MCR 2.405(A)(4)(c); Freeman, supra 437 Mich 518.
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This Court has explained that an offer of settlement is not the same as an offer of
judgment.82
An agreement to settle does not necessarily result in a judgment.
Although it usually results in a stipulated order of dismissal with prejudice, such
an order does not constitute an adjudication on the merits. It merely “signifies the
final ending of a suit, not a final judgment on the controversy, but an end of that
proceeding.” The plain language of MCR 2.405(A)(1) clearly requires an offer of
judgment, not just an offer to settle.[83]
“Unlike the traditional settlement process that involves negotiations between the parties as well
as compromise, an offer of judgment is a unilateral attempt to conclude a lawsuit without
necessarily exercising arms length negotiations.”84
. . . MCR 2.405 offer of judgment is more akin to adjudication and entry
of judgment based on the merits.
[A]n offer of judgment more nearly emulates a judgment after a trial rather
than a form of settlement. . . . [T]he key defining point is that private party
settlement or mediation involve collective consideration of the facts favoring each
party, discussion of the issues, arms-length negotiation and compromise, and
contemplation of both entry of judgment and dismissal of the action, whereas an
offer of judgment is a unilateral act seeking final resolution of a controversy with
sanction of a court by entry of an enforceable judgment. This unilateral act
results from a party’s independent evaluation of the merits of the case with an eye
toward complete resolution of the matter.[85]
“
[A] judgment entered pursuant to the acceptance of an offer of judgment under MCR 2.405
functions as a full and final adjudication on the merits . . . .”86 Further, “[r]es judicata applies to
consent judgments.”87
Here, the record demonstrates that the neighbors’ offer was a unilateral attempt, based on
their independent evaluation of the merits of the case, to conclude the lawsuit without the need
for engaging in arms-length negotiation and compromise. And the neighbors clearly offered to
resolve the pending claims for a sum certain “by entry of a judgment in the amount of $100.00
82
Haberkorn v Chrysler Corp, 210 Mich App 354, 378; 533 NW2d 373 (1995).
83
Haberkorn, supra at 378 (citation omitted).
84
Hanley, supra at 604.
85
Hanley, supra at 606.
86
Hanley, supra at 606.
87
Ditmore v Michalik, 244 Mich App 569, 576; 625 NW2d 462 (2001).
-22-
against” them.88 However, this was not the complete offer. Rather, the following conditions
were attached: “This offer is made to compromise and settle disputed claims and shall not be
construed as an admission of any allegation or liability on any claim. Further, no judgment
entered pursuant to this offer shall operate as an adjudication of the merits of any allegation or
claim.”
The effect of these conditions leaves open the possibility of future lawsuits because the
language effectively bars the application of res judicata in the future. What the neighbors were
seeking was not truly entry of a “judgment” as contemplated by MCR 2.405(A)(1), which
judgment has all the attributes of a judgment after full litigation, is considered a final
adjudication on the merits, and implicates the doctrine of res judicata. The neighbors’ offer was
in actuality a disguised attempt simply to enter a stipulated order of dismissal. The offer did not
reflect a willingness to stipulate the entry of a real judgment. Rather, the offer only reflected a
willingness to pay the Froling Trust $100 without the strings or attributes of a true judgment
being attached. We therefore conclude that the offer failed to meet the requirements of MCR
2.405(A)(1). It would undermine the function of MCR 2.405 to allow a defendant to offer an
entry of a judgment but condition such offer on the judgment not having the effect of an ordinary
judgment on the merits.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred by concluding that the neighbors were
entitled to an award of attorney fees and costs under MCR 2.405.
C. The Froling Trust’s Remaining Arguments
Given our conclusion on the Froling Trust’s argument raised in Docket No. 275580, that
the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees and costs to the neighbors under MCR 2.405, we
conclude that the trial court similarly erred in awarding attorney fees and costs in Docket No.
277438. Therefore, we need not further address the Froling Trust’s arguments in Docket No.
277438 regarding the trial court’s award of attorney fees and costs, specifically with respect to
the Kiriluks, including the portion awarding more than $35,000 in attorney fees to the Kiriluks
for the Potter firm’s representation. Because we also conclude that the trial court similarly erred
in awarding attorney fees and costs in Docket No. 278383, we need not further address the
Froling Trust’s arguments in Docket No. 278383 regarding the trial court’s award of attorney
fees and costs with respect to the neighbors, including the portion awarding more than $310,000
in attorney fees to Honigman Miller.
D. The Neighbors’ Arguments on Cross-Appeal
Given our conclusion on the Froling Trust’s argument raised in Docket No. 275580, that
the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees and costs to the neighbors under MCR 2.405, we
need not further address the Smiths’ and the Williamses’ arguments on cross-appeal in Docket
88
See MCR 2.405(A)(1) (“‘Offer’ means a written notification to an adverse party of the
offeror’s willingness to stipulate to the entry of a judgment in a sum certain, which is deemed to
include all costs and interest then accrued.”) (Emphasis added.).
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No. 278383 regarding the trial court’s award of attorney fees and costs to them. Similarly, we
need not further address the Kiriluks’ arguments on cross-appeal in Docket No. 278383,
regarding the trial court’s award of attorney fees and costs to them.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part. No taxable costs pursuant to MCR 7.219, neither
party having prevailed in full.
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ William C. Whitbeck
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