SHEILA WOODMAN V KERA LLC
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
SHEILA WOODMAN, as Next Friend of TRENT
WOODMAN, a Minor,
FOR PUBLICATION
August 12, 2008
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 275079
Kent Circuit Court
LC No. 06-000802-NO
KERA, L.L.C., d/b/a BOUNCE PARTY
Defendant-Appellant.
SHEILA WOODMAN, as Next Friend of TRENT
WOODMAN, a Minor,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 275882
Kent Circuit Court
LC No. 06-000802-NO
KERA, L.L.C., d/b/a BOUNCE PARTY
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: Bandstra, P.J., and Talbot and Schuette, JJ.
BANDSTRA, P.J. (concurring).
I concur with the majority’s conclusions that the trial court erred by not dismissing
plaintiff’s claim of gross negligence and that the trial court also improperly failed to dismiss
plaintiff’s claim under the MCPA. Further, I reluctantly concur with the decision that we cannot
enforce the waiver signed by the child’s father. However, I think that result is wrong and write
separately hoping that either the Michigan Legislature or our Supreme Court will further address
the issue.
As the majority’s overview of Michigan case law illustrates, the rule has long been
settled that a parent does not have the authority to release existing claims that a child might have
based on events that have already occurred. This “post-injury” rule abrogating parental waivers
has been extended to pre-injury waivers, such is at issue here, by courts of some of our sister
states who see little difference between the two contexts. See e.g., Cooper v Aspen Skiing Co, 48
P3d 1229, 1233 (Colo, 2002), citing Scott v Pacific West Mountain Resort, 834 P2d 6, 11-12
-1-
(Wash, 1992) (“[S]ince a parent generally may not release a child’s cause of action after injury, it
makes little, if any, sense to conclude a parent has the authority to release a child’s cause of
action prior to an injury.”)
There is no Michigan precedent explicitly discussing whether the post-injury rule against
parental waivers should apply in a pre-injury case. However, in a case involving a pre-injury
waiver, our Supreme Court in its analysis of whether that waiver should be enforced, recognized
“the common-law rule that a parent has no authority to waive, release, or compromise claims by
or against a child.” McKinstry v Valley OB-Gyn, 428 Mich 167, 192; 405 NW2d 88 (1987).
Considering that language to be binding upon us, I am constrained to agree with the majority that
this result must apply in the matter before us.
Nonetheless, McKinstry certainly did not consider the logic of extending the post-injury
waiver invalidation rule to pre-injury waivers. Further, contrary to those courts who simply see
no difference between the two contexts, other courts and commentators have suggested that
important differences exist, making extension of the invalidation rule to pre-injury cases
inappropriate.
The concerns underlying the judiciary’s reluctance to allow parents to
dispose of a child’s existing claim do not arise in the situation where a parent
waives a child’s future claim. A parent dealing with an existing claim is
simultaneously coping with an injured child; such a situation creates a potential
for parental action contrary to that child’s ultimate best interests.
A parent who signs a release before her child participates in a recreational
activity, however, faces an entirely different situation. First, such a parent has no
financial motivation to sign the release. To the contrary, because a parent must
pay for medical care, she risks her financial interests by signing away the right to
recover damages. Thus, the parent would better serve her financial interests by
refusing to sign the release.
A parent who dishonestly or maliciously signs a preinjury release in
deliberate derogation of his child’s best interests also seems unlikely. Presumably
parents sign future releases to enable their children to participate in activities that
the parents and children believe will be fun or educational. Common sense
suggests that while a parent might misjudge or act carelessly in signing a release,
he would have no reason to sign with malice aforethought.
Moreover, parents are less vulnerable to coercion and fraud in a preinjury
setting. A parent who contemplates signing a release as a prerequisite to her
child’s participation in some activity faces none of the emotional trauma and
financial pressures that may arise with an existing claim. That parent has time to
examine the release, consider its terms and explore possible alternatives. A parent
signing a future release is thus more able to reasonably assess the possible
consequences of waiving the right to sue. [Zivich v Mentor Soccer Club, Inc, 696
NE2d 201, 206-207 (Ohio, 1998), quoting Note, Scott v Pacific West Mountain
Resort: Erroneously Invalidating Parental Releases of a Minor’s Future Claim,
68 Wash L R 457, 474 (1993).]
-2-
These considerations are persuasive and I conclude that, whatever the merits of abrogating postinjury parental waivers, there is no reason to extend that abrogation to pre-injury waivers.
Moreover, to do so further undermines the authority of parents to make judgments and
decisions regarding the activities in which their children should participate. As the United States
Supreme Court reasoned in Parham v JR, 442 US 584, 602; 99 S Ct 2493; 61 L Ed 2d 101
(1979), “[t]he law’s concept of the family rests on a presumption that parents possess what a
child lacks in maturity, experience, and capacity for judgment required for making life’s difficult
decisions.” Thus, a court should be extremely hesitant “to inject itself into the private realm of
the family” by questioning the ability of a parent “to make the best decisions concerning the
rearing of that parent’s children.” Troxel v Granville, 530 US 57, 68-69; 120 S Ct 2054; 147 L
Ed 2d 49 (2000); accord, Sharon v City of Newton, 769 NE2d 738, 746 (Mass, 2002) (“[W]ith
respect to matters relating to [their children’s] care, custody, and upbringing [parents] have a
fundamental right to make those decisions for them.”) Instead, that parental privilege and
authority should be respected by the courts, as it was in Zivich:
When Mrs. Zivich signed the release she did so because she wanted Bryan to play
soccer. She made an important family decision and she assumed the risk of
physical injury on behalf of her child and the financial risk on behalf of the family
as a whole. Thus, her decision to release a volunteer on behalf of her child simply
shifted the cost of injury to the parents. Apparently, she made a decision that the
benefits to her child outweighed the risk of physical injury. Mrs. Zivich did her
best to protect Bryan’s interests and we will not disturb her judgment. [Zivich,
supra at 207 (emphasis supplied)]
Similar decisions were made by the child’s father here,1 and we should not undermine them by
allowing this lawsuit to proceed.
Finally, I agree with the majority that our decision today has significant and far-reaching
implications. As this case amply demonstrates, ours is an extremely and increasingly litigious
society.2 Any entity that provides an educational, recreational or entertainment opportunity to a
minor does so at great risk of having to defend an expensive lawsuit, meritorious or not. To
avoid some of that, pre-injury waivers have become commonplace. If the law does not honor
those waivers, the implications appear inevitable: the cost of providing opportunities will rise,
some families who would like their children to participate will no longer be able to afford to and,
ultimately, some opportunities will simply become unavailable altogether. See, e.g., Hohe v San
Diego Unified School District, 224 Cal App 3d 1559, 1564; 274 Cal Reptr 647 (1990)
(upholding a parental waiver while noting that the availability of recreational and sports
activities for children are steadily decreasing).
1
There is no argument that the waiver was unclear or that the child’s father did not read and
understand it.
2
Children have routinely jumped off playground slides for generations; lawsuits seeking to
impose damages on someone else for resulting injuries are only a recent phenomenon.
-3-
Because of the impact of today’s decision and the compelling arguments against
abrogating pre-injury parental waivers, I encourage the Michigan Legislature or Supreme Court
to further consider the issue.
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
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