PABLO GUTIERREZ ROMERO V BURT MOEKE HARDWOODS INC
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PABLO GUTIERREZ ROMERO,
FOR PUBLICATION
July 29, 2008
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 271122
WCAC
LC No. 04-000042
BURT MOEKE HARDWOODS,
INCORPORATED, and ACCIDENT FUND
INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA,
Defendants-Appellants.
Advance Sheets Version
Before: Saad, P.J., and Jansen and Beckering, JJ.
BECKERING, J.
This matter is before us on remand from the Supreme Court for consideration as on leave
granted. Defendants appeal a decision of the Workers’ Compensation Appellate Commission
(WCAC) affirming the magistrate’s decision to award plaintiff benefits. We affirm.
Otis Fahl, a representative of defendant Burt Moeke Hardwoods, Inc. (Hardwoods),
recruited plaintiff Pablo Gutierrez Romero, a Mexican citizen, to train as a millwright in the
United States. Fahl informed plaintiff that following the training, Hardwoods would employ
plaintiff in a sawmill the company intended to open in Mexico. After recruiting plaintiff,
Hardwoods assisted him in obtaining a work visa and he began training as a millwright in the
United States. During training, a forklift crushed plaintiff’s right leg, necessitating surgery and
several months of hospital recuperation. As a result of the injury, plaintiff was unable to
complete millwright training. Hardwoods continued to employ plaintiff and obtained limited
extensions of his visa, but the visa eventually expired. Plaintiff subsequently returned to Mexico
and obtained employment working on electronics. But, because of pain and swelling associated
with his leg injury, plaintiff was unable to keep working. Plaintiff cannot stand for more than an
hour, squat, or climb a ladder without severe pain. He walks with a significant limp and falls
down on occasion.
After plaintiff successfully petitioned for workers’ compensation benefits, defendants
appealed to the WCAC. The WCAC affirmed the award. Defendants then sought leave to
appeal in this Court. We denied defendants’ application for leave to appeal. Romero v Burt
Moeke Hardwoods Inc, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 13, 2006
(Docket No. 264909). On application for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, the matter was
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remanded to this Court for consideration as on leave granted. Romero v Burt Moeke Hardwoods,
Inc, 475 Mich 883 (2006).
When this Court reviews a decision of the WCAC, it does not begin by considering the
magistrate’s decision, but looks first to the decision of the WCAC. Mudel v Great Atlantic &
Pacific Tea Co, 462 Mich 691, 709; 614 NW2d 607 (2000). The WCAC is charged with
ensuring that the findings of fact in a workers’ compensation case are supported by the requisite
evidence. Id. at 730. It must determine whether the magistrate’s decision is supported by
competent, material, and substantial evidence by reviewing the entire record and performing a
qualitative and quantitative analysis of all the evidence presented. Id. at 699; MCL 418.861a(4),
(13). The WCAC is authorized by MCL 418.861a(14) to “make independent findings of fact,
regarding issues that have been addressed or overlooked by the magistrate, as long as the record
is sufficient for administrative review and does not prevent the WCAC from reasonably
exercising its reviewing function without resort to speculation.” Mudel, supra at 730.
If any evidence supports the WCAC’s factual findings and if the WCAC did not
misapprehend its administrative appellate role in reviewing the magistrate’s decision, then this
Court must treat the WCAC’s factual findings as conclusive. Id. at 709-710. As our Supreme
Court expressed in Holden v Ford Motor Co, 439 Mich 257, 269; 484 NW2d 227 (1992):
If it appears on judicial appellate review that the WCAC carefully
examined the record, was duly cognizant of the deference to be given to the
decision of the magistrate, did not “misapprehend or grossly misapply” the
substantial evidence standard, and gave an adequate reason grounded in the record
for reversing the magistrate, the judicial tendency should be to deny leave to
appeal or, if it is granted, to affirm, in recognition that the Legislature provided
for administrative appellate review by the seven-member WCAC of decisions of
thirty magistrates, and bestowed on the WCAC final fact-finding responsibility
subject to constitutionally limited judicial review.
This Court reviews de novo of questions of law involved with any final order of the
WCAC. MCL 418.861a(14); DiBenedetto v West Shore Hosp, 461 Mich 394, 401; 605 NW2d
300 (2000). The WCAC’s decision may be reversed if it operated within the wrong legal
framework or based its decision on erroneous legal reasoning. Id. at 401-402.
I
Defendants first argue that the WCAC misapplied Sington v Chrysler Corp, 467 Mich
144; 648 NW2d 624 (2002), by engaging in a “reasonable employment” analysis under MCL
418.301(5) without first making a proper determination regarding disability under MCL
418.301(4). According to defendants, in finding that plaintiff suffered a “disability” as defined
in MCL 418.301(4), the WCAC failed to consider “the universe of jobs” suitable to plaintiff’s
qualifications and training as required by Sington, supra. We disagree.
A claimant in a workers’ compensation matter must establish a work-related disability
and entitlement to benefits by a preponderance of the evidence. MCL 418.851; Aquilina v Gen
Motors Corp, 403 Mich 206, 211; 267 NW2d 923 (1978). MCL 418.301(4) defines “disability”
as “a limitation of an employee’s wage earning capacity in work suitable to his or her
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qualifications and training resulting from a personal injury or work related disease.” In Sington,
supra at 155, our Supreme Court found that the plain language of this provision “indicates that a
person suffers a disability if an injury covered under the WDCA [Worker’s Disability
Compensation Act] results in a reduction of that person’s maximum reasonable wage earning
ability in work suitable to that person’s qualifications and training.” Thus, if because of a workrelated injury an employee can no longer perform one specific job that pays the maximum salary
in light of the employee’s qualifications and training, but the employee can perform an equally
well-paying job that is suitable to his or her qualifications and training, the employee is not
disabled. Id.
The Sington Court instructed that in determining whether an employee is disabled under
MCL 418.301(4), the magistrate and the WCAC “should consider whether the [work-related]
injury has actually resulted in a loss of wage earning capacity in work suitable to the employee’s
training and qualifications in the ordinary job market.” Id. at 158. In making this determination,
the magistrate and the WCAC may inquire into “the particular work that an employee is both
trained and qualified to perform, whether there continues to be a substantial job market for such
work, and the wages typically earned for such employment in comparison to the employee’s
wage at the time of the work-related injury.” Id. at 157. The Court further noted that “the focus
of the inquiry is not on every single job suitable to an employee’s qualifications and training—
only those that produce the maximum income.” Id. at 160. An employee is disabled if he or she
“is no longer able to perform any of the jobs that pay the maximum wages, given the employee’s
training and qualifications . . . .” Id. at 157.1
In this case, we cannot conclude that the magistrate and the WCAC erred in determining
plaintiff disabled under MCL 418.301(4). The magistrate and the WCAC properly applied
Sington, supra, in reaching this conclusion and their factual findings were supported by the
record. Plaintiff presented evidence that he was trained and qualified to work on electronics and
that he was training to be a millwright at the time of his injury. During millwright training,
plaintiff earned the highest wage he had ever earned. But, because of his injury, plaintiff was
unable to complete the training. It is undisputed that plaintiff is now unable to work as a
millwright. After plaintiff’s injury, Hardwoods continued to give him “odd jobs.” Hardwoods
paid plaintiff the same hourly wage that he earned during millwright training, but he worked
1
Our Supreme Court recently held that in order to establish a prima facie case of disability under
Sington, supra, the employee must show more than an inability to perform a previous job.
Stokes v Chrysler LLC, 481 Mich 266, 281; 750 NW2d 129 (2008). Rather, the employee must
prove a work-related injury and that the injury caused a reduction of his or her maximum wageearning capacity in work suitable to his or her qualifications and training. Id. The Stokes Court
held that to establish the latter element, the employee must complete four steps: (1) the employee
must fully disclose his or her qualifications and training; (2) the employee must consider other
jobs that pay his or her maximum preinjury wage to which the employee’s qualifications and
training translate; (3) the employee must show that his or her work-related injury prevents him or
her from performing some or all of the jobs identified as within his or her qualifications and
training that pay his or her maximum wages; and (4) if the employee is capable of performing
some or all of the jobs identified, the employee must show that he or she cannot obtain any of
those jobs. Id. at 281-283.
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fewer hours. Upon returning to Mexico, plaintiff obtained employment working on electronics,
earning substantially less than he made during millwright training. Because of complications
from his injury, however, plaintiff was unable to keep the job.
Considering the evidence presented by plaintiff that he earned his highest wage during
millwright training and that he is only trained and qualified to perform lesser-paying work, the
magistrate and the WCAC properly determined that plaintiff’s injury reduced his “maximum
reasonable wage earning ability” in work suitable to his qualifications and training. Sington,
supra at 155. Contrary to defendants’ argument on appeal, the magistrate and the WCAC need
not consider the “universe of jobs” suitable to plaintiff’s qualifications and training, only those
that produce the maximum income. Id. at 160. To the extent that the WCAC erred in stating that
“a full Sington review is not appropriate in this case,” any error in this regard was harmless
because the evidence presented established that plaintiff is disabled under MCL 418.301(4).
II
Defendants next argue that the magistrate and the WCAC erred in awarding plaintiff
wage-loss benefits because plaintiff has not demonstrated that his wage loss is attributable to his
work-related injury. Defendants attribute plaintiff’s wage loss to the expiration of the visa
allowing him to work in the United States, not to his injury. We disagree.
Aliens in the United States who work in the service of another under any contract
of hire are employees under the WDCA and are eligible for benefits. MCL 418.161(1)(l);
Sanchez v Eagle Alloy, Inc, 254 Mich App 651, 661-663; 658 NW2d 510 (2003). In
order to be entitled to wage-loss benefits under the WDCA, an employee must establish a
work-related disability under MCL 418.301(4) and demonstrate that the disability
resulted in a wage loss. Sington, supra at 160 n 11; Haske v Transport Leasing, Inc, 455
Mich 628, 642-643; 566 NW2d 896 (1997), overruled in part in Sington, supra at 146. In
Haske, supra at 654, our Supreme Court stated that even if an employee establishes a
disability, he or she must further prove wage loss because, pursuant to the second
sentence of MCL 418.301(4), “[t]he establishment of disability does not create a
presumption of wage loss.” Additionally, the employee’s unemployment or reduced
wages must be causally linked to the work-related disability. Id. at 658. See also Sweatt
v Dep’t of Corrections, 468 Mich 172, 186; 661 NW2d 201 (2003) (opinion by
Markman, J.) (stating that “there must be a linkage between the disabling work-related
injury and the reduction in pay”).
The portion of Haske requiring proof of wage loss and a causal connection between the
disability and the wage loss was not overruled by Sington. In addressing the import of the
second sentence of MCL 418.301(4), that “[t]he establishment of disability does not create a
presumption of wage loss,” the Sington Court stated, in part:
[T]he second sentence [of MCL 418.301(4)] reflects an understanding that
there may be circumstances in which an employee, despite suffering a workrelated injury that reduces wage earning capacity, does not suffer wage loss. For
example, an employee might suffer a serious work-related injury on the last day
before the employee was scheduled to retire with a firm intention to never work
again. In such a circumstance, the employee would have suffered a disability, i.e.,
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a reduction in wage earning capacity, but no wage loss because, even if the injury
had not occurred, the employee would not have earned any further wages.
[Sington, supra at 160-161.]
Defendants characterize plaintiff as the functional equivalent of a retiree, asserting that
plaintiff “can ‘never work again’ until he obtains another visa that would allow him to work
again in this country. Like the retiree in Sington’s example, plaintiff has no wages to replace in
the United States.” But, this case is factually distinguishable from the illustration in Sington. In
that illustration, the employee was injured just before retirement. Id. at 160. He had no intention
of ever working again, and even in the absence of the injury he would not have earned further
wages. Id. at 160-161. In this case, plaintiff was 21 years old when he was injured and was
training for a future job as a millwright. Hardwoods was training plaintiff with the intent to
employ him as a millwright in Mexico. But, because of his injury, plaintiff is now unable to
work as a millwright in the United States or Mexico. While defendants are correct that plaintiff
cannot legally work in the United States without a valid visa, plaintiff could have earned wages
as a millwright in Mexico had the injury not occurred. Therefore, contrary to defendants’
assertion, there is a causal connection between plaintiff’s work-related injury and wage loss.
The additional cases relied on by defendants, Reinforced Earth Co v Workers’
Compensation Appeal Bd (Astudillo), 570 Pa 464; 810 A2d 99 (2002), and Cenvill Dev Corp v
Candelo, 478 So 2d 1168 (Fla App, 1985), are also distinguishable from this case. In those
cases, the claimants were never legal aliens and their wage loss was attributable to their illegalalien status. Reinforced Earth, supra at 467, 479; Cenvill Dev, supra at 1169-1170. In this case,
plaintiff obtained a valid nonimmigrant work visa and then began training as a millwright in the
United States. Hardwoods intended to open a sawmill in Mexico and employ plaintiff at that
sawmill. After plaintiff’s injury, Hardwoods continued to give him “odd jobs” and obtained
limited extensions of his visa. But, the visa eventually expired and plaintiff returned to Mexico.
As we previously explained, plaintiff could have worked as a millwright in Mexico had the
injury not occurred. Therefore, plaintiff’s wage loss is attributable to his work-related injury, not
the expiration of his visa.
Defendants also argue that requiring them to pay wage-loss benefits to plaintiff, to whom
they cannot offer reasonable employment because he can no longer work in the United States,
constitutes a denial of equal protection. While defendants are correct that an employer has the
right to mitigate with an offer of reasonable employment under MCL 418.301(5), an employer’s
mitigation rights are not absolute. The employer’s rights must be balanced with the employee’s
right to refuse employment for good and reasonable cause. MCL 418.301(5); Pulver v Dundee
Cement Co, 445 Mich 68, 80-81; 515 NW2d 728 (1994); Sell v Mitchell Corp of Owosso, 241
Mich App 235, 251-252; 615 NW2d 748 (2000). Whether the employer has made a bona fide
offer of reasonable employment and whether the employee reasonably refused are questions of
fact decided case by case. Pulver, supra at 80-81; Jones-Jennings v Hutzel Hosp (On Remand),
223 Mich App 94, 103; 565 NW2d 680 (1997). MCL 418.301(9) defines “reasonable
employment” as “work that is within the employee’s capacity to perform that poses no clear and
proximate threat to that employee’s health and safety, and that is within a reasonable distance
from that employee’s residence.” Further, there are many factors to consider in determining the
reasonableness of an employee’s refusal, including whether the employee has moved and the
reasons for the move. Pulver, supra at 81. A bad-faith attempt to avoid reasonable employment
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by moving never constitutes good and reasonable cause. Id. at 81 n 12; Jones-Jennings, supra at
111.
Defendants contend that they have been deprived of their mitigation rights under MCL
418.301(5) because plaintiff cannot legally work in the United States. But, the cases on which
defendants relied on, Del Taco v Workers Compensation Appeals Bd, 79 Cal App 4th 1437; 94
Cal Rptr 2d 825 (2000), Tarango v State Industrial Ins Sys, 117 Nev 444; 25 P3d 175 (2001),
and Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc v Nal’t Labor Relations Bd, 535 US 137; 122 S Ct 1275;
152 L Ed 2d 271 (2002), address equal-protection arguments in the context of illegal aliens, not
aliens legally working in the United States at the time of their injuries. In this case, Hardwoods
employed plaintiff knowing that his visa was temporary. Plaintiff had a valid visa at the time of
his injury and only returned to Mexico after attempts to renew his visa failed. It is undisputed
that he can no longer legally live or work in the United States. Clearly, plaintiff has not
attempted to avoid an offer of reasonable employment in bad faith. Furthermore, there is no
evidence that Hardwoods has offered plaintiff employment that he is able to perform within a
reasonable distance from his home in Mexico. Therefore, defendants’ equal-protection argument
must fail.
III
Next, defendants argue that because the magistrate failed to make a factual finding
regarding the reason for plaintiff’s return to Mexico, the WCAC erred in making its own finding.
We disagree.
After plaintiff’s injury, Fahl’s daughter accused plaintiff of sexual misconduct. The
police investigated the incident and issued a warrant for plaintiff’s arrest. Defendants alleged
that plaintiff fled to Mexico to avoid arrest, but plaintiff testified that he was unaware of the
warrant and returned to Mexico because his visa had expired. On appeal to the WCAC,
defendants argued that the magistrate erred in failing to determine the reason for plaintiff’s return
to Mexico. The WCAC noted that the magistrate presiding over plaintiff’s case was no longer
on the bench at the time of its review of that decision. After reviewing the record, the WCAC
determined that plaintiff returned to Mexico not to avoid arrest, but because his visa had expired.
Contrary to defendants’ assertion that the WCAC conducted improper review de novo in
determining the reason for plaintiff’s return to Mexico, MCL 418.861a(14) specifically
contemplates that the WCAC will make findings of fact. “As long as the WCAC is presented
with a record that allows it to intelligently make its own factual findings, the Legislature has
declared that the WCAC is free to do so.” Mudel, supra at 711. Here, the WCAC found
sufficient evidence on the record to make a finding and determined that plaintiff left the United
States because his visa had expired. Because there is record evidence to support the WCAC’s
finding, we will not overturn it on appeal. Id. at 701, 709-710.
IV
Finally, defendants challenge the award of specific-loss benefits to plaintiff, asserting that
the WCAC failed to review the magistrate’s award of benefits under recent caselaw that clarifies
the specific loss provisions. We find no error.
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Pursuant to MCL 418.361(2)(k), an employee may collect benefits for 215 weeks for the
specific loss of a leg. Cain v Waste Mgt, Inc (After Remand), 472 Mich 236, 241; 697 NW2d
130 (2005). The employee is entitled to compensation for a specific loss regardless of the effect
on the employee’s earning capacity. Id. at 245. In Cain, supra, our Supreme Court found that
the term “loss” as used in MCL 418.361(2) “includes not only amputation but also loss of
usefulness.” Cain, supra at 257. The Court stated that in Pipe v Leese Tool & Die Co, 410 Mich
510, 527; 302 NW2d 526 (1981), it described this loss of usefulness as “‘loss of the industrial
use . . . .’” Cain, supra at 256. But, “[t]he phrase ‘loss of industrial use’ does not appear
anywhere in the specific loss provisions, and seems to have been intended as judicial shorthand
to describe the condition of the injured member from the standpoint of its use in employment.”
Id. The Cain Court reiterated, however, that specific loss may be determined “without reference
to the plaintiff’s earning capacity or ability to return to work.” Id. at 257.
Here, the magistrate found that plaintiff suffered a loss of the industrial use of his leg and
the WCAC affirmed this finding without explanation. The magistrate stated, in part:
. . . Plaintiff sustained the loss of the industrial use of his right leg as a
result of the injuries he sustained at [Hardwoods]. That finding is based upon Dr.
[Michael J.] Forness’ opinion that Plaintiff cannot perform significant physical
activity with the right leg as a result of the injuries he sustained at [Hardwoods].
The photographs admitted into evidence at trial significantly demonstrate the
deformities in the right leg. Dr. Forness testified that Plaintiff almost lost the leg
because of the injury and he would be limited to sedentary activities with the leg
and would not be able to use the leg in an industrial capacity. Therefore, Plaintiff
is entitled to specific loss benefits because of the loss of industrial use of the right
lower extremity.
Defendants argue that in affirming the magistrate’s award of specific-loss benefits, the
WCAC failed to apply the specific-loss standard articulated in Cain, supra. We disagree.
Although the magistrate used the phrase “loss of industrial use” in awarding plaintiff benefits,
there is no indication that the magistrate or the WCAC misunderstood or misapplied the specificloss standard. As the Cain Court indicated, the reference to industrial use in Pipe, supra, “seems
to have been intended as judicial shorthand” for describing the specific-loss requirement. Cain,
supra at 256. Cain suggests that the phrase “loss of industrial use,” although potentially
misleading, can be equated with amputation or loss of usefulness. Id. at 256-257. Moreover, the
magistrate’s findings of fact, which the WCAC reviewed, were supported by competent evidence
in the record pertaining to loss of usefulness and must be affirmed. Mudel, supra at 701, 709710.
Affirmed.
/s/ Jane M. Beckering
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
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