WASIM IQBAL V BRISTOL WEST INSURANCE GROUP
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
WASIM IQBAL,
FOR PUBLICATION
February 14, 2008
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
and
OAKWOOD HOSPITAL and HERITAGE
HOSPITAL,
Intervening Plaintiffs,
v
No. 275847
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 05-510895-NI
BRISTOL WEST INSURANCE GROUP,
Defendant-Appellant,
Advance Sheets Version
and
AUTO CLUB INSURANCE ASSOCIATION OF
MICHIGAN and CITIZENS INSURANCE
COMPANY OF AMERICA,
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: Fitzgerald, P.J., and Murphy and Borrello, JJ.
MURPHY, J.
Defendant Bristol West Insurance Group appeals by delayed leave granted orders of the
trial court granting summary disposition in favor of plaintiff and the remaining parties and
against Bristol in this case arising out of a motor-vehicle accident in which plaintiff, the driver of
a car that was rear-ended at a stoplight, was injured. Plaintiff received medical treatment for his
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injuries from intervening plaintiffs Oakwood Hospital and Heritage Hospital. Plaintiff resided
with his sister and fell under the umbrella of a household no-fault insurance policy issued by
Bristol. The vehicle, which was titled and registered in the name of plaintiff's brother, was
insured by defendant Auto Club Insurance Association of Michigan.1 Bristol argued that
plaintiff should be considered the "owner" of the vehicle under MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i) because
he had the use of his brother's vehicle for a period greater than 30 days. Therefore, according to
Bristol, plaintiff was required to maintain insurance on the vehicle under the no-fault act, MCL
500.3101 et seq., despite the fact that plaintiff's brother already had the vehicle insured by Auto
Club. Bristol contended that, because plaintiff failed to insure the vehicle under MCL
500.3101(1), plaintiff was not entitled to collect personal protection insurance (PIP) benefits
pursuant to MCL 500.3113(b). The trial court concluded that the issue regarding whether
plaintiff was the "owner" of the vehicle under MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i) was irrelevant for
purposes of analysis under MCL 500.3113(b), where the vehicle was specifically insured by
plaintiff's brother. Because the language in MCL 500.3113(b) precluding recovery of PIP
benefits links the security or insurance requirement to the vehicle only and not the person, the
trial court correctly ruled that plaintiff was entitled to PIP benefits because the vehicle was in
fact insured, regardless of whether plaintiff was the "owner" of the vehicle. Accordingly, we
affirm.
I. Basic Facts and Procedural History
Plaintiff did not hold record title to any vehicle, and in January of 2004, he was residing
with his sister in her home. She owned a Ford Explorer that was insured by Bristol. The accident
occurred on January 15, 2004, when plaintiff was driving his brother's car, which was insured by
Auto Club. Plaintiff was stopped at a red light waiting for a fire truck to pass when he was rearended. As a result of the accident, plaintiff suffered a back injury and was hospitalized for 10
days. He received cortisone shots and epidurals along with physical therapy. Plaintiff eventually
underwent back surgery at Oakwood and received follow-up care at Heritage. He was not
covered by any health insurance policy at the time. Plaintiff sought PIP benefits for the payment
of his hospital and medical bills, as well as for payment to his mother, who acted as his caregiver
following the accident and surgery.
The car plaintiff was driving when he was rear-ended was a 2000 BMW that was titled in
his brother's name. In his answers to interrogatories, plaintiff indicated that the BMW "belonged
to my brother but I had primary possession." Bristol seized on this response in support of its
proposition that plaintiff should be considered an owner of the car. Plaintiff testified in his
deposition that he had his brother's permission to drive the BMW when his brother did not need
it. He had his own set of keys. Plaintiff's brother would indicate ahead of time if he needed the
BMW, but otherwise plaintiff could use the car at will, without asking permission each time.
Plaintiff had been using the BMW "[o]ff and on since March of 2003." The BMW was often in
the repair shop, so plaintiff could not use it during those intervals. Also, his brother had a second
1
Defendant Citizens Insurance Company of America was the insurer assigned to this matter by
the Michigan Assigned Claims Facility (MACF).
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car that plaintiff was not permitted to drive, and when that vehicle was in the shop, his brother
used the BMW, precluding plaintiff's use. Plaintiff indicated that he used the BMW several
times a week. He sometimes drove the car to class, but he also carpooled with friends to class.
Plaintiff occasionally used the BMW to go out on dates. He also used various additional
vehicles owned by other family members. Plaintiff indicated that the BMW was "the extra car
that the entire family had" at its disposal, as his brother also permitted other family members to
drive the BMW. Plaintiff did not have a set of keys for any other family vehicle except the
BMW.
After plaintiff filed suit to recover PIP benefits, Citizens moved for summary disposition,
arguing that Bristol, as a matter of statutory priority, was required to handle the claim for nofault benefits because of plaintiff's status as a resident in the home of his sister, who was insured
through Bristol, and that plaintiff, therefore, was not eligible to receive no-fault benefits from
Citizens by way of the Michigan Assigned Claims Facility (MACF). Auto Club then filed a
motion for summary disposition, concurring in Citizens' motion that Bristol was responsible for
paying no-fault benefits to plaintiff. Intervening plaintiffs Oakwood and Heritage also filed
motions for summary disposition, maintaining that Bristol was responsible for paying plaintiff's
hospital costs as part of the PIP benefits owing to plaintiff. Plaintiff likewise filed a motion for
summary disposition against Bristol, echoing the arguments presented by the other parties.
In response to these motions, Bristol argued that plaintiff was the constructive owner of
the BMW. Bristol contended that plaintiff was an "owner" of the vehicle, as that term is defined
in MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i), because he had use of the car for more than 30 days; therefore,
plaintiff was required to obtain insurance on the vehicle under MCL 500.3101(1), and his failure
to do so precluded recovery of PIP benefits under MCL 500.3113(b). Bristol asserted that,
minimally, there existed a genuine issue of material fact concerning the issue of ownership.
The trial court ruled against Bristol on all the motions, entering judgments in favor of
Citizens and Auto Club, a judgment in favor of plaintiff in the amount of $41,592, and a
judgment in favor of Oakwood and Heritage in the amount of $68,871, which was later reduced
to $66,871. Bristol moved for reconsideration, again arguing that whether plaintiff was an
"owner" of the BMW at the time of the accident was a question of fact for the jury, but the
motion was denied. The trial court found that the issue regarding whether plaintiff was the
"owner" of the vehicle under MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i) was irrelevant for purposes of analysis
under MCL 500.3113(b), where the vehicle was specifically insured by plaintiff's brother. The
trial court subsequently denied Bristol's motion for relief from judgment.
II. Standard of Review
This Court reviews de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition.
Kreiner v Fischer, 471 Mich 109, 129; 683 NW2d 611 (2004). We similarly review an issue of
statutory construction, which constitutes a question of law, de novo on appeal. Mt Pleasant v
State Tax Comm, 477 Mich 50, 53; 729 NW2d 833 (2007).
III. Principles of Statutory Construction
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The primary goal in construing a statute is to effectuate the Legislature's intent, and the
first step in the process of interpreting a statute and divining legislative intent is to examine the
language of the statute. Mt Pleasant, supra at 53. The words contained in a statute provide us
with the most reliable evidence of the Legislature's intent. Shinholster v Annapolis Hosp, 471
Mich 540, 549; 685 NW2d 275 (2004). In ascertaining legislative intent, this Court gives effect
to every word, phrase, and clause in the statute. Id. We must consider both the plain meaning of
the critical words or phrases, as well as their placement and purpose in the statutory scheme. Id.
This Court must avoid a construction that would render any part of a statute surplusage or
nugatory. Bageris v Brandon Twp, 264 Mich App 156, 162; 691 NW2d 459 (2004). "The
statutory language must be read and understood in its grammatical context, unless it is clear that
something different was intended." Shinholster, supra at 549 (citation and internal quotation
omitted). "If the statutory language is unambiguous, the Legislature is presumed to have
intended the meaning expressed in the statute and judicial construction is not permissible." Mt
Pleasant, supra at 53. An unambiguous statute must be enforced as written. Shinholster, supra
at 549. "A necessary corollary of these principles is that a court may read nothing into an
unambiguous statute that is not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the
words of the statute itself." Roberts v Mecosta Co Gen Hosp, 466 Mich 57, 63; 642 NW2d 663
(2002).
IV. Analysis
The purpose of the Michigan no-fault act "is to broadly provide coverage for those
injured in motor vehicle accidents without regard to fault." Cole v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 272
Mich App 50, 55; 723 NW2d 922 (2006). Under the no-fault act, "[t]he owner or registrant of a
motor vehicle required to be registered in this state shall maintain security for payment of
benefits under personal protection insurance, property protection insurance, and residual liability
insurance." MCL 500.3101(1). Pursuant to MCL 500.3101(2)(g), the term "owner" is statutorily
defined, in pertinent part, as follows:
(i) A person renting a motor vehicle or having the use thereof, under a
lease or otherwise, for a period that is greater than 30 days.
(ii) A person who holds the legal title to a vehicle, other than a person
engaged in the business of leasing motor vehicles who is the lessor of a motor
vehicle pursuant to a lease providing for the use of the motor vehicle by the lessee
for a period that is greater than 30 days.
There is no dispute that plaintiff's brother is considered an owner under the no-fault act,
given that he holds legal title to the BMW, MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(ii). The parties do, however,
dispute whether plaintiff also qualifies as an owner under MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i). In Ardt v
Titan Ins Co, 233 Mich App 685, 690-691; 593 NW2d 215 (1999), this Court construed MCL
500.3101(2)(g)(i), stating:
[W]e hold that "having the use" of a motor vehicle for purposes of
defining "owner," MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i); MSA 24.13101(2)(g)(i), means using
the vehicle in ways that comport with concepts of ownership. The provision does
not equate ownership with any and all uses for thirty days, but rather equates
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ownership with "having the use" of a vehicle for that period. Further, we observe
that the phrase "having the use thereof" appears in tandem with references to
renting or leasing. These indications imply that ownership follows from
proprietary or possessory usage, as opposed to merely incidental usage under the
direction or with the permission of another. [Emphasis in original; see also Chop
v Zielinski, 244 Mich App 677, 680; 624 NW2d 539 (2001).]
In Twichel v MIC Gen Ins Corp, 469 Mich 524, 530-531; 676 NW2d 616 (2004), our
Supreme Court added the following clarification to this Court's holdings in Ardt and Chop:
Nothing in the plain language of MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i) requires (1) that a
person has at any time actually used the vehicle, or (2) that the person has
commenced using the vehicle at least thirty days before the accident occurred. The
statute merely contemplates a situation in which the person is renting or using a
vehicle for a period that is greater than thirty days. [Emphasis in original.]
"There may be multiple owners of a vehicle for purposes of the no-fault act." Chop, supra at
681.
While the parties present reasoned arguments with respect to the issue of plaintiff's
ownership status under MCL 500.3101, and there is some merit to both sides of the question, we
ultimately find it unnecessary to determine whether plaintiff was an owner of the vehicle at the
time of the accident under Twichel, Ardt, and Chop because our interpretation of MCL
500.3113(b) renders the question irrelevant. MCL 500.3113(b) provides, in pertinent part, as
follows:
A person is not entitled to be paid personal protection insurance benefits
for accidental bodily injury if at the time of the accident any of the following
circumstances existed:
***
(b) The person was the owner or registrant of a motor vehicle or
motorcycle involved in the accident with respect to which the security required by
section 3101 or 3103 was not in effect.
Viewing the statutory language in the context of the given facts, the statute would
preclude plaintiff from being entitled to PIP benefits if plaintiff "was the owner . . . of [the
BMW] . . . involved in the accident with respect to which the security required by section 3101 .
. . was not in effect." As part of the process of construing MCL 500.3113(b), we shall make the
assumption that plaintiff was an "owner" of the BMW, as that term is defined in MCL
500.3101(2)(g)(i). Next, the phrase "with respect to which the security required by section 3101
. . . was not in effect," § 3113(b), when read in proper grammatical context, defines or modifies
the preceding reference to the motor vehicle involved in the accident, here the BMW, and not the
person standing in the shoes of an owner or registrant. The statutory language links the required
security or insurance solely to the vehicle. Thus, the question becomes whether the BMW, and
not plaintiff, had the coverage or security required by MCL 500.3101. As indicated above, the
coverage mandated by MCL 500.3101(1) consists of "personal protection insurance, property
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protection insurance, and residual liability insurance."2 While plaintiff did not obtain this
coverage, there is no dispute that the BMW had the coverage, and that is the only requirement
under MCL 500.3113(b), making it irrelevant whether it was plaintiff's brother who procured the
vehicle's coverage or plaintiff. Stated differently, the security required by MCL 500.3101(1) was
in effect for purposes of MCL 500.3113(b) as it related to the BMW.
Further support for our holding is found in Jasinski v Nat'l Indemnity Ins Co, 151 Mich
App 812; 391 NW2d 500 (1986). The case involved "a dispute over which insurance company
[was] liable for payment of no-fault benefits to [the] plaintiff for injuries sustained when he
slipped and fell while alighting from the cab of a tractor-trailer." Id. at 814. The tractor was
owned by Newell Snyder, the plaintiff's employer, but Snyder had leased the tractor to E. T.
VanderArk & Son, Inc. (VanderArk), for six months. VanderArk owned the trailer, and the
tractor was to be used in connection with the trailer, with the plaintiff operating the vehicle.
Snyder, as the lessor, contracted to provide insurance coverage for the tractor. During the lease
period, the plaintiff was alighting from the cab of the tractor when he slipped on the running
board and suffered an injury. The plaintiff sought PIP benefits from the insurer of the tractor,
National Indemnity Insurance Company, which initially paid benefits under protest and then
ceased payments. The plaintiff sued National Indemnity, and eventually American Universal
Insurance Company, the insurer of the trailer that issued a policy to VanderArk, was brought
into the action. National Indemnity sought reimbursement from American Universal for PIP
benefits paid to the plaintiff, but the trial court granted summary disposition in favor of
American Universal. Id. at 814-816.
This Court first noted that it was indisputable that the National Indemnity policy covered
the tractor; however, the policy contained an exclusionary clause that would preclude recovery of
PIP benefits by the plaintiff, but only if there was no other valid insurance. Thus, the question
became whether the American Universal policy covered the tractor, triggering the application of
the exclusionary clause and relieving National Indemnity of liability for the payment of PIP
benefits. The American Universal policy that was issued to VanderArk covered "owned autos,"
but the list of autos contained in the policy did not identify the tractor at issue. National
Indemnity argued that VanderArk owned the tractor under the Michigan Vehicle Code pursuant
to MCL 257.37, which defined "owner," comparable to the definition in MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i),
as "[a]ny person, firm, association, or corporation renting a motor vehicle or having the exclusive
2
To construe MCL 500.3101(1) as requiring anything more in relation to the vehicle and in the
context of its interrelationship with MCL 500.3113(b) would be problematic. The problem is
that, assuming MCL 500.3113(b), as influenced by MCL 500.3101(1), was meant to demand that
each and every owner maintain insurance on a particular vehicle or lose a right to receive PIP
benefits, regardless of whether the vehicle is already covered by insurance, an owner who
actually obtained insurance could be denied a right to recover PIP benefits. For example, if two
persons qualified as owners of a particular vehicle under MCL 500.3101(2)(g), and only one of
the owners maintained insurance, the owner who obtained insurance would be precluded from
receiving PIP benefits under MCL 500.3113(b) because that person would be an owner of a
vehicle with respect to which the insurance required by MCL 500.3101 was not in effect, as all
the owners had not procured coverage for the vehicle.
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use thereof, under a lease or otherwise, for a period of greater than 30 days."3 Jasinski, supra at
816-818. In response to National Indemnity's argument, the Jasinski panel, citing and relying on
State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co v Sentry Ins, 91 Mich App 109; 283 NW2d 661 (1979),
stated:
The basic requirement of the no-fault act is that all vehicles be covered by
a policy providing no-fault benefits. Section 3101 of the act requires the owner or
registrant of a motor vehicle to maintain security for payment of benefits under
personal protection insurance. Section 3102(2) makes it a misdemeanor to fail to
provide such security. This does not mean, however, that each owner or registrant
must have a separate policy covering the vehicle, but only that there be a policy
covering the vehicle.
In this case, the no-fault act has been satisfied because Snyder, the titled
owner of the tractor, maintained security for payment of no-fault benefits as
required by the lease agreement. For this reason, we do not believe VanderArk
was also required to maintain insurance on the tractor nor did the parties so
contemplate. [Jasinski, supra at 818-819 (citations omitted; emphasis in
original).]
Although Jasinski did not address MCL 500.3113 and involved different facts, the gist of
the holding was that, while VanderArk may have been considered the owner of the tractor
pursuant to statute, VanderArk was not required to procure an additional insurance policy on the
tractor under the no-fault act. Interestingly, as indicated above, Jasinski made reference to the
misdemeanor provision found in MCL 500.3102(2), which was addressed in State Farm, supra,
and which we shall discuss below because of the particular language used by the Legislature.
In State Farm, an employee was injured while driving a company vehicle, and the
registered titleholder of the car was Bob Owens Sales, Inc. (the company). Sentry Insurance had
issued to the company a no-fault policy that covered the business vehicle. The car had also been
used for quite some time as a family car by Mrs. Owens personally. The injured employee had
insurance through State Farm, which paid the employee no-fault benefits under the policy when
Sentry refused to cover the claim. State Farm proceeded to sue Sentry to recoup the payments,
arguing that the employee was the occupant of a motor vehicle owned or registered by the
company, thereby implicating the Sentry policy under MCL 500.3114(3). Sentry countered that
the employee was employed by Mr. and Mrs. Owens personally and not the company, and the
car was solely owned and registered by the company. The trial court agreed with Sentry that,
because the vehicle was not owned or registered by the actual employer, Mr. and Mrs. Owens,
Sentry did not need to provide coverage. On appeal, State Farm argued that Mrs. Owens was an
"owner" of the car under the Michigan Vehicle Code, specifically MCL 257.37, and therefore
3
MCL 257.37 was amended in 1988 pursuant to 1988 PA 125; however, the language at issue
here remained nearly identical without any relevant difference. See MCL 257.37(a).
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Sentry should have provided no-fault benefits to the injured employee under Sentry's policy that
covered the car. State Farm, supra at 111-113.
In reversing the trial court's ruling, this Court held that the definition of "owner" under
MCL 257.37 should be read into the no-fault act in determining priorities between insurance
providers and that State Farm could attempt to establish that Mrs. Owens was an owner under the
statute on remand. Id. at 113-114. The State Farm panel rejected Sentry's contention that such
an expansive interpretation of the term "owner" would subject numerous individuals to criminal
liability under MCL 500.3102(2). Id. at 115. At the time, MCL 500.3102(2) provided:
An owner or registrant of a motor vehicle with respect to which security is
required who operates the motor vehicle or permits it to be operated upon a public
highway in this state without having in full force and effect security complying
with this section or sections 3101 or 3103 is guilty of a misdemeanor. [1975 PA
329; see also State Farm, supra at 115.][4]
The State Farm panel, addressing the misdemeanor language contained in former MCL
500.3102(2), held:
This subsection does not mean that each "owner" or "registrant" must have
a separate policy covering the vehicle, but only that there must be a policy
covering the vehicle. In this case that policy was obtained by the registered title
holder, Bob Owens Sales, Inc. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Owens is criminally liable
under this section because the vehicle was, in fact, covered by the required
security. [State Farm, supra at 115 (emphasis in original).]
There are some striking parallels between MCL 500.3102(2) and the provision at issue
here, MCL 500.3113(b). The phrase in MCL 500.3102(2), "with respect to which security is
required," also defines or modifies "motor vehicle," and not "the owner or registrant." In other
words, a link exists between the required insurance coverage and the vehicle, not between the
required insurance coverage and the person who is deemed an owner. The remaining language
in MCL 500.3102(2), "who operates the motor vehicle . . . without having in full force and effect
security complying with . . . section 3101 . . . is guilty of a misdemeanor," is fairly broad and
arguably more encompassing than MCL 500.3113(b), yet the Court still found it inapplicable if
the vehicle was insured by one of the owners.
4
The statute has changed little since 1979. MCL 500.3102(2) now provides:
An owner or registrant of a motor vehicle or motorcycle with respect to
which security is required, who operates the motor vehicle or motorcycle or
permits it to be operated upon a public highway in this state, without having in
full force and effect security complying with this section or section 3101 or 3103
is guilty of a misdemeanor.
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Just as this Court in State Farm interpreted MCL 500.3102(2) to mean that a
misdemeanor is not committed if there is a no-fault policy covering the particular vehicle,
regardless of a failure by one "owner" to procure a policy in his or her own name, we hold that
MCL 500.3113(b) does not preclude an award of PIP benefits to an "owner" of a vehicle if the
vehicle is covered by a no-fault policy, which is the case here.5
In further support, we note this Court's observation in Wilson v League Gen Ins Co, 195
Mich App 705, 709; 491 NW2d 642 (1992), that "[t]he language of § 3113(b) clearly and
unambiguously states that the owner of a vehicle involved in an accident, where the vehicle had
no security required by § 3101 at the time of the accident, is not entitled to personal protection
insurance benefits." (Emphasis added.)
This Court's decision in Ardt, supra, does not conflict with our ruling. In Ardt, Robert
Ardt was severely injured while he was driving a pickup truck that was titled in his mother's
name. The truck was not insured by Ardt's mother orArdt, although his mother, with whom he
lived, owned another vehicle that was insured by the defendant insurer. The insurer denied
coverage, claiming thatArdt, on the basis of use, was the owner of the uninsured truck, and the
trial court agreed, granting summary disposition to the insurer. Id. at 687-688.
This Court reversed, holding that there was a genuine issue of material fact concerning
whether Ardt was the owner of the truck under MCL 500.3101(2)(g)(i). Id. at 689. However,
the Ardt panel did reject the plaintiffs' argument that MCL 500.3113(b), by use of the definite
article "the" in the statutory language, reflected a legislative intent to preclude only the primary
owner from recovering PIP benefits. Id. at 691. This Court ruled:
Had the Legislature intended the exclusionary effect of MCL 500.3113(b);
MSA 24.13113(b) to apply to only a single primary owner for each vehicle, it
would have had to indicate that intention more clearly than by use of the definite
article in this instance. We hold that where an uninsured motor vehicle involved
in an accident has more than one owner, all the owners come under the statutory
exclusion for personal protection insurance benefits. [Id. at 692 (emphasis
added).]
We have no qualms with this analysis, and the distinguishing feature in the case at bar is
that the vehicle was indeed insured. The BMW was not, using the words from Ardt, "an
uninsured motor vehicle." Id. at 692.
V. Conclusion
5
We recognize that our opinion is contrary to a couple of unpublished opinions from this Court;
however, those opinions are not binding under MCR 7.215(J)(1), nor do we find them
persuasive.
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Because the language in MCL 500.3113(b) precluding recovery of PIP benefits links the
security or insurance requirement to the vehicle only and not the person, the trial court correctly
ruled that plaintiff was entitled to PIP benefits because the vehicle was in fact insured, regardless
of whether plaintiff was the "owner" of the vehicle.
Affirmed.
/s/ William B. Murphy
/s/ E. Thomas Fitzgerald
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
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